TITLE 12. HEALTH
STATE BOARD OF HEALTH
Chapter 590
Final Regulation
REGISTRAR'S NOTICE: The following regulatory action is exempt from the Administrative Process Act in accordance with § 2.2-4006 A 4 c of the Code of Virginia, which excludes regulations that are necessary to meet the requirements of federal law or regulations, provided such regulations do not differ materially from those required by federal law or regulation. The State Board of Health will receive, consider and respond to petitions by any interested person at any time with respect to reconsideration or revision.
Title of Regulation: 12VAC5-590. Waterworks Regulations (amending 12VAC5-590-10, 12VAC5-590-370, 12VAC5-590-410, 12VAC5-590-420, 12VAC5-590-440, 12VAC5-590-500, 12VAC5-590-530, 12VAC5-590-540, 12VAC5-590-545, 12VAC5-590-550).
Statutory Authority: §§ 32.1-12 and 32.1-170 of the Code of Virginia.
Effective Date: December 10, 2008.
Agency Contact: Robert A. K. Payne, Compliance Manager, Department of Health, 109 Governor Street, Richmond, VA 23219, telephone (804) 864-7498, or email rob.payne@vdh.virginia.gov.
Summary:
The Stage 2 Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule will reduce potential cancer and reproductive and developmental health risks from disinfection byproducts in drinking water. These byproducts form when disinfectants are used to control disease-causing organisms.
The Long Term 2 Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule will reduce illness linked with Cryptosporidium and other pathogenic microorganisms in drinking water. These additional regulations will supplement existing regulations by targeting additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements to higher risk waterworks. This addition will help ensure that waterworks maintain microbial protection when they take steps to decrease the formation of disinfection byproducts that result from chemicals commonly used in water treatment.
Part I
General Framework for Waterworks Regulations
Article 1
Definitions
12VAC5-590-10. Definitions.
As used in this chapter, the following words and terms shall have meanings respectively set forth unless the context clearly requires a different meaning:
"Action level" means the concentration of lead or copper in water specified in 12VAC5-590-410 E, which determines, in some cases, the treatment requirements contained in 12VAC5-590-420 C, D, E and F that a waterworks an owner is required to complete.
"Air gap separation" means the unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest opening from any pipe or faucet supplying pure water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and the rim of the receptacle.
"Annual daily water demand" means the average rate of daily water usage over at least the most recent three-year period.
"Applied water" means water that is ready for filtration.
"Approved" means material, equipment, workmanship, process or method that has been accepted by the division commissioner as suitable for the proposed use.
"Auxiliary water system" means any water system on or available to the premises other than the waterworks. These auxiliary waters may include water from a source such as wells, lakes, or streams; or process fluids; or used water. They may be polluted or contaminated or objectionable, or constitute an unapproved water source or system over which the water purveyor does not have control.
"Backflow" means the flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distribution piping of a waterworks from any source or sources other than its intended source.
"Backflow prevention device" means any approved device, method, or type of construction intended to prevent backflow into a waterworks.
"Bag filters" means pressure-driven separation devices that remove particulate matter larger than one micrometer using an engineered porous filtration media. They are typically constructed of a nonrigid, fabric filtration media housed in a pressure vessel in which the direction of flow is from the inside of the bag to outside.
"Bank filtration" means a water treatment process that uses a well to recover surface water that has naturally infiltrated into groundwater through a river bed or bank(s). Infiltration is typically enhanced by the hydraulic gradient imposed by a nearby pumping water supply or other well(s).
"Best available technology (BAT)" means the best technology, treatment techniques, or other means which the commissioner finds, after examination for efficacy under field conditions and not solely under laboratory conditions and in conformance with applicable EPA regulations, are available (taking cost into consideration).
"Board" means the State Board of Health.
"Breakpoint chlorination" means the addition of chlorine to water until the chlorine demand has been satisfied and further additions result in a residual that is directly proportional to the amount added.
"Cartridge filters" means pressure-driven separation devices that remove particulate matter larger than one micrometer using an engineered porous filtration media. They are typically constructed as rigid or semi-rigid, self-supporting filter elements housed in pressure vessels in which flow is from the outside of the cartridge to the inside.
"Chlorine" means dry chlorine.
"Chlorine gas" means dry chlorine in the gaseous state.
"Chlorine solution (chlorine water)" means a solution of chlorine in water. Note: the term chlorine solution is sometimes used to describe hypochlorite solutions. This use of the term is incorrect.
"Coagulation" means a process using coagulant chemicals and mixing by which colloidal and suspended materials are destabilized and agglomerated into flocs floc.
"Coliform bacteria group" means a group of bacteria predominantly inhabiting the intestines of man or animal but also occasionally found elsewhere. It includes all aerobic and facultative anaerobic, gram-negative, non-sporeforming bacilli that ferment lactose with production of gas. Also included are all bacteria that produce a dark, purplish-green colony with metallic sheen by the membrane filter technique used for coliform identification.
"Combined distribution system" means the interconnected distribution system consisting of the distribution systems of wholesale waterworks and of the consecutive waterworks that receive finished water.
"Commissioner" means the State Health Commissioner.
"Community waterworks" means a waterworks which serves at least 15 service connections used by year-round residents or regularly serves at least 25 year-round residents.
"Compliance cycle" means the nine-year calendar year cycle during which a waterworks must shall monitor. Each compliance cycle consists of three three-year compliance periods. The first calendar year cycle begins January 1, 1993, and ends December 31, 2001; the second begins January 1, 2002, and ends December 31, 2010; the third begins January 1, 2011, and ends December 31, 2019.
