Title of Regulation: 9VAC5-130. Regulation for Open Burning (Rev. E12) (amending 9VAC5-130-10 through 9VAC5-130-50, 9VAC5-130-100; repealing 9VAC5-130-60).

Statutory Authority: § 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; §§ 110, 111, 123, 129, 171, 172, and 182 of the federal Clean Air Act; 40 CFR Parts 51 and 60.

Public Hearing Information:

November 19, 2013 - 1:30 p.m. - Department of Environmental Quality, 629 East Main Street, 2nd Floor, Conference Room A, Richmond, VA

Public Comment Deadline: January 21, 2014.

Agency Contact: Mary E. Major, Department of Environmental Quality, 629 East Main Street, P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA 23218, telephone (804) 698-4423, FAX (804) 698-4510, TTY (804) 698-4021, or email mary.major@deq.virginia.gov.

Basis: State Requirements - These specific regulations are not required by state mandate. Rather, Virginia's Air Pollution Control Law gives the State Air Pollution Control Board the discretionary authority to promulgate regulations "abating, controlling and prohibiting air pollution throughout or in any part of the Commonwealth" (§ 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia). The law defines such air pollution as "the presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more substances which are or may be harmful or injurious to human health, welfare or safety, to animal or plant life, or to property, or which unreasonably interfere with the enjoyment by the people or life or property" (§ 10.1-1300 of the Code of Virginia).

Specifically, § 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia provides that the board shall have the power to promulgate regulations abating, controlling, and prohibiting air pollution throughout or in any part of the Commonwealth in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act. It further provides that no such regulation shall prohibit the burning of leaves from trees by persons on property where they reside if the local governing body of the county, city or town has enacted an otherwise valid ordinance regulating such burning.

Federal Requirements - Section 110(a) of the federal Clean Air Act mandates that each state adopt and submit to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) a plan that provides for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of each primary and secondary air quality standard within each air quality control region in the state. The state implementation plan (SIP) shall be adopted only after reasonable public notice is given and public hearings are held. The plan shall include provisions to accomplish, among other tasks, the following:

1. Establish enforceable emission limitations and other control measures as necessary to comply with the provisions of the Act, including economic incentives such as fees, marketable permits, and auctions of emissions rights;

2. Establish schedules for compliance;

3. Prohibit emissions which would contribute to nonattainment of the standards or interference with maintenance of the standards by any state; and

4. Require sources of air pollution to install, maintain, and replace monitoring equipment as necessary and to report periodically on emissions-related data.

40 CFR Part 51 sets out requirements for the preparation, adoption, and submittal of state implementation plans. These requirements mandate that any such plan shall include several provisions, including those summarized below.

Subpart G (Control Strategy) specifies the description of control measures and schedules for implementation, the description of emissions reductions estimates sufficient to attain and maintain the standards, time periods for demonstrations of the control strategy's adequacy, an emissions inventory, an air quality data summary, data availability, special requirements for lead emissions, stack height provisions, and intermittent control systems.

Subpart K (Source Surveillance) specifies procedures for emissions reports and recordkeeping; procedures for testing, inspection, enforcement, and complaints; transportation control measures; and procedures for continuous emissions monitoring.

Subpart L (Legal Authority) specifies the requirements for legal authority to implement plans. Section 51.230 under Subpart L specifies that each state implementation plan must show that the state has the legal authority to carry out the plan, including the authority to perform the following actions:

1. Adopt emission standards and limitations and any other measures necessary for the attainment and maintenance of the national ambient air quality standards;

2. Enforce applicable laws, regulations, and standards, and seek injunctive relief;

3. Abate pollutant emissions on an emergency basis to prevent substantial endangerment to the health of persons;

4. Prevent construction, modification, or operation of a facility, building, structure, or installation, or combination thereof, which directly or indirectly results or may result in emissions of any air pollutant at any location which will prevent the attainment or maintenance of a national standard;

5. Obtain information necessary to determine whether air pollution sources are in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards, including authority to require record-keeping and to make inspections and conduct tests of air pollution sources;

6. Require owners or operators of stationary sources to install, maintain, and use emission monitoring devices and to make periodic reports to the state on the nature and amounts of emissions from such stationary sources; and

7. Make emissions data available to the public as reported and as correlated with any applicable emission standards or limitations.

Section 51.231 under Subpart L requires the identification of legal authority as follows: (i) the provisions of law or regulation which the state determines provide the authorities required under this section must be specifically identified, and copies of such laws or regulations must be submitted with the plan; and (ii) the plan must show that the legal authorities specified in this subpart are available to the state at the time of submission of the plan.

Subpart N (Compliance Schedules) specifies legally enforceable compliance schedules, final compliance schedule dates, and conditions for extensions beyond one year.

Part D of the Clean Air Act specifies state implementation plan requirements for nonattainment areas, with Subpart 1 covering nonattainment areas in general and Subpart 2 covering additional provisions for ozone nonattainment areas.

Section 171 defines "reasonable further progress," "nonattainment area," "lowest achievable emission rate," and "modification." Section 172(a) authorizes EPA to classify nonattainment areas for the purpose of assigning attainment dates. Section 172(b) authorizes EPA to establish schedules for the submission of plans designed to achieve attainment by the specified dates. Section 172(c) specifies the provisions to be included in each attainment plan, as follows:

1. The implementation of all reasonably available control measures as expeditiously as practicable and shall provide for the attainment of the national ambient air quality standards;

2. The requirement of reasonable further progress;

3. A comprehensive, accurate, current inventory of actual emissions from all sources of the relevant pollutants in the nonattainment area;

4. An identification and quantification of allowable emissions from the construction and modification of new and modified major stationary sources in the nonattainment area;

5. The requirement for permits for the construction and operations of new and modified major stationary sources in the nonattainment area;

6. The inclusion of enforceable emission limitations and such other control measures (including economic incentives such as fees, marketable permits, and auctions of emission rights) as well as schedules for compliance;

7. If applicable, the proposal of equivalent modeling, emission inventory, or planning procedures; and

8. The inclusion of specific contingency measures to be undertaken if the nonattainment area fails to make reasonable further progress or to attain the national ambient air quality standards by the attainment date.

Section 172(d) requires that attainment plans be revised if EPA finds inadequacies. Section 172(e) authorizes the issuance of requirements for nonattainment areas in the event of a relaxation of any national ambient air quality standard. Such requirements shall provide for controls which are not less stringent than the controls applicable to these same areas before such relaxation.

Section 182(b) requires stationary sources in moderate nonattainment areas to comply with the requirements for sources in marginal nonattainment areas. Section 182(c) requires stationary sources in serious nonattainment areas to comply with the requirements for sources in both marginal and moderate nonattainment areas.

EPA has issued detailed guidance that sets out its preliminary views on the implementation of the air quality planning requirements applicable to nonattainment areas: the "General Preamble for the Implementation of Title I of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990" (See 57 FR 13498 (April 16, 1992)) and 57 FR 18070 (April 28, 1992). The General Preamble has been supplemented with further guidance on Title I requirements.

Purpose: The regulation is necessary for the protection of public health and safety as it is needed to meet the primary goals of the federal Clean Air Act: the attainment and maintenance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in areas cleaner than the NAAQS.

The NAAQS, developed and promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), establish the maximum limits of pollutants that are permitted in the outside ambient air in order to protect public health and safety. EPA requires that each state submit a state implementation plan (SIP), including any laws and regulations necessary to enforce the plan, that shows how the air pollution concentrations will be reduced to levels at or below these standards (attainment). Once the pollution levels are within the standards, the SIP must also demonstrate how the state will maintain the air pollution concentrations at the reduced levels (maintenance).