"Compliance period" means a three-year calendar year period within a compliance cycle. Each compliance cycle has three three-year compliance periods. Within the first compliance cycle, the first compliance period runs from January 1, 1993, to December 31, 1995; the second from January 1, 1996, to December 31, 1998; the third from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2001.
"Comprehensive performance evaluation" (CPE) is or "(CPE)" means a thorough review and analysis of a treatment plant's performance-based capabilities and associated administrative, operational and maintenance practices. It is conducted to identify factors that may be adversely impacting a plant's capability to achieve compliance and emphasizes approaches that can be implemented without significant capital improvements. For purposes of compliance with 12VAC5-590-530 C 1 b (2), the comprehensive performance evaluation must shall consist of at least the following components: assessment of plant performance; evaluation of major unit processes; identification and prioritization of performance limiting factors; assessment of the applicability of comprehensive technical assistance; and preparation of a CPE report.
"Confluent growth" means a continuous bacterial growth covering the entire filtration area of a membrane filter, or a portion thereof, in which bacterial colonies are not discrete.
"Consecutive waterworks" means a waterworks which has no water production or source facility of its own and which obtains all of its water from another permitted waterworks or receives some or all of its finished water from one or more wholesale waterworks. Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system of one or more consecutive waterworks.
"Consumer" means any person who drinks water from a waterworks.
"Consumer's water system" means any water system located on the consumer's premises, supplied by or in any manner connected to a waterworks.
"Contaminant" means any objectionable or hazardous physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substance or matter in water.
"Conventional filtration treatment" means a series of processes including coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration resulting in substantial particulate removal.
"Corrosion inhibitor" means a substance capable of reducing the corrosivity of water toward metal plumbing materials, especially lead and copper, by forming a protective film on the interior surface of those materials.
"Cross connection" means any connection or structural arrangement, direct or indirect, to the waterworks whereby backflow can occur.
"CT" or "CT calc" means the product of "residual disinfectant concentration" (C) in mg/L determined before or at the first customer, and the corresponding "disinfectant contact time" (T) in minutes, i.e., "C" x "T."
"Daily fluid intake" means the daily intake of water for drinking and culinary use and is defined as two liters.
"Dechlorination" means the partial or complete reduction of residual chlorine in water by any chemical or physical process at a waterworks with a treatment facility.
"Degree of hazard" means the level of health hazard, as derived from an evaluation of the potential risk to health and the adverse effect upon the waterworks.
"Diatomaceous earth filtration" means a process resulting in substantial particulate removal in which (i) a precoat cake of diatomaceous earth filter media is deposited on a support membrane (septum), and (ii) while the water is filtered by passing through the cake on the septum, additional filter media known as body feed is continuously added to the feed water to maintain the permeability of the filter cake.
"Direct filtration" means a series of processes including coagulation and filtration but excluding sedimentation resulting in substantial particulate removal.
"Disinfectant" means any oxidant (including chlorine) that is added to water in any part of the treatment or distribution process for the purpose of killing or deactivating pathogenic organisms.
"Disinfectant contact time ("T" in CT calculations)" means the time in minutes that it takes for water to move from the point of disinfectant application to the point where residual disinfectant concentration ("C") is measured.
"Disinfection" means a process which that inactivates pathogenic organisms in water by chemical oxidants or equivalent agents.
"Disinfection profile" means a summary of Giardia lamblia or virus inactivation through the treatment plant.
"Distribution main" means a water main whose primary purpose is to provide treated water to service connections.
"District Engineer" means the employee assigned by the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water to manage its regulatory activities in a geographical area of the state consisting of a state planning district or subunit of a state planning district.
"Domestic or other nondistribution system plumbing problem" means a coliform contamination problem in a waterworks with more than one service connection that is limited to the specific service connection from which the coliform positive sample was taken.
"Domestic use or usage" means normal family or household use, including drinking, laundering, bathing, cooking, heating, cleaning and flushing toilets (see Article 2 (§ 32.1-167 et seq.) of Chapter 6 of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia).
"Double gate-double check valve assembly" means an approved assembly composed of two single independently acting check valves including tightly closing shutoff valves located at each end of the assembly and petcocks and test gauges for testing the watertightness of each check valve.
"Dual sample set" means a set of two samples collected at the same time and same location, with one sample analyzed for TTHM and the other sample analyzed for HAA5. Dual sample sets are collected for the purposes of conducting an initial distribution system evaluation (IDSE) under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (2) and determining compliance with the TTHM and HAA5 MCLs under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (3).
"Effective corrosion inhibitor residual," means, for the purpose of 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 only, means a concentration sufficient to form a passivating film on the interior walls of a pipe.
"Enhanced coagulation" means the addition of sufficient coagulant for improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by conventional filtration treatment.
"Enhanced softening" means the improved removal of disinfection byproduct precursors by precipitative softening.
"Entry point" means the place where water from the source after application of any treatment is delivered to the distribution system.
"Equivalent residential connection" means a volume of water used equal to a residential connection which is 400 gallons per day unless supportive data indicates otherwise.
"Exception" means an approved deviation from a "shall" criteria contained in Part III (12VAC5-590-640 et seq.) of this chapter.
"Exemption" means a conditional waiver of a specific PMCL or treatment technique requirement which is granted to a specific waterworks for a limited period of time.