A SIP is the key to the state's air quality programs. The Act is specific concerning the elements required for an acceptable SIP. If a state does not prepare such a plan, or EPA does not approve a submitted plan, then EPA itself is empowered to take the necessary actions to attain and maintain the air quality standards--that is, it would have to promulgate and implement an air quality plan for that state. EPA is also required by law to impose sanctions in cases where there is no approved plan or the plan is not being implemented--the sanctions consisting of loss of federal funds for highways and other projects or more restrictive requirements for new industry or both. Generally, the plan is revised, as needed, based upon changes in the Act and its requirements.

The basic approach to developing a SIP is to examine air quality across the state, delineate areas where air quality needs improvement, determine the degree of improvement necessary, inventory the sources contributing to the problem, develop a control strategy to reduce emissions from contributing sources enough to bring about attainment of the air quality standards, implement the strategy, and take the steps necessary to ensure that the air quality standards are not violated in the future. The heart of the SIP is the control strategy. The control strategy describes the emission reduction measures to be used by the state to attain and maintain the air quality standards.

Federal guidance on states' approaches to the inclusion of control measures in the SIP has varied considerably over the years, ranging from very general in the early years of the Clean Air Act to very specific in more recent years. Many regulatory requirements were adopted in the 1970s when no detailed guidance existed. The legally binding federal mandate for these regulations is general, not specific, consisting of the Act's broad-based directive to states to attain and maintain the air quality standards. However, in recent years, the Act, along with EPA regulations and policy, has become much more specific, thereby removing much of the states' discretion to craft their own air quality control programs.

Generally, a SIP is revised, as needed, based upon changes in air quality or statutory requirements. For the most part the SIP has worked, and the standards have been attained for most pollutants in most areas. However, attainment of NAAQS for one pollutant – ozone – has proven problematic. While ozone is needed at the earth's outer atmospheric layer, excess concentrations at the surface have an adverse effect on human health and safety. Ozone is formed by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), and sunlight. When VOC and NO_X emissions are reduced, ozone is reduced.

The Act establishes a process for evaluating the air quality in each region and identifying and classifying each nonattainment area according to the severity of its air pollution problem. Nonattainment areas are classified as marginal, moderate, serious, severe and extreme. Marginal areas are subject to the least stringent requirements and each subsequent classification (or class) is subject to successively more stringent control measures. Areas in a higher classification of nonattainment must meet the mandates of the lower classifications plus the more stringent requirements of their class. In addition to the general SIP-related sanctions, nonattainment areas have their own unique sanctions. If a particular area fails to attain the federal standard by the legislatively mandated attainment date, EPA is required to reassign it to the next higher classification level (denoting a worse air quality problem), thus subjecting the area to more stringent air pollution control requirements. The Act includes specific provisions requiring these sanctions to be issued by EPA if so warranted.

Once a nonattainment area is defined, each state is then obligated to submit a SIP demonstrating how it will attain the air quality standards in each nonattainment area. Certain specific control measures and other requirements must be adopted and included in the SIP. In cases where the specific federal control measures are inadequate to achieve the emission reductions or attain the air quality standard, the state is obligated to adopt additional control measures as necessary to achieve this end. The open burning rule is needed to make legally enforceable one of several control measures identified in plans submitted by the Commonwealth for the attainment and maintenance of the ozone air quality standard.

The Regulation for Open Burning (4VAC5-130) is intended to meet three goals: (i) to protect public health and safety with the least possible cost and intrusiveness to the citizens and businesses of the Commonwealth; (ii) to reduce VOC emissions in Virginia's ozone nonattainment areas to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of the air quality standards; and (iii) to require that open burning be conducted in a manner as to prevent the release of air pollutants. The purpose of the planned action is to revise the regulation as needed to efficiently and effectively meet its goals while avoiding unreasonable hardships on the general public, the department, and the regulated community.

The current regulation provides for the control of open burning and use of special incineration devices. It specifies the materials that may and may not be burned, the conditions under which burning may occur, and the legal responsibilities of the person conducting the burning. The regulation permits open burning or the use of special incineration devices for disposal of clean burning construction waste, debris waste and demolition waste but provides for a restriction during ozone season (May through September) in the volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions control areas, which generally correspond to nonattainment areas, as well as maintenance and early action compact areas that require additional controls to avoid a nonattainment designation. Open burning is limited to clean burning waste and debris waste; certain materials may never be burned anywhere at any time. Finally, the regulation provides a model ordinance for localities that wish to adopt their own legally enforceable mechanisms to control burning.

In addition to controlling ozone, open burning restrictions control particulate matter (smoke) and hazardous air pollutants, which are harmful to human health.

Open burning in the Commonwealth has been regulated by the board since 1972. As the years pass, the need to control certain types of burning and how to do so evolves, and the regulation must be evaluated and revised from time to time in order to effectively meet its goals. Since the last substantive revision of the regulation in 2003, the following specific issues have been identified.

1. Applicability: Although the population has increased and cities and towns have expanded, so too have methods of dealing with certain waste materials; for example, opportunities for recycling and composting have increased. Numerous localities have also opted to adopt open burning ordinances in the interest of expeditiously meeting their residents' needs. In addition, areas with recognized pollution problems, such as ozone nonattainment areas, have open burning restrictions that enable the Commonwealth to meet targeted national standards.

In Virginia, localities have the power to regulate only what the General Assembly expressly provides. The fact that the Virginia legislature has explicitly allowed for local control over open burning suggests a legislative intent that localities should be able to control—or not control—open burning as they see fit. Essentially, open burning is a local air pollution problem and should be addressed via local governments working together to respond to the needs of their citizens and local governments that have complete authority to adopt or intervene as they deem appropriate for the citizens of their jurisdictions.

Additionally, DEQ staff endeavor to ensure that the board's regulations are properly implemented and enforced. However, it is not DEQ staff's role to address neighborhood disputes; rather, local law-enforcement personnel are best able to address such disagreements. If local police and fire services cannot resolve such problems, it is not reasonable to expect DEQ personnel to do so in their stead. Local services are also better equipped to more quickly respond to a local issue; the investigation of an open burning complaint by DEQ staff can be far more time-consuming and therefore less effective in addressing a complaint. Furthermore, in the case of an actual environmental emergency, DEQ's Pollution Response Program (PREP) provides for responses to pollution incidents in order to protect human health and the environment. PREP staff often work to assist local emergency responders, other state agencies, federal agencies, and responsible parties, as may be needed, to manage pollution incidents.

It is believed that the board's open burning regulation should be limited to VOC control areas (see 9VAC5-20-206), which correspond to localities with recognized air pollution issues. Other localities would still be able to adopt and implement local burning ordinances in accordance with state law should local conditions and needs warrant, and the model ordinance contained within the state rule would be retained. Note that although not every locality in Virginia has an open burning ordinance or provides curbside waste pickup, virtually all localities have some form of fire protection and nuisance codes that can be used to directly address local open burning problems.

2. Urban areas: 9VAC5-130-40 A 5 allows open burning in "urban areas" for the on-site destruction of leaves and tree, yard and garden trimmings located on private property if no regularly scheduled public or private collection service is available. In "non-urban" areas, such open burning is permitted regardless of the availability of collection service. Urban areas are defined generally in 9VAC5-10 (General Definitions), with the specific localities listed in 9VAC5-20-201.

The concept of "urban areas" was adopted by the board in the early 1980s in order to balance the need for waste disposal in areas without access to public services such as refuse collection against the health and safety needs of those persons likely to be affected. Since then, the term "urban areas" has been superseded by other federally established terms for characterizing population groups, including "urban clusters" and "urbanized areas." Ultimately, each community determines what characterizes an area and treats it accordingly, whether through zoning, ordinance, or providing certain services. Additionally, the delimitation of areas in the context of control of air pollution has evolved from focus on population to focus on measured air pollution (that is, to emissions control areas).

Since population characteristics are not necessarily indicative of an air pollution problem, the criteria for burning limitations should not be based on a list of "urban areas," but simply as to whether or not waste collection service is available. Emissions control areas, which have known, quantifiable air pollution control issues, would continue to be governed by the open burning regulation in addition to any local ordinances. Otherwise, as discussed elsewhere, the locality may choose to regulate--or not regulate--open burning as it deems appropriate

3. On-site: The term "on-site" was originally added in order to limit open burning where the waste material was generated to minimize problems associated with the transport and storage of solid waste. However, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) cannot burn highway maintenance debris "on-site" and therefore, special provisions have been added to address the specific burning needs of VDOT. For all other situations, the "on-site" requirements remain.

During the regulatory development process, other options for improving the regulation will be entertained.

Substance:

1. The applicability provisions are modified to establish new parts of the regulation (Part II, Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Control Areas, and Part III, Special Statewide Requirements for Forestry, Agricultural, and Highway Programs) and to specify that open burning prohibitions and restrictions and permissible open burning provisions apply only in VOC emissions control areas.

2. Definitions for "regular burn site" and "volatile organic compound emissions control area" have been added.

3. The reference to "urban areas" has been deleted from the permissible burning provisions for VOC emissions control areas. Open burning is now predicated according to whether a regularly scheduled collection for leaf/yard trimmings or household waste is available.

4. Part III is created to address special statewide requirements for forestry, agricultural, and highway programs.

5. Part IV, Local Ordinances, has been modified to stipulate that any model ordinance in VOC control areas must include all prohibitions and restrictions on burning currently imposed in the state regulation. Model ordinances for areas outside of the VOC emissions control areas must, at a minimum, include the general and statewide provisions of the statewide regulation.

Issues: The public will benefit from a more rapid resolution of nuisance problems by contacting local authorities rather than DEQ regional offices. In addition, public health may likely benefit in that the department will be directing scarce resources to air quality issues with a more serious impact on health and safety. Some members of the public may perceive limiting options for complaints to local authorities as a disadvantage. However, local government control of open burning outside of volatile organic compound emissions control areas is expected to provide for locality-specific controls, and more timely and effective response to complaints.

The department will be able to redirect staff resources to other air quality issues with a greater impact on public health and safety. There are no disadvantages to the department.

Department of Planning and Budget's Economic Impact Analysis:

Summary of the Proposed Amendments to Regulation. The Air Pollution Control Board (Board) proposes to: 1) limit the requirements of this regulation to only VOC emissions control areas, 2) delete the reference to "urban areas" from the permissible burning provisions for VOC emissions control areas, 3) add special provisions to address the specific burning needs of VDOT, 4) add clarifying language, and 5) eliminate obsolete language.

Result of Analysis. The benefits likely exceed the costs for all proposed changes.

Estimated Economic Impact. Background. The Regulation for Open Burning is part of the Commonwealth's effort to meet the primary goals of the federal Clean Air Act: the attainment and maintenance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in areas cleaner than the NAAQS. The NAAQS, developed and promulgated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), establish the maximum limits of pollutants that are permitted in the outside ambient air in order to protect public health and safety. EPA requires that each state submit a State Implementation Plan (SIP), including any laws and regulations necessary to enforce the plan, which shows how the air pollution concentrations will be reduced to levels at or below these standards (attainment). Once the pollution levels are within the standards, the SIP must also demonstrate how the state will maintain the air pollution concentrations at the reduced levels (maintenance).

A SIP is the key to the state's air quality programs. The Act is specific concerning the elements required for an acceptable SIP. If a state does not prepare such a plan, or EPA does not approve a submitted plan, then EPA itself is empowered to take the necessary actions to attain and maintain the air quality standards--that is, it would have to promulgate and implement an air quality plan for that state. EPA is also, by law, required to impose sanctions in cases where there is no approved plan or the plan is not being implemented, the sanctions consisting of loss of federal funds for highways and other projects and/or more restrictive requirements for new industry. Generally, the plan is revised, as needed, based upon changes in the Act and its requirements.

Generally, a SIP is revised, as needed, based upon changes in air quality or statutory requirements. For the most part the SIP has worked, and the standards have been attained for most pollutants in most areas. However, attainment of NAAQS for one pollutant – ozone – has proven problematic. While ozone is needed at the earth's outer atmospheric layer, excess concentrations at the surface have an adverse effect on human health and safety. Ozone is formed by a chemical reaction between volatile organic compounds (VOCs), nitrogen oxides (NO_X), and sunlight. When VOC and NO_X emissions are reduced, ozone is reduced.

Once a nonattainment area is defined, each state is then obligated to submit a SIP demonstrating how it will attain the air quality standards in each nonattainment area. Certain specific control measures and other requirements must be adopted and included in the SIP. In cases where the specific federal control measures are inadequate to achieve the emission reductions or attain the air quality standard, the state is obligated to adopt additional control measures as necessary to achieve this end. The open burning rule is needed to reduce VOC emissions in Virginia's ozone nonattainment areas to facilitate the attainment and maintenance of the air quality standards.

The current regulation provides for the control of open burning and use of special incineration devices. It specifies the materials that may and may not be burned, the conditions under which burning may occur, and the legal responsibilities of the person conducting the burning. The regulation permits open burning or the use of special incineration devices for disposal of clean burning construction waste, debris waste and demolition waste but provides for a restriction during ozone season (May through September) in the VOC emissions control areas, which generally correspond to nonattainment areas, as well as maintenance and Early Action Compact areas that require additional controls to avoid a nonattainment designation. Open burning is limited to clean burning waste and debris waste; certain materials may never be burned anywhere at any time. Finally, the regulation provides a model ordinance for localities that wish to adopt their own legally enforceable mechanisms to control burning. Numerous localities have opted to adopt open burning ordinances in practice.

Limiting application of regulation

The Board proposes to limit the application of this regulation to only VOC emissions control areas. Other localities would still be able to adopt and implement local burning ordinances in accordance with state law should local conditions and needs warrant, and the model ordinance contained within the state rule would be retained. Note that although not every locality in Virginia has an open burning ordinance or provides curbside waste pickup, virtually all localities have some form of fire protection and nuisance codes that can be used to directly address local open burning problems.

According to the Department of Environmental Quality (Department), currently approximately 840 hours per year are spent by the agency on open burning compliance activities. The Department estimates that the proposal to limit the application of this regulation to only VOC emissions control areas will reduce the required staff time to address open burning issues by about 75 percent, consequently saving about 630 hours. The Department believes that this time can be more productively spent on air quality issues with a more serious impact on health and safety.

Urban areas

The current regulation allows open burning in "urban areas" for the on-site destruction of leaves and tree, yard and garden trimmings located on private property if no regularly scheduled public or private collection service is available. In "non-urban" areas, such open burning is permitted regardless of the availability of collection service.

The concept of "urban areas" was adopted by the board in the early 1980s in order to balance the need for waste disposal in areas without access to public services such as refuse collection against the health and safety needs of those persons likely to be affected. Since population characteristics are not necessarily indicative of an air pollution problem, the criteria for burning limitations is not sensibly based on a list of "urban areas," but simply as to whether or not waste collection service is available. Thus the Board proposes to delete the reference to "urban areas" from the permissible burning provisions for VOC emissions control areas.

On-site

The term "on-site" was originally added in order to limit open burning where the waste material was generated to minimize problems associated with the transport and storage of solid waste. However, the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) cannot burn highway maintenance debris "on-site" and therefore the Board proposes to add special provisions to address the specific burning needs of VDOT. For all other situations, the "on-site" requirements remain.

The special provisions for VDOT are consistent with a Memorandum of Understanding that is currently in effect between DEQ and VDOT. Thus this proposed change will not have a significant impact in practice.

Businesses and Entities Affected. Open burning may be conducted by a wide range of businesses, agencies, and individual citizens. However, none of the contemplated changes to the regulation will have any direct impact on how open burning is conducted; rather, the regulatory amendments will clarify how open burning concerns are to be addressed: at the local or state level.