"Filter profile" means a graphical representation of individual filter performance, based on continuous turbidity measurements or total particle counts versus time for an entire filter run, from startup to backwash inclusively, that includes an assessment of filter performance while another filter is being backwashed.
"Filtration" means a process for removing particulate matter from water by passage through porous media.
"Finished water" means water that is introduced into the distribution system of a waterworks and is intended for distribution and consumption without further treatment, except as treatment necessary to maintain water quality in the distribution system (e.g., booster disinfection, addition of corrosion control chemicals).
"First draw sample" means a one-liter sample of tap water, collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2), that has been standing in plumbing pipes at least six hours and is collected without flushing the tap.
"Flocculation" means a process to enhance agglomeration or collection of smaller floc particles into larger, more easily settleable particles through gentle stirring by hydraulic or mechanical means.
"Flowing stream" means a course of running water flowing in a definite channel.
"Free available chlorine" means that portion of the total residual chlorine remaining in water at the end of a specified contact period which will react chemically and biologically as hypochlorous acid or hypochlorite ion.
"GAC10" means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of 10 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 180 days, except that the reactivation frequency for GAC10 used as a best available technology for compliance with 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b (1) (b) shall be 120 days.
"GAC20" means granular activated carbon filter beds with an empty-bed contact time of 20 minutes based on average daily flow and a carbon reactivation frequency of every 240 days.
"Governmental entity" means the Commonwealth, a town, city, county, service authority, sanitary district or any other governmental body established under the Code of Virginia, including departments, divisions, boards or commissions.
"Gross alpha particle activity" means the total radioactivity due to alpha particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
"Gross beta particle activity" means the total radioactivity due to beta particle emission as inferred from measurements on a dry sample.
"Groundwater" means all water obtained from sources not classified as surface water (or surface water sources).
"Groundwater under the direct influence of surface water" means any water beneath the surface of the ground with significant occurrence of insects or other macroorganisms, algae, or large-diameter pathogens such as Giardia lamblia, or Cryptosporidium. It also means significant and relatively rapid shifts in water characteristics such as turbidity, temperature, conductivity, or pH that closely correlate to climatological or surface water conditions. The office commissioner in accordance with 12VAC5-590-430 will determine direct influence of surface water.
"Haloacetic acids (five)" or "(HAA5)" means the sum of the concentrations in milligrams per liter of the haloacetic acid compounds (monochloroacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, trichloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, and dibromoacetic acid), rounded to two significant figures after addition.
"Halogen" means one of the chemical elements chlorine, bromine, fluorine, astatine or iodine.
"Health hazard" means any condition, device, or practice in a waterworks or its operation that creates, or may create, a danger to the health and well-being of the water consumer.
"Health regulations" means regulations which include all primary maximum contaminant levels, treatment technique requirements, and all operational regulations, the violation of which would jeopardize the public health.
"Hypochlorite" means a solution of water and some form of chlorine, usually sodium hypochlorite.
"Initial compliance period" means for all regulated contaminants, the initial compliance period is the first full three-year compliance period beginning at least 18 months after promulgation with the exception of waterworks with 150 or more service connections for contaminants listed at Table 2.3, VOC 19-21; Table 2.3, SOC 19-33; and antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium which shall begin January 1993.
"Interchangeable connection" means an arrangement or device that will allow alternate but not simultaneous use of two sources of water.
"Karstian geology" means an area predominantly underlain by limestone, dolomite, or gypsum and characterized by rapid underground drainage. Such areas often feature sinkholes, caverns, and sinking or disappearing creeks. In Virginia, this generally includes all that area west of the Blue Ridge and, in Southwest Virginia, east of the Cumberland Plateau.
"Lake/reservoir" means a natural or man-made basin or hollow on the Earth's surface in which water collects or is stored that may or may not have a current or single direction of flow.
"Large waterworks," means, for the purposes of 12VAC5-590-370 B 6, 12VAC5-590-420 C through F, 12VAC5-590-530 D, and 12VAC5-590-550 D only, means a waterworks that serves more than 50,000 persons.
"Lead free" means the following:
when 1. When used with respect to solders and flux refers to solders and flux containing not more than 0.2% lead;
when 2. When used with respect to pipes and pipe fittings refers to pipes and pipe fittings containing not more than 8.0% lead; and,
when 3. When used with respect to plumbing fittings and fixtures intended by the plumbing manufacture manufacturer to dispense water for human ingestion refers to fittings and fixtures that are in compliance with standards established in accordance with 42 USC § 300g-6(e).
"Lead service line" means a service line made of lead which connects the water main to the building inlet and any lead pigtail, gooseneck or other fitting which that is connected to such lead line.
"Legionella" means a genus of bacteria, some species of which have caused a type of pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease.
"Liquid chlorine" means a liquefied, compressed chlorine gas as shipped in commerce. Note: The term liquid chlorine is sometimes used to describe a hypochlorite solution often employed for swimming pool sanitation. This use of the term is incorrect.
"Locational running annual average" or "LRAA" means the average of sample analytical results for samples taken at a particular monitoring location during the previous four calendar quarters.
"Log inactivation (log removal)" means that a 99% reduction is a 2-log inactivation; a 99.9% reduction is a 3-log inactivation; a 99.99% reduction is a 4-log inactivation.
"Man-made beta particle and photon emitters" means all radionuclides emitting beta particles and/or photons listed in the most current edition of "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentration of Radionuclides in Air or Water for Occupational Exposure," National Bureau of Standards Handbook 69, except the daughter products of thorium-232, uranium-235 and uranium-238.