Localities Particularly Affected. The proposed amendments particularly affect localities which are not in VOC control areas, and do not currently have local open burning ordinances. The following counties fall into this category: Allegheny, Amelia, Amherst, Appomattox, Augusta, Bath, Bedford, Bland, Brunswick, Buchanan, Buckingham, Carroll, Charlotte, Clarke, Craig, Cumberland, Dickenson, Dinwiddie, Essex, Floyd, Fluvanna, Franklin, Giles, Goochland, Grayson, Greene, Greensville, Highland, King and Queen, King William, Lancaster, Lee, Louisa, Madison, Mathews, Mecklenburg, Middlesex, Montgomery, Nelson, New Kent, Northumberland, Nottoway, Orange, Page, Patrick, Powhatan, Prince Edward, Pulaski, Rappahannock, Richmond, Rockbridge, Rockingham, Russell, Scott, Southampton, Sussex, Westmoreland, and Wythe. The following cities fall into this category: Bedford, Buena Vista, Clifton Forge, Covington, Emporia, Galax, Lexington, and Norton.

Projected Impact on Employment. The proposed amendments will not significantly affect employment.

Effects on the Use and Value of Private Property. The proposed amendments will not significantly affect the use and value of private property.

Small Businesses: Costs and Other Effects. The proposed amendments will not increase costs for small businesses.

Small Businesses: Alternative Method that Minimizes Adverse Impact. The proposed amendments do not adversely affect small businesses.

Real Estate Development Costs. The proposed amendments will not significantly affect real estate development costs.

Legal Mandate. The Department of Planning and Budget (DPB) has analyzed the economic impact of this proposed regulation in accordance with § 2.2-4007.04 of the Administrative Process Act and Executive Order Number 14 (10). Section 2.2-4007.04 requires that such economic impact analyses include, but need not be limited to, a determination of the public benefit, the projected number of businesses or other entities to whom the regulation would apply, the identity of any localities and types of businesses or other entities particularly affected, the projected number of persons and employment positions to be affected, the projected costs to affected businesses or entities to implement or comply with the regulation, and the impact on the use and value of private property. Further, if the proposed regulation has an adverse effect on small businesses, § 2.2-4007.04 requires that such economic impact analyses include (i) an identification and estimate of the number of small businesses subject to the regulation; (ii) the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and other administrative costs required for small businesses to comply with the regulation, including the type of professional skills necessary for preparing required reports and other documents; (iii) a statement of the probable effect of the regulation on affected small businesses; and (iv) a description of any less intrusive or less costly alternative methods of achieving the purpose of the regulation. The analysis presented above represents DPB's best estimate of these economic impacts.

Agency's Response to Economic Impact Analysis: The department has reviewed the economic impact analysis prepared by the Department of Planning and Budget and has no comment.

Summary:

The proposed amendments (i) specify that open burning prohibitions and restrictions and permissible open burning provisions apply only in volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions control areas; (ii) delete the reference to "urban areas" from the permissible burning provisions for VOC emissions control areas; (iii) add special provisions to address the specific burning needs of the Virginia Department of Transportation; and (iv) add clarifying language and eliminate obsolete language.

Part I
General Provisions

9VAC5-130-10. Applicability.

A. Except as provided in subsections C and D of this section, the provisions of this chapter apply to any person who permits or engages in open burning or who permits or engages in burning using special incineration devices. Special incineration devices, including open pit incinerators, are exempt from permitting requirements according to the provisions of 9VAC5-80-1105 and such exemption applies throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia.

B. The provisions This part and Part II (9VAC5-130-30 et seq.) of this chapter apply to volatile organic compounds emissions control areas (see 9VAC5-20-206). This part and Parts III (9VAC5-130-50 et seq.) and IV (9VAC5-130-100 et seq.) of this chapter apply throughout the Commonwealth of Virginia.

C. The provisions of this chapter do This chapter does not apply to such an extent as to prohibit the burning of leaves by persons on property where they reside if the local governing body of the county, city or town in which such persons reside has enacted an otherwise valid ordinance (under the provisions of § 10.1-1308 of the Virginia Air Pollution Control Law) regulating such burning in all or any part of the locality as required in Part IV of this chapter.

D. The provisions of this chapter do This chapter does not apply to air curtain incinerators subject to the provisions of (i) Article 45 (9VAC5-40-6250 et seq.), Article 46 (9VAC5-40-6550 et seq.), or Article 54 (9VAC5-40-7950 et seq.) of 9VAC5-40 (Existing Stationary Sources) or (ii) Subparts Eb, AAAA or CCCC of 40 CFR Part 60.

9VAC5-130-20. Definitions.

A. For the purpose of these regulations this chapter and subsequent amendments or any orders issued by the board, the words or terms shall have the meanings given them in subsection C of this section.

B. As used in this chapter, all terms not defined here shall have the meaning meanings given them in 9VAC5-10 (General Definitions), unless otherwise required by context.

C. Terms defined:

"Air curtain incinerator" means an incinerator that operates by forcefully projecting a curtain of air across an open chamber or pit in which combustion occurs. Incinerators of this type can be constructed above or below ground and with or without refractory walls and floor. Air curtain incinerators are not to be confused with conventional combustion devices with enclosed fireboxes and controlled air technology such as mass burn, modular, and fluidized bed combustors.

"Automobile graveyard" means any lot or place that is exposed to the weather and upon which more than five motor vehicles of any kind, incapable of being operated, and that it would not be economically practical to make operative, are placed, located or found.

"Built-up area" means any area with a substantial portion covered by industrial, commercial or residential buildings.

"Clean burning waste" means waste that is not prohibited to be burned under this chapter and that consists only of (i) 100% wood waste, (ii) 100% clean lumber or clean wood, (iii) 100% yard waste, or (iv) 100% mixture of only any combination of wood waste, clean lumber, clean wood or yard waste.

"Clean lumber" means wood or wood products that have been cut or shaped and include wet, air-dried, and kiln-dried wood products. Clean lumber does not include wood products that have been painted, pigment-stained, or pressure-treated by compounds such as chromate copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol, and creosote.

"Clean wood" means uncontaminated natural or untreated wood. Clean wood includes, but is not limited to, byproducts of harvesting activities conducted for forest management or commercial logging, or mill residues consisting of bark, chips, edgings, sawdust, shavings or slabs. It does not include wood that has been treated, adulterated, or chemically changed in some way; treated with glues, binders or resins; or painted, stained or coated.

"Commercial waste" means all solid waste generated by establishments engaged in business operations other than manufacturing or construction. This category includes, but is not limited to, waste resulting from the operation of stores, markets, office buildings, restaurants and shopping centers.

"Construction waste" means solid waste that is produced or generated during construction, remodeling, or repair of pavements, houses, commercial buildings and other structures. Construction waste consists of lumber, wire, sheetrock, broken brick, shingles, glass, pipes, concrete, and metal and plastics if the metal or plastics are a part of the materials of construction or empty containers for such materials. Paints, coatings, solvents, asbestos, any liquid, compressed gases or semi-liquids, and garbage are not construction wastes and the disposal of such materials shall be in accordance with the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board.

"Debris waste" or "vegetative debris" means wastes resulting from land clearing operations. Debris wastes include but are not limited to stumps, wood, brush, leaves, soil and road spoils.

"Demolition waste" means that solid waste that is produced by the destruction of structures, or their foundations, or both, and includes the same materials as construction waste.

"Garbage" means readily putrescible discarded materials composed of animal, vegetable or other organic matter.

"Hazardous waste" means a "hazardous waste" as described in 9VAC20-60 (Hazardous Waste Management Regulations).

"Household waste" means any waste material, including garbage, trash and refuse derived from households. For purposes of this regulation, households include single and multiple residences, hotels and motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds and day-use recreation areas. Household wastes do not include sanitary waste in septic tanks (septage) that is regulated by other state agencies.

"Industrial waste" means any solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial process that is not a regulated hazardous waste. Such waste may include but is not limited to waste resulting from the following manufacturing processes: electric power generation; fertilizer/agricultural chemicals; food and related products/byproducts; inorganic chemicals; iron and steel manufacturing; leather and leather products; nonferrous metals manufacturing/foundries; organic chemicals; plastics and resins manufacturing; pulp and paper industry; rubber and miscellaneous plastic products; stone, glass, clay and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water treatment. This term does not include mining waste or oil and gas waste.

"Junk" means old or scrap copper, brass, rope, rags, batteries, paper, trash, rubber, debris, waste, or junked, dismantled, or wrecked automobiles, or parts thereof, iron, steel, and other old or scrap ferrous or nonferrous material.

"Junkyard" means an establishment or place of business that is maintained, operated, or used for storing, keeping, buying, or selling junk, or for the maintenance or operation of an automobile graveyard, and the term shall include garbage dumps and sanitary landfills.

"Landfill" means a sanitary landfill, an industrial waste landfill, or a construction/demolition/debris landfill. See Part I (9VAC20-81-10 et seq.) of 9VAC20-81 (Solid Waste Management Regulations) for further definitions of these terms.

"Local landfill" means any landfill located within the jurisdiction of a local government.

"Open burning" means the combustion of solid waste without:

1. Control of combustion air to maintain adequate temperature for efficient combustion;

2. Containment of the combustion reaction in an enclosed device to provide sufficient residence time and mixing for complete combustion; and

3. Control of the combustion products' emission.

"Open pit incinerator" means a device used to burn waste for the primary purpose of reducing the volume by removing combustible matter. Such devices function by directing a curtain of air at an angle across the top of a trench or similarly enclosed space, thus reducing the amount of combustion byproducts emitted into the atmosphere. The term also includes trench burners, air curtain incinerators and over draft incinerators.

"Refuse" means all solid waste products having the characteristics of solids rather than liquids and that are composed wholly or partially of materials such as garbage, trash, rubbish, litter, residues from clean up of spills or contamination or other discarded materials.

"Regular burn site" means, in reference to burning conducted by the Virginia Department of Transportation, state-owned property where burning is expected to occur greater than once per year.

"Salvage operation" means any operation consisting of a business, trade or industry participating in salvaging or reclaiming any product or material, such as, but not limited to, reprocessing of used motor oils, metals, chemicals, shipping containers or drums, and specifically including automobile graveyards and junkyards.

"Sanitary landfill" means an engineered land burial facility for the disposal of household waste that is so located, designed, constructed, and operated to contain and isolate the waste so that it does not pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment. A sanitary landfill also may receive other types of solid wastes, such as commercial solid waste, nonhazardous sludge, hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generators, construction, demolition, or debris waste and nonhazardous industrial solid waste. See Part I (9VAC20-81-10 et seq.) of 9VAC20-81 (Solid Waste Management Regulations) for further definitions of these terms.

"Smoke" means small gas-borne particulate matter consisting mostly, but not exclusively, of carbon, ash and other material in concentrations sufficient to form a visible plume.

"Special incineration device" means an open pit incinerator, conical or teepee burner, or any other device specifically designed to provide good combustion performance.

"Wood waste" means untreated wood and untreated wood products, including tree stumps (whole or chipped), trees, tree limbs (whole or chipped), bark, sawdust, chips, scraps, slabs, millings, and shavings. Wood waste does not include:

1. Grass, grass clippings, bushes, shrubs, and clippings from bushes and shrubs from residential, commercial/retail, institutional, or industrial sources as part of maintaining yards or other private or public lands.

2. Construction, renovation, or demolition wastes.

3. Clean lumber.

"Volatile organic compound emissions control area" means an area designated as such under 9VAC5-20-206.

"Yard waste" means grass, grass clippings, bushes, shrubs, and clippings from bushes and shrubs that come from residential, commercial/retail, institutional, or industrial sources as part of maintaining yards or other private or public lands. Yard waste does not include (i) construction, renovation, and demolition wastes or (ii) clean wood.

Part II
Volatile Organic Compound Emissions Control Areas

9VAC5-130-30. Open burning prohibitions.

A. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning of refuse or use of special incineration devices except as provided in 9VAC5-130-40.

B. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the destruction of rubber tires, asphaltic materials, crankcase oil, impregnated wood or other rubber or petroleum based materials except when conducting bona fide fire fighting instruction at fire fighting training schools having permanent facilities.

C. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the destruction of hazardous waste or containers for such materials.

D. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the purpose of a salvage operation or for the destruction of commercial/industrial waste.

E. Upon declaration of an alert, warning or emergency stage of an air pollution episode as described in 9VAC5-70 (Air Pollution Episode Prevention) or when deemed advisable by the board to prevent a hazard to, or an unreasonable burden upon, public health or welfare, no owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or use of a special incineration device; and any in-process burning or use of special incineration devices shall be immediately terminated in the designated air quality control region.

9VAC5-130-40. Permissible open burning.

A. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices is permitted in the following instances provided the provisions of subsections B through E of 9VAC5-130-30 are met:

1. Upon the request of an owner or a responsible civil or military public official, the board may approve open burning or the use of special incineration devices under controlled conditions for the elimination of a hazard that constitutes a threat to the public health, safety or welfare and that cannot be remedied by other means consonant with the circumstances presented by the hazard. Such uses of open burning or the use of special incineration devices may include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Destruction of deteriorated or unused explosives and munitions on government or private property when other means of disposal are not available. Hazardous waste permits may be required under the provisions of 9VAC20-60 (Hazardous Waste Management Regulations).

b. Destruction of debris caused by floods, tornadoes, hurricanes or other natural disasters where alternate means of disposal are not economical or practical and when it is in the best interest of the citizens of the Commonwealth. Solid waste management permits may be required under the provisions of 9VAC20-81 (Solid Waste Management Regulations).

c. On-site destruction of animal or plant life that is infested, or reasonably believed to be infested, by a pest or disease in order to (i) suppress, control, or eradicate an infestation or pest; (ii) prevent or retard the spread of an infestation or pest; or (iii) prevent further disease transmission or progression.

2. Open burning is permitted for training and instruction of government and public firefighters under the supervision of the designated official and industrial in-house firefighting personnel with clearance from the local firefighting authority. The designated official in charge of the training shall notify and obtain the approval of the regional director prior to conducting the training exercise. Training schools where permanent facilities are installed for firefighting instruction are exempt from this notification requirement. Buildings that have not been demolished may be burned under the provisions of this subdivision only.

3. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices is permitted for the destruction of classified military documents under the supervision of the designated official.

4. Open burning is permitted for camp fires or other fires that are used solely for recreational purposes, for ceremonial occasions, for outdoor noncommercial preparation of food, and for warming of outdoor workers provided the materials specified in subsections B and C of 9VAC5-130-30 are not burned.

5. In urban areas, open Open burning is permitted for the on-site destruction of leaves and tree, yard, and garden trimmings located on the premises of private property, provided that no regularly scheduled public or private collection service for such trimmings is available at the adjacent street or public road. In nonurban areas, open burning is permitted for the on-site destruction of leaves and tree, yard and garden trimmings located on the premises of private property regardless of the availability of collection service for such trimmings.

6. Open burning is permitted for the on-site destruction of household waste by homeowners or tenants, provided that no regularly scheduled public or private collection service for such refuse is available at the adjacent street or public road.