"Maximum daily water demand" means the rate of water usage during the day of maximum water use.
"Maximum contaminant level (MCL)" means the maximum permissible level of a contaminant in water which is delivered to any user of a waterworks, except in the cases of turbidity and VOCs, where the maximum permissible level is measured at each entry point to the distribution system. Contaminants added to the water under circumstances controlled by the user, except those resulting from corrosion of piping and plumbing caused by water quality, are excluded from this definition. MCLs are set as close to the MCLGs as feasible using the best available treatment technology. Maximum contaminant levels may be either "primary" (PMCL), meaning based on health considerations or "secondary" (SMCL) meaning based on aesthetic considerations.
"Maximum residual disinfectant level (MRDL)" means a level of a disinfectant added for water treatment that may not be exceeded at the consumer's tap without an unacceptable possibility of adverse health effects. For chlorine and chloramines, a waterworks is in compliance with the MRDL when the running annual average of monthly averages of samples taken in the distribution system, computed quarterly, is less than or equal to the MRDL. For chlorine dioxide, a waterworks is in compliance with the MRDL when daily samples are taken at the entrance to the distribution system and no two consecutive daily samples exceed the MRDL. MRDLs are enforceable in the same manner as maximum contaminant levels. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of waterborne microbial contaminants. Notwithstanding the MRDLs listed in Table 2.12, operators may increase residual disinfectant levels of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) in the distribution system to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by circumstances such as distribution line breaks, storm runoff events, source water contamination, or cross-connections.
"Maximum residual disinfectant level goal (MRDLG)" means the maximum level of a disinfectant added for water treatment at which no known or anticipated adverse effect on the health of persons would occur, and which allows an adequate margin of safety. MRDLGs are nonenforceable health goals and do not reflect the benefit of the addition of the chemical for control of waterborne microbial contaminants.
"Maximum total trihalomethane potential (MTP)" means the maximum concentration of total trihalomethanes produced in a given water containing a disinfectant residual after seven days at a temperature of 25°C or above.
"Medium-size waterworks," means, for the purpose of 12VAC5-590-370 B 6, 12VAC5-590-420 C through F, 12VAC5-590-530, and 12VAC5-590-550 D only, means a waterworks that serves greater than 3,300 and less than or equal to 50,000 persons.
"Membrane filtration" means a pressure or vacuum-driven separation process in which particulate matter larger than one micrometer is rejected by an engineered barrier, primarily through a size exclusion mechanism, and that has a measurable removal efficiency of a target organism that can be verified through the application of a direct integrity test. This definition includes the common membrane technologies of microfiltration, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, and reverse osmosis.
"Method detection limit" means the minimum concentration of a substance that can be measured and reported with 99% confidence that the analyte concentration is greater than zero and is determined from analysis of a sample in a given matrix containing the analyte.
"Most probable number (MPN)" means that number of organisms per unit volume that, in accordance with statistical theory, would be more likely than any other number to yield the observed test result or that would yield the observed test result with the greatest frequency, expressed as density of organisms per 100 milliliters. Results are computed from the number of positive findings of coliform-group organisms resulting from multiple-portion decimal-dilution plantings.
"Noncommunity waterworks" means a waterworks that is not a community waterworks, but operates at least 60 days out of the year.
"Nonpotable water" means water not classified as pure water.
"Nontransient noncommunity waterworks (NTNC)" means a waterworks that is not a community waterworks and that regularly serves at least 25 of the same persons over six months out of the year.
"Office" means the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of Health, Office of Drinking Water.
"One hundred year flood level" means the flood elevation which will, over a long period of time, be equaled or exceeded on the average once every 100 years.
"Operator" means any individual employed or appointed by any owner, and who is designated by such owner to be the person in responsible charge, such as a supervisor, a shift operator, or a substitute in charge, and whose duties include testing or evaluation to control waterworks operations. Not included in this definition are superintendents or directors of public works, city engineers, or other municipal or industrial officials whose duties do not include the actual operation or direct supervision of waterworks.
"Optimal corrosion control treatment" means the corrosion control treatment that minimizes the lead and copper concentrations at users' taps while ensuring that the treatment does not cause the waterworks to violate any other section of this chapter.
"Owner" or "water purveyor" means an individual, group of individuals, partnership, firm, association, institution, corporation, governmental entity, or the federal government which supplies or proposes to supply water to any person within this state from or by means of any waterworks (see Article 2 (§ 32.1-167 et seq.) of Chapter 6 of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia).
"Picocurie (pCi)" means that quantity of radioactive material producing 2.22 nuclear transformations per minute.
"Plant intake" means the works or structures at the head of a conduit through which water is diverted from a source (e.g., river or lake) into the treatment plant.
"Point of disinfectant application" means the point where the disinfectant is applied and water downstream of that point is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff.
"Point-of-entry treatment device (POE)" means a treatment device applied to the water entering a house or building for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the water distributed throughout the house or building.
"Point-of-use treatment device (POU)" means a treatment device applied to a single tap for the purpose of reducing contaminants in the water at that one tap.
"Pollution" means the presence of any foreign substance (chemical, physical, radiological, or biological) in water that tends to degrade its quality so as to constitute an unnecessary risk or impair the usefulness of the water.
"Pollution hazard" means a condition through which an aesthetically objectionable or degrading material may enter the waterworks or a consumer's water system.
"Post-chlorination" means the application of chlorine to water subsequent to treatment.
"Practical quantitation level (PQL)" means the lowest level achievable by good laboratories within specified limits during routine laboratory operating conditions.