7. Open burning is permitted for the destruction of any combustible liquid or gaseous material by burning in a flare or flare stack. Use of a flare or flare stack for the destruction of hazardous waste or commercial/industrial waste is allowed provided written approval is obtained from the board and the facility is in compliance with Article 3 (9VAC5-40-160 et seq.) of 9VAC5-40 (Existing Stationary Sources) and Article 3 (9VAC5-50-160 et seq.) of 9VAC5-50 (New and Modified Stationary Sources). Permits issued under 9VAC5-80 (Permits for Stationary Sources) may be used to satisfy the requirement for written approval. This activity must be consistent with the provisions of 9VAC20-60 (Virginia Hazardous Waste Regulations).

8. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices is permitted on site for the destruction of clean burning waste and debris waste resulting from property maintenance, from the development or modification of roads and highways, parking areas, railroad tracks, pipelines, power and communication lines, buildings or building areas, sanitary landfills, or from any other clearing operations. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices for the purpose of such destruction is prohibited in volatile organic compounds emissions control areas (see 9VAC5-20-206) during from May, June, July, August, and 1 through September 30.

9. Open burning is permitted for forest management and, agriculture practices, and highway construction and maintenance programs approved by the board (see 9VAC5-130-50), provided the following conditions are met:

a. The burning shall be at least 1,000 feet from any occupied building unless the occupants have given prior permission, other than a building located on the property on which the burning is conducted; and

b. The burning shall be attended at all times.

10. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices is permitted for the destruction of clean burning waste and debris waste on the site of local landfills provided that the burning does not take place on land that has been filled and covered so as to present an underground fire hazard due to the presence of methane gas. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices for the purpose of such destruction is prohibited in volatile organic compounds emissions control areas (see 9VAC5-20-206) during May, June, July, August, and 1 through September 30.

B. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices permitted under the provisions of this chapter does not exempt or excuse any owner or other person from the consequences, liability, damages or injuries that may result from such conduct; nor does it excuse or exempt any owner or other person from complying with other applicable laws, ordinances, regulations and orders of the governmental entities having jurisdiction, even though the open burning is conducted in compliance with this chapter. In this regard special attention should be directed to § 10.1-1142 of the Code of Virginia, which is enforced by the Department of Forestry.

C. With regard to the provisions of subsection B of this section, special attention should also be directed to the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board. No destruction of waste by open burning or transportation of waste to be destroyed by open burning shall take place in violation of the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board.

Part III
Special Statewide Requirements for Forestry, Agricultural, and Highway Programs

9VAC5-130-50. Forest management and, agricultural practices, and highway construction and maintenance programs.

A. Open burning is permitted in accordance with subsections B and C of this section provided the provisions of subsections B through E of 9VAC5-130-30 are met.

B. A. Open burning may be used for the following forest management practices provided the burning is conducted in accordance with the Department of Forestry's smoke management plan to:

1. Reduce forest fuels and minimize the effect of wild fires.

2. Control undesirable growth of hardwoods.

3. Control disease in pine seedlings.

4. Prepare forest land for planting or seeding.

5. Create a favorable habitat for certain species.

6. Remove dead vegetation for the maintenance of railroad, highway and public utility right-of-way.

C. B. In the absence of other means of disposal, open burning may be used for the following agricultural practices to:

1. Destroy undesirable or diseased vegetation.

2. Clear orchards and orchard prunings.

3. Destroy empty fertilizer and chemical containers.

4. Denature seed and grain that may no longer be suitable for agricultural purposes.

5. Prevent loss from frost or freeze damage.

6. Create a favorable habitat for certain species.

7. Destroy strings and plastic ground cover remaining in the field after being used in growing staked tomatoes.

C. Open burning may be used for the destruction of vegetative debris generated by highway construction and maintenance programs conducted by the Virginia Department of Transportation (VDOT) provided the burning is conducted in accordance with VDOT's best management practices (BMP) for vegetative debris and the following requirements are met:

1. The department has approved the BMP.

2. The local department regional office shall be notified at least five business days before commencement of a burn.

3. No liquid accelerants (e.g., diesel, motor oil, etc.) or other prohibited materials (e.g., building debris, treated wood, painted wood, paper, cardboard, asphaltic materials, tires, metal, garbage, etc.) shall be used.

4. No burn activity shall be conducted in a VOC emission control area from May 1 through September 30 or in violation of § 10.1-1142 of the Code of Virginia.

5. No more than one burn event per regular burn site shall be scheduled or commenced per 60-day period.

6. The open burn shall be extinguished for reasons including but not limited to the following:

a. Unfavorable meteorological conditions (i.e., high winds or air stagnation);

b. Official declaration by a governmental entity of a pollution alert, code red air quality action day, or air quality health advisory where the burn activity is occurring; or

c. The emission of smoke, ashes, dust, dirt, odors, or any other substance creates a threat to public health, a nuisance, a pollution problem, a fire hazard, a safety hazard, or impairment to visibility on traveled roads or airports.

9VAC5-130-60. Waivers. (Repealed.)

A. A waiver from any provision of this chapter may be granted by the board for any person or geographic area provided that satisfactory demonstration is made that another state or local government entity has in effect statutory provisions or other enforceable mechanisms that will achieve the objective of the provision from which the waiver is granted.

B. Demonstrations made pursuant to subsection A of this section should, at a minimum, meet the following criteria:

1. Show that the statutory provisions or other enforceable mechanisms essentially provide the same effect as the provision from which the waiver is granted.

2. Show that the governmental entity has the legal authority to enforce the statutory provisions or enforceable mechanisms.

C. Waivers under subsection A of this section shall be executed through a memorandum of understanding between the board and affected governmental entity and may include such terms and conditions as may be necessary to ensure that the objectives of this chapter are met by the waiver.

D. A waiver from any applicable provision of this chapter may be granted by the board for any locality that has lawfully adopted an ordinance in accordance with 9VAC5-130-100.

Part II IV
Local Ordinances

9VAC5-130-100. Local ordinances on open burning.

A. General.

1. If the governing body of any locality wishes to adopt an ordinance relating to air pollution and governing open burning within its jurisdiction, the ordinance must first be approved by the board (see § 10.1-1321 B of the Code of Virginia).

2. In order to assist local governments in a VOC control area with the development of ordinances acceptable to the board, the ordinance in subsection C of this section is offered as a model. For local governments located outside of a VOC control area, an ordinance must contain, at a minimum, the provisions in the title, purpose, definitions, and exemptions sections of the model ordinance in subsection C of this section.

3. If a local government wishes to adopt the language of the model ordinance without changing any wording except that enclosed by parentheses, that government's ordinance shall be deemed to be approved by the board on the date of local adoption provided that a copy of the ordinance is filed with the department upon its adoption by the local government.

4. If a local government wishes to change any wording of the model ordinance aside from that enclosed by parentheses in order to construct a local ordinance, that government shall request the approval of the board prior to adoption of the ordinance by the local jurisdiction. A copy of the ordinance shall be filed with the department upon its adoption by the local government.

5. Local ordinances that have been approved by the board prior to April 1, 1996, remain in full force and effect as specified by their promulgating authorities.

B. Establishment and approval of local ordinances varying from the model.

1. Any local governing body proposing to adopt or amend an ordinance relating to open burning that differs from the model local ordinance in subsection C of this section shall first obtain the approval of the board for the ordinance or amendment as specified in subdivision A 4 of this section. The board in approving local ordinances will consider, but will not be limited to, the following criteria:

a. The local ordinance shall provide for intergovernmental cooperation and exchange of information.

b. Adequate local resources will be committed to enforcing the proposed local ordinance.

c. The provisions of the local ordinance shall be as strict as state regulations, except as provided for leaf burning in § 10.1-1308 of the Virginia Air Pollution Control Law.

d. If a waiver from any provision of this chapter has been requested under 9VAC5-130-60, the language of the ordinance shall achieve the objective of the provision from which the waiver is requested.

2. Approval of any local ordinance may be withdrawn if the board determines that the local ordinance is less strict than state regulations or if the locality fails to enforce the ordinance.