"Prechlorination" means the application of chlorine to water prior to filtration.
"Presedimentation" means a preliminary treatment process used to remove gravel, sand and other particulate material from the source water through settling before the water enters the primary clarification and filtration processes in a treatment plant.
"Process fluids" means any fluid or solution which may be chemically, biologically, or otherwise contaminated or polluted which would constitute a health, pollutional, or system hazard if introduced into the waterworks. This includes, but is not limited to:
1. Polluted or contaminated water;
2. Process waters;
3. Used waters, originating from the waterworks which may have deteriorated in sanitary quality;
4. Cooling waters;
5. Contaminated natural waters taken from wells, lakes, streams, or irrigation systems;
6. Chemicals in solution or suspension; and
7. Oils, gases, acids, alkalis, and other liquid and gaseous fluid used in industrial or other processes, or for fire fighting purposes.
"Pure water" or "potable water" means water fit for human consumption and domestic use which is sanitary and normally free of minerals, organic substances, and toxic agents in excess of reasonable amounts for domestic usage in the area served and normally adequate in quantity and quality for the minimum health requirements of the persons served (see Article 2 (§ 32.1-167 et seq.) of Chapter 6 of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia).
"Raw water main" means a water main which conveys untreated water from a source to a treatment facility.
"Reduced pressure principle backflow prevention device (RPZ device)" means a device containing a minimum of two independently acting check valves together with an automatically operated pressure differential relief valve located between the two check valves. During normal flow and at the cessation of normal flow, the pressure between these two checks shall be less than the supply pressure. In case of leakage of either check valve, the differential relief valve, by discharging to the atmosphere, shall operate to maintain the pressure between the check valves at less than the supply pressure. The unit must shall include tightly closing shut-off valves located at each end of the device, and each device shall be fitted with properly located test cocks. These devices must shall be of the approved type.
"REM" means the unit of dose equivalent from ionizing radiation to the total body or any internal organ or organ system. A "millirem" (MREM) is 1/1000 of a REM.
"Repeat compliance period" means any subsequent compliance period after the initial compliance period.
"Residual disinfectant concentration ("C" in CT Calculations)" means the concentration of disinfectant measured in mg/L in a representative sample of water.
"Responsible charge" means designation by the owner of any individual to have duty and authority to operate or modify the operation of waterworks processes.
"Sanitary facilities" means piping and fixtures, such as sinks, lavatories, showers, and toilets, supplied with potable water and drained by wastewater piping.
"Sanitary survey" means an investigation of any condition that may affect public health.
"Secondary water source" means any approved water source, other than a waterworks' primary source, connected to or available to that waterworks for emergency or other nonregular use.
"Sedimentation" means a process for removal of solids before filtration by gravity or separation.
"Service connection" means the point of delivery of water to a customer's building service line as follows:
1. If a meter is installed, the service connection is the downstream side of the meter;
2. If a meter is not installed, the service connection is the point of connection to the waterworks;
3. When the water purveyor is also the building owner, the service connection is the entry point to the building.
"Service line sample" means a one-liter sample of water, collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2) (c), that has been standing for at least six hours in a service line.
"Sewer" means any pipe or conduit used to convey sewage or industrial waste streams.
"Single family structure," means, for the purpose of 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 (a) only, means a building constructed as a single-family residence that is currently used as either a residence or a place of business.
"Slow sand filtration" means a process involving passage of raw water through a bed of sand at low velocity (generally less than 0.4 m/h) resulting in substantial particulate removal by physical and biological mechanisms.
"Small waterworks," means, for the purpose of 12VAC5-590-370 B 6, 12VAC5-590-420 C through F, 12VAC5-590-530 D and 12VAC5-590-550 D only, means a waterworks that serves 3,300 persons or fewer.
"Standard sample" means that portion of finished drinking water that is examined for the presence of coliform bacteria.
"Surface water" means all water open to the atmosphere and subject to surface runoff.
"SUVA" means specific ultraviolet absorption at 254 nanometers (nm), an indicator of the humic content of water. It is a calculated parameter obtained by dividing a sample's ultraviolet absorption at a wavelength of 254 nm (UV254) (in m-1) by its concentration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) (in mg/L).
"Synthetic organic chemicals (SOC)" means one of the family of organic man-made compounds generally utilized for agriculture or industrial purposes.
"System hazard" means a condition posing an actual, or threat of, damage to the physical properties of the waterworks or a consumer's water system.
"Terminal reservoir" means an impoundment providing end storage of water prior to treatment.
"Too numerous to count" means that the total number of bacterial colonies exceeds 200 on a 47-mm diameter membrane filter used for coliform detection.
"Total effective storage volume" means the volume available to store water in distribution reservoirs measured as the difference between the reservoir's overflow elevation and the minimum storage elevation. The minimum storage elevation is that elevation of water in the reservoir that can provide a minimum pressure of 20 psi at a flow as determined in 12VAC5-590-690 C to the highest elevation served within that reservoir's service area under systemwide maximum daily water demand.
"Total organic carbon (TOC)" means total organic carbon in mg/L measured using heat, oxygen, ultraviolet irradiation, chemical oxidants, or combinations of these oxidants that convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide, rounded to two significant figures.
"Total trihalomethanes (TTHM)" means the sum of the concentrations of the trihalomethanes expressed in milligrams per liter (mg/L) and rounded to two significant figures. For the purpose of these regulations, the TTHM's shall mean trichloromethane (chloroform), dibromochloromethane, bromodichloromethane, and tribromomethane (bromoform).