3. If a local ordinance must be amended to conform to an amendment to state regulations, such local amendment will be made within six months of the effective date of the amended state regulations.

4. Local ordinances are a supplement to state regulations. Any provisions of local ordinances that have been approved by the board and are more strict than state regulations shall take precedence over state regulations within the respective locality. If a locality fails to enforce its own ordinance, the board reserves the right to enforce state regulations.

5. A local governing body may grant a variance to any provision of its air pollution control ordinance(s) provided that:

a. A public hearing is held prior to granting the variance;

b. The public is notified of the application for a variance by notice in at least one major newspaper of general circulation in the affected locality at least 30 days prior to the date of the hearing; and

c. The variance does not permit any owner or other person to take action that would result in a violation of any provision of state regulations unless a variance is granted by the board. The public hearings required for the variances to the local ordinance and state regulations may be conducted jointly as one proceeding.

6. 9VAC5-170-150 shall not apply to local ordinances concerned solely with open burning.

C. Model ordinance.

ORDINANCE NO. (000)

Section (000-1). Title.

This chapter ordinance shall be known as the (local jurisdiction) Ordinance for the Regulation of Open Burning.

Section (000-2). Purpose.

The purpose of this chapter ordinance is to protect public health, safety, and welfare by regulating open burning within (local jurisdiction) to achieve and maintain, to the greatest extent practicable, a level of air quality that will provide comfort and convenience while promoting economic and social development. This chapter ordinance is intended to supplement the applicable regulations promulgated by the State Air Pollution Control Board and other applicable regulations and laws.

Section (000-3). Definitions.

For the purpose of this chapter ordinance and subsequent amendments or any orders issued by (local jurisdiction), the words or phrases shall have the meaning meanings given them in this section.

"Automobile graveyard" means any lot or place that is exposed to the weather and upon which more than five motor vehicles of any kind, incapable of being operated, and that it would not be economically practical to make operative, are placed, located or found.

"Built-up area" means any area with a substantial portion covered by industrial, commercial or residential buildings.

"Clean burning waste" means waste that is not prohibited to be burned under this ordinance and that consists only of (i) 100% wood waste, (ii) 100% clean lumber or clean wood, (iii) 100% yard waste, or (iv) 100% mixture of only any combination of wood waste, clean lumber, clean wood or yard waste.

"Clean lumber" means wood or wood products that have been cut or shaped and include wet, air-dried, and kiln-dried wood products. Clean lumber does not include wood products that have been painted, pigment-stained, or pressure-treated by compounds such as chromate copper arsenate, pentachlorophenol, and creosote.

"Clean wood" means uncontaminated natural or untreated wood. Clean wood includes, but is not limited to, byproducts of harvesting activities conducted for forest management or commercial logging, or mill residues consisting of bark, chips, edgings, sawdust, shavings or slabs. It does not include wood that has been treated, adulterated, or chemically changed in some way; treated with glues, binders or resins; or painted, stained or coated.

"Construction waste" means solid waste that is produced or generated during construction remodeling, or repair of pavements, houses, commercial buildings and other structures. Construction waste consists of lumber, wire, sheetrock, broken brick, shingles, glass, pipes, concrete, and metal and plastics if the metal or plastics are a part of the materials of construction or empty containers for such materials. Paints, coatings, solvents, asbestos, any liquid, compressed gases or semi-liquids, and garbage are not construction wastes and the disposal of such materials must be in accordance with the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board.

"Debris waste" means wastes resulting from land clearing operations. Debris wastes include but are not limited to stumps, wood, brush, leaves, soil and road spoils.

"Demolition waste" means that solid waste that is produced by the destruction of structures, or their foundations, or both, and includes the same materials as construction waste.

"Garbage" means readily putrescible discarded materials composed of animal, vegetable or other organic matter.

"Hazardous waste" means a "hazardous waste" as described in 9VAC20-60 (Hazardous Waste Management Regulations).

"Household waste" means any waste material, including garbage, trash and refuse derived from households. For purposes of this regulation, households include single and multiple residences, hotels and motels, bunkhouses, ranger stations, crew quarters, campgrounds, picnic grounds and day-use recreation areas. Household wastes do not include sanitary waste in septic tanks (septage) that is regulated by state agencies.

"Industrial waste" means any solid waste generated by manufacturing or industrial process that is not a regulated hazardous waste. Such waste may include but is not limited to waste resulting from the following manufacturing processes: electric power generation; fertilizer/agricultural chemicals; food and related products/byproducts; inorganic chemicals; iron and steel manufacturing; leather and leather products; nonferrous metals manufacturing/foundries; organic chemicals; plastics and resins manufacturing; pulp and paper industry; rubber and miscellaneous plastic products; stone, glass, clay and concrete products; textile manufacturing; transportation equipment; and water treatment. This term does not include mining waste or oil and gas waste.

"Junkyard" means an establishment or place of business that is maintained, operated, or used for storing, keeping, buying, or selling junk, or for the maintenance or operation of an automobile graveyard, and the term shall include garbage dumps and sanitary landfills.

"Landfill" means a sanitary landfill, an industrial waste landfill, or a construction/demolition/debris landfill. See 9VAC20-81 (Solid Waste Management Regulations) for further definitions of these terms.

"Local landfill" means any landfill located within the jurisdiction of a local government.

"Open burning" means the combustion of solid waste without:

1. Control of combustion air to maintain adequate temperature for efficient combustion;

2. Containment of the combustion reaction in an enclosed device to provide sufficient residence time and mixing for complete combustion; and

3. Control of the combustion products' emission.

"Open pit incinerator" means a device used to burn waste for the primary purpose of reducing the volume by removing combustible matter. Such devices function by directing a curtain of air at an angle across the top of a trench or similarly enclosed space, thus reducing the amount of combustion byproducts emitted into the atmosphere. The term also includes trench burners, air curtain incinerators and over draft incinerators.

"Refuse" means all solid waste products having the characteristics of solids rather than liquids and that are composed wholly or partially of materials such as garbage, trash, rubbish, litter, residues from clean up of spills or contamination or other discarded materials.

"Salvage operation" means any operation consisting of a business, trade or industry participating in salvaging or reclaiming any product or material, such as, but not limited to, reprocessing of used motor oils, metals, chemicals, shipping containers or drums, and specifically including automobile graveyards and junkyards.

"Sanitary landfill" means an engineered land burial facility for the disposal of household waste that is so located, designed, constructed, and operated to contain and isolate the waste so that it does not pose a substantial present or potential hazard to human health or the environment. A sanitary landfill also may receive other types of solid wastes, such as commercial solid waste, nonhazardous sludge, hazardous waste from conditionally exempt small quantity generators, construction, demolition, or debris waste and nonhazardous industrial solid waste. See 9VAC20-81 (Solid Waste Management Regulations) for further definitions of these terms.

"Smoke" means small gas-borne particulate matter consisting mostly, but not exclusively, of carbon, ash and other material in concentrations sufficient to form a visible plume.

"Special incineration device" means an open pit incinerator, conical or teepee burner, or any other device specifically designed to provide good combustion performance.

"Wood waste" means untreated wood and untreated wood products, including tree stumps (whole or chipped), trees, tree limbs (whole or chipped), bark, sawdust, chips, scraps, slabs, millings, and shavings. Wood waste does not include:

1. Grass, grass clippings, bushes, shrubs, and clippings from bushes and shrubs from residential, commercial/retail, institutional, or industrial sources as part of maintaining yards or other private or public lands.

2. Construction, renovation, or demolition wastes.

3. Clean lumber.

"Yard waste" means grass, grass clippings, bushes, shrubs, and clippings from bushes and shrubs that come from residential, commercial/retail, institutional, or industrial sources as part of maintaining yards or other private or public lands. Yard waste does not include (i) construction, renovation, and demolition wastes or (ii) clean wood.

Section (000-4). Prohibitions on open burning.

A. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the destruction of refuse except as provided in this ordinance.

B. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the destruction of rubber tires, asphaltic materials, crankcase oil, impregnated wood or other rubber or petroleum based materials except when conducting bona fide firefighting instruction at firefighting training schools having permanent facilities.

C. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the destruction of hazardous waste or containers for such materials.

D. No owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device for the purpose of a salvage operation or for the destruction of commercial/industrial waste.

E. Open burning or the use of special incineration devices permitted under the provisions of this ordinance does not exempt or excuse any owner or other person from the consequences, liability, damages or injuries that may result from such conduct; nor does it excuse or exempt any owner or other person from complying with other applicable laws, ordinances, regulations and orders of the governmental entities having jurisdiction, even though the open burning is conducted in compliance with this ordinance. In this regard special attention should be directed to § 10.1-1142 of the Forest Fire Law of Virginia, the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board, and the State Air Pollution Control Board's Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution.

F. Upon declaration of an alert, warning or emergency stage of an air pollution episode as described in 9VAC5-70 (Air Pollution Episode Prevention) or when deemed advisable by the State Air Pollution Control Board to prevent a hazard to, or an unreasonable burden upon, public health or welfare, no owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or use of a special incineration device; and any in process burning or use of special incineration devices shall be immediately terminated in the designated air quality control region.

Section (000-5). Exemptions.

The following activities are exempted to the extent covered by the State Air Pollution Control Board's Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution:

A. Open burning for training and instruction of government and public firefighters under the supervision of the designated official and industrial in-house firefighting personnel;

B. Open burning for camp fires or other fires that are used solely for recreational purposes, for ceremonial occasions, for outdoor noncommercial preparation of food, and for warming of outdoor workers;

C. Open burning for the destruction of any combustible liquid or gaseous material by burning in a flare or flare stack;

D. Open burning for forest management and, agriculture practices, and highway construction and maintenance programs approved by the State Air Pollution Control Board; and

E. Open burning for the destruction of classified military documents.

Section (000-6). Permissible open burning.

A. Open burning is permitted on site for the destruction of leaves and tree, yard and garden trimmings located on the premises of private property, provided that the following conditions are met:

1. The burning takes place on the premises of the private property; (and)

2. The location of the burning is not less than 300 feet from any occupied building unless the occupants have given prior permission, other than a building located on the property on which the burning is conducted (; and

3. No regularly scheduled public or private collection service for such trimmings is available at the adjacent street or public road¹).

B. Open burning is permitted on-site for the destruction of household waste by homeowners or tenants, provided that the following conditions are met:

1. The burning takes place on the premises of the dwelling;

2. Animal carcasses or animal wastes are not burned;

3. Garbage is not burned; (and)

4. The location of the burning is not less than 300 feet from any occupied building unless the occupants have given prior permission, other than a building located on the property on which the burning is conducted (; and

5. No regularly scheduled public or private collection service for such refuse is available at the adjacent street or public road²).

C. Open burning is permitted on site for destruction of debris waste resulting from property maintenance, from the development or modification of roads and highways, parking areas, railroad tracks, pipelines, power and communication lines, buildings or building areas, sanitary landfills, or from any other clearing operations that may be approved by (designated local official), provided the following conditions are met:

1. All reasonable effort shall be made to minimize the amount of material burned, with the number and size of the debris piles approved by (designated local official);

2. The material to be burned shall consist of brush, stumps and similar debris waste and shall not include demolition material;

3. The burning shall be at least 500 feet from any occupied building unless the occupants have given prior permission, other than a building located on the property on which the burning is conducted;

4. The burning shall be conducted at the greatest distance practicable from highways and air fields,

5. The burning shall be attended at all times and conducted to ensure the best possible combustion with a minimum of smoke being produced;

6. The burning shall not be allowed to smolder beyond the minimum period of time necessary for the destruction of the materials; and

7. The burning shall be conducted only when the prevailing winds are away from any city, town or built-up area.

D. Open burning is permitted for destruction of debris on the site of local landfills provided that the burning does not take place on land that has been filled and covered so as to present an underground fire hazard due to the presence of methane gas, provided that the following conditions are met:

1. The burning shall take place on the premises of a local sanitary landfill that meets the provisions of the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board;

2. The burning shall be attended at all times;

3. The material to be burned shall consist only of brush, tree trimmings, yard and garden trimmings, clean burning waste, clean burning debris waste, or clean burning demolition waste;

4. All reasonable effort shall be made to minimize the amount of material that is burned;

5. No materials may be burned in violation of the regulations of the Virginia Waste Management Board or the State Air Pollution Control Board. The exact site of the burning on a local landfill shall be established in coordination with the regional director and (designated local official); no other site shall be used without the approval of these officials. (Designated local official) shall be notified of the days during which the burning will occur.

(E. Sections 000-6 A through D notwithstanding, no owner or other person shall cause or permit open burning or the use of a special incineration device during May, June, July, August, or 1 through September 30.³¹ )

Section (000-7). Permits.

A. When open burning of debris waste (Section 000-6 C) or open burning of debris on the site of a local landfill (Section 000-6 D) is to occur within (local jurisdiction), the person responsible for the burning shall obtain a permit from (designated local official) prior to the burning. Such a permit may be granted only after confirmation by (designated local official) that the burning can and will comply with the provisions of this ordinance and any other conditions that are deemed necessary to ensure that the burning will not endanger the public health and welfare or to ensure compliance with any applicable provisions of the State Air Pollution Control Board's Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution. The permit may be issued for each occasion of burning or for a specific period of time deemed appropriate by (designated local official).

B. Prior to the initial installation (or reinstallation, in cases of relocation) and operation of special incineration devices, the person responsible for the burning shall obtain a permit from (designated local official), such permits to be granted only after confirmation by (designated local official) that the burning can and will comply with the applicable provisions in Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution and that any conditions are met that are deemed necessary by (designated local official) to ensure that the operation of the devices will not endanger the public health and welfare. Permits granted for the use of special incineration devices shall at a minimum contain the following conditions:

1. All reasonable effort shall be made to minimize the amount of material that is burned. Such efforts shall include, but are not limited to, the removal of pulpwood, sawlogs and firewood.

2. The material to be burned shall consist of brush, stumps and similar debris waste and shall not include demolition material.

3. The burning shall be at least 300 feet from any occupied building unless the occupants have given prior permission, other than a building located on the property on which the burning is conducted; burning shall be conducted at the greatest distance practicable from highways and air fields. If (designated local official) determines that it is necessary to protect public health and welfare, he may direct that any of the above cited distances be increased.

4. The burning shall be attended at all times and conducted to ensure the best possible combustion with a minimum of smoke being produced. Under no circumstances should the burning be allowed to smolder beyond the minimum period of time necessary for the destruction of the materials.

5. The burning shall be conducted only when the prevailing winds are away from any city, town or built-up area.

6. The use of special incineration devices shall be allowed only for the destruction of debris waste, clean burning construction waste, and clean burning demolition waste.

7. Permits issued under this subsection shall be limited to a specific period of time deemed appropriate by (designated local official).

(C. An application for a permit under Section 000-7 A or 000-7 B shall be accompanied by a processing fee of $____.⁴²)

Section (000-8). Penalties for violation.

A. Any violation of this ordinance is punishable as a Class 1 misdemeanor. (See § 15.2-1429 of the Code of Virginia.)

B. Each separate incident may be considered a new violation.

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¹ This provision shall be included in ordinances for urban areas. It may be included in ordinances for nonurban areas.

² This provision shall be included in ordinances for urban areas. It may be included in ordinances for nonurban areas.

³¹ This provision shall be included in ordinances for jurisdictions within volatile organic compound emissions control areas. It may be included in ordinances for jurisdictions outside these areas.

^{4 2}The fee stipulation in this section is optional at the discretion of the jurisdiction.