"Transmission main" means a water main whose primary purpose is to move significant quantities of treated water among service areas.
"Treatment technique requirement" means a requirement which specifies for a contaminant a specific treatment technique(s) demonstrated to the satisfaction of the division to lead to a reduction in the level of such contaminant sufficient to comply with these regulations.
"Trihalomethane (THM)" means one of the family of organic compounds, named as derivatives of methane, wherein three of the four hydrogen atoms in methane are each substituted by a halogen atom in the molecular structure.
"Two-stage lime softening" means a process in which chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in each of two distinct unit clarification processes in series prior to filtration.
"Uncovered finished water storage facility" is means a tank, reservoir, or other facility used to store water that will undergo no further treatment to reduce microbial pathogens (except residual disinfection) and is directly open to the atmosphere.
"Unregulated contaminant (UC)" means a contaminant for which a monitoring requirement has been established, but for which no MCL or treatment technique requirement has been established.
"Used water" means any water supplied by a water purveyor from the waterworks to a consumer's water system after it has passed through the service connection.
"Virus" means a virus of fecal origin which is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission.
"Variance" means a conditional waiver of a specific regulation which is granted to a specific waterworks. A PMCL Variance is a variance to a Primary Maximum Contaminant Level, or a treatment technique requirement. An Operational Variance is a variance to an operational regulation or a Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level. Variances for monitoring, reporting and public notification requirements will not be granted.
"Virus" means a microbe that is infectious to humans by waterborne transmission.
"Volatile synthetic organic chemical (VOC)" means one of the family of manmade organic compounds generally characterized by low molecular weight and rapid vaporization at relatively low temperatures or pressures.
"Waterborne disease outbreak" means the significant occurrence of acute infectious illness, epidemiologically associated with the ingestion of water from a waterworks which is deficient in treatment, as determined by the commissioner or the State Epidemiologist.
"Water purveyor" (same as owner).
"Water supply" means water that shall have been taken into a waterworks from all wells, streams, springs, lakes, and other bodies of surface waters (natural or impounded), and the tributaries thereto, and all impounded groundwater, but the term "water supply" shall not include any waters above the point of intake of such waterworks (see Article 2 (§ 32.1-167 et seq.) of Chapter 6 of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia).
"Water supply main" or "main" means any water supply pipeline that is part of a waterworks distribution system.
"Water Well Completion Report" means a report form published by the State Water Control Board entitled "Water Well Completion Report" which requests specific information pertaining to the ownership, driller, location, geological formations penetrated, water quantity and quality encountered as well as construction of water wells. The form is to be completed by the well driller.
"Waterworks" means a system that serves piped water for drinking or domestic use to (i) the public, (ii) at least 15 connections, or (iii) an average of 25 individuals for at least 60 days out of the year. The term "waterworks" shall include all structures, equipment and appurtenances used in the storage, collection, purification, treatment and distribution of pure water except the piping and fixtures inside the building where such water is delivered (see Article 2 (§ 32.1-167 et seq.) of Chapter 6 of Title 32.1 of the Code of Virginia).
"Waterworks with a single service connection" means a waterworks which supplies drinking water to consumers via a single service line.
"Wholesale waterworks" means a waterworks that treats source water as necessary to produce finished water and then delivers some or all of that finished water to another waterworks. Delivery may be through a direct connection or through the distribution system of one or more consecutive waterworks.
Article 2
General Information
12VAC5-590-370. Sampling frequency.
The commissioner may exempt consecutive waterworks that obtain potable water from another water system for distribution from all monitoring requirements in this section except for bacteriological (subsection A of this section), disinfectant residuals, byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors (subdivision B 3 of this section), and lead and copper (subdivision B 6 of this section). The required sampling frequencies are as follows:
A. Bacteriological.
1. The waterworks owner shall collect total coliform samples at sites which are representative of water throughout the distribution system according to a written sample siting report. The report shall be established or approved by the division district engineer after investigation of the source, method of treatment and storage, and protection of the water concerned. The report must shall include, but is not limited to, the following:
a. The frequency of sampling distributed evenly throughout the month/quarter.
b. Distribution map showing the generalized location where specific sampling sites will be selected.
c. Supporting statement explaining how specific individual sites are selected, how sampling will be rotated among the sites, how repeat samples will be collected and other information demonstrating that sampling will be conducted in a manner to comply with this chapter.
d. Adequate sampling points to provide sampling representative of all the conditions in the system.
e. For small systems (less than 3,301 population), sample sites must shall also be identified by address and code number location.
f. Minimum of three sample locations for each sample required monthly so repeat sample locations are previously ascertained as being adequate in number and five customer service connections upstream and downstream. (See Appendix J for an example.)
g. The sampling point required to be repeat sampled shall not be eliminated from future collections based on a history of questionable water quality unless the sampling point is unacceptable as determined by the division district engineer.
2. The minimum number of bacteriological samples for total coliform evaluation to be collected and analyzed monthly from the distribution system of a community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall be in accordance with Table 2.1. All Owners of all noncommunity waterworks that use a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water, and all large noncommunity (serving 1,000 or more persons per day) waterworks, shall collect and submit samples monthly for analysis in accordance with Table 2.1. All Owners of all other noncommunity waterworks shall submit samples for analysis each calendar quarter in accordance with Table 2.1.
3. The samples shall be taken at reasonably evenly spaced time intervals throughout the month or quarter.
If the results of a sanitary survey or other factors determine that some other frequency is more appropriate than that stated above, a modified sampling program report may be required. The altered frequency shall be confirmed or changed on the basis of subsequent surveys.
| TABLE 2.1 |
| POPULATION SERVED PER DAY | MINIMUM NUMBER OF SAMPLES (See 12VAC5-590-370 A 2) (See subdivision A 2 of this section)
|
| 25 to 1,000 | 1 |
| 1,001 to 2,500 | 2 |
| 2,501 to 3,300 | 3 |
| 3,301 to 4,100 | 4 |
| 4,101 to 4,900 | 5 |
| 4,901 to 5,800 | 6 |
| 5,801 to 6,700 | 7 |
| 6,701 to 7,600 | 8 |
| 7,601 to 8,500 | 9 |
| 8,501 to 12,900 | 10 |
| 12,901 to 17,200 | 15 |
| 17,201 to 21,500 | 20 |
| 21,501 to 25,000 | 25 |
| 25,001 to 33,000 | 30 |
| 33,001 to 41,000 | 40 |
| 41,001 to 50,000 | 50 |
| 50,001 to 59,000 | 60 |
| 59,001 to 70,000 | 70 |
| 70,001 to 83,000 | 80 |
| 83,001 to 96,000 | 90 |
| 96,001 to 130,000 | 100 |
| 130,001 to 220,000 | 120 |
| 220,001 to 320,000 | 150 |
| 320,001 to 450,000 | 180 |
| 450,001 to 600,000 | 210 |
| 600,001 to 780,000 | 240 |
| 780,001 to 970,000 | 270 |
| 970,001 to 1,230,000 | 300 |
| 1,230,001 to 1,520,000 | 330 |
| 1,520,001 to 1,850,000 | 360 |
| 1,850,001 to 2,270,000 | 390 |
4. All bacteriological analyses shall be performed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440 by the DCLS or by a laboratory certified by DCLS for drinking water samples.
B. Chemical. The location of sampling points, the chemicals measured, the frequency, and the timing of sampling within each compliance period shall be established or approved by the commissioner at the time of issuance of a waterworks operation permit. The commissioner may increase required monitoring where necessary to detect variations within the waterworks. Analysis of field composite samples shall not be allowed. Samples for contaminants that may exhibit seasonal variations shall be collected during the period of the year when contamination is most likely to occur. Failure to comply with the sampling schedules in this section will shall require public notification pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540.
Any other dates contained in this chapter notwithstanding, all waterworks shall comply with all applicable PMCLs listed in Tables 2.2 and 2.3.
Design criteria for new or modified waterworks or waterworks owners developing new sources of supply are found in 12VAC5-590-820, 12VAC5-590-830 and 12VAC5-590-840.
1. Inorganic chemical. Community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks owners shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the MCLs in Table 2.2 in accordance with this section. All other noncommunity waterworks owners shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the nitrate and nitrite PMCLs in Table 2.2 (as appropriate) in accordance with this section. Monitoring shall be conducted as follows:
a. The owner of any groundwater source waterworks with 150 or more service connections shall take a minimum of one sample at each entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each source, after treatment, unless a change in condition makes another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant (hereafter called a sampling point) starting in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993. The owner of any groundwater source waterworks with fewer than 150 service connections shall take a minimum of one sample at each sampling point for asbestos, barium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, and selenium in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993, for antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1996, and for arsenic (for community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks) in compliance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 1 d (6) (b) subdivision B 1 d (6) (b) of this section.
b. The owner of any waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part with 150 or more service connections shall take a minimum of one sample at each entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source, after treatment, unless a change in conditions makes another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant (hereafter called a sampling point) beginning January 1, 1993. The owner of any waterworks which use a surface water source in whole or in part with fewer than 150 service connections shall take a minimum of one sample at each sampling point for asbestos, barium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, nitrate, nitrite, and selenium beginning January 1, 1993, for antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium beginning January 1, 1996, and for arsenic (for community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks) in compliance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 1 d (6) (a) subdivision B 1 d (6) (a) of this section.
c. If a waterworks draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the waterworks owner shall sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
d. The frequency of monitoring for asbestos shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (1) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for barium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, and selenium shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (2) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (3) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrate shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (4) of this section; the frequency of monitoring for nitrite shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (5) of this section; and the frequency of monitoring for arsenic shall be in accordance with subdivision B 1 d (6) of this section.
(1) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the PMCL for asbestos specified in Table 2.2 shall be conducted as follows:
(a) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks is required to monitor for asbestos during the first three-year compliance period of each nine-year compliance cycle beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993.
(b) If the waterworks owner believes the waterworks is not vulnerable to either asbestos contamination in its source water or due to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe, or both, the owner may apply to the commissioner for a waiver of the monitoring requirement in subdivision B 1 d (1) (a) of this section. If the commissioner grants the waiver, the waterworks owner is not required to monitor.
(c) The commissioner may grant a waiver based on a consideration of the following factors:
(i) Potential asbestos contamination of the water source; and
(ii) The use of asbestos-cement pipe for finished water distribution and the corrosive nature of the water.
(d) A waiver remains in effect until the completion of the three-year compliance period. Waterworks The owner of a waterworks not receiving a waiver shall monitor in accordance with the provisions of subdivision B 1 d (1) (a) of this section.
(e) The owner of a waterworks vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
(f) The owner of a waterworks vulnerable to asbestos contamination due solely to source water shall monitor sampling points in accordance with subdivision B 1 of this section.
(g) The owner of a waterworks vulnerable to asbestos contamination due both to its source water supply and corrosion of asbestos-cement pipe shall take one sample at a tap served by asbestos-cement pipe and under conditions where asbestos contamination is most likely to occur.
(h) The owner of a waterworks which exceeds the PMCL as determined in 12VAC5-590-410 B 1 shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the exceedance occurred.
(i) The commissioner may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequency specified in subdivision B 1 d (1) (a) of this section provided the commissioner has determined that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL. In no case can the commissioner make this determination unless the owner of a groundwater source waterworks takes a minimum of two quarterly samples or the owner of a waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(j) If monitoring data collected after January 1, 1990, are generally consistent with the requirements of subdivision B 1 d (1) of this section, then the commissioner may allow waterworks an owner to use that data to satisfy the monitoring requirement for the initial compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
(2) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the MCLs in Table 2.2 for barium, cadmium, chromium, fluoride, mercury, and selenium shall be as follows:
(a) The owner of a groundwater source waterworks shall take one sample at each sampling point during each compliance period beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993.
(b) The owner of a waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part shall take one sample annually at each sampling point beginning January 1, 1993.
(c) A waterworks An owner may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in subdivision B 1 d (2) (a) or (b) of this section.
(d) A condition of the waiver shall require that the waterworks owner shall take a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).
(e) The commissioner may grant a waiver provided the owner of a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part has monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater waterworks have conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample shall have been taken since January 1, 1990.) The owner of any waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part or a groundwater source waterworks shall demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less than the PMCL. Waterworks that use a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of monitoring from the new source have been completed.
(f) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the commissioner shall consider:
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;
(ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which that may affect contaminant concentrations such as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the waterworks configuration, changes in the waterworks operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or characteristics.
(g) A decision by the commissioner to grant a waiver shall be made in writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The request for a waiver may be initiated by the commissioner or upon an application by the waterworks owner. The owner shall specify the basis for the request. The commissioner shall review and, where appropriate, revise the determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the waterworks owner submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the waterworks appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
(h) Owners of waterworks which that exceed the PMCLs as calculated in 12VAC5-590-410 shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the exceedance occurred.
(i) The commissioner may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in subdivision B 2 d (2) (a), (b) or (c) of this section provided a determination has been made that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL. In no case can the commissioner make this determination unless the owner of a groundwater source waterworks takes a minimum of two quarterly samples or the owner of a waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(3) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the PMCLs in Table 2.2 for antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium shall be as follows:
(a) The owner of a groundwater source waterworks with 150 or more service connections shall take one sample at each sampling point during each compliance period beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993. The owner of a groundwater source waterworks with fewer than 150 service connections shall take one sample at each sampling point during each compliance period beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1996.
(b) The owner of a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part with 150 or more service connections shall take one sample annually at each sampling point beginning January 1, 1993. The owner of a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part with fewer than 150 service connections shall take one sample annually at each sampling point beginning January 1, 1996.
(c) A waterworks An owner may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in subdivision B 2 d (3) (a) or (b) of this section.
(d) A condition of the waiver shall require that the waterworks owner shall take a minimum of one sample while the waiver is effective. The term during which the waiver is effective shall not exceed one compliance cycle (i.e., nine years).
(e) The commissioner may grant a waiver provided the owner of a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part has monitored annually for at least three years and groundwater waterworks have conducted a minimum of three rounds of monitoring. (At least one sample shall have been taken since January 1, 1990.) The owner of any waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part or a groundwater source waterworks shall demonstrate that all previous analytical results were less than the PMCL. Waterworks that use a new water source are not eligible for a waiver until three rounds of monitoring from the new source have been completed.
(f) In determining the appropriate reduced monitoring frequency, the commissioner shall consider:
(i) Reported concentrations from all previous monitoring;
(ii) The degree of variation in reported concentrations; and
(iii) Other factors which may affect contaminant concentrations such as changes in groundwater pumping rates, changes in the waterworks configuration, changes in the waterworks operating procedures, or changes in stream flows or characteristics.
(g) A decision by the commissioner to grant a waiver shall be made in writing and shall set forth the basis for the determination. The request for a waiver may be initiated by the commissioner or upon an application by the waterworks owner. The owner shall specify the basis for the request. The commissioner shall review and, where appropriate, revise the determination of the appropriate monitoring frequency when the waterworks owner submits new monitoring data or when other data relevant to the waterworks appropriate monitoring frequency become available.
(h) Owners of waterworks which that exceed the PMCLs as calculated in 12VAC5-590-410 shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the exceedance occurred.
(i) The commissioner may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in subdivision B 2 d (3) (a), (b) or (c) of this section provided a determination has been made that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL. In no case can shall the commissioner make this determination unless the owner of a groundwater source waterworks takes a minimum of two quarterly samples or the owner of a waterworks which uses a surface water source in whole or in part takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(4) All community, nontransient noncommunity and noncommunity waterworks owners shall monitor to determine compliance with the PMCL for nitrate in Table 2.2.
(a) Owners of community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks which that use a groundwater source shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993.
(b) Owners of community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks which that use a surface water source in whole or in part shall monitor quarterly beginning January 1, 1993.
(c) For owners of community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks which that use groundwater, the repeat monitoring frequency shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is >50% greater than 50% of the PMCL. The commissioner may allow the owner of a waterworks, which that uses groundwater, to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after four consecutive quarterly samples are reliably and consistently less than the PMCL.
(d) For community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks, the commissioner may allow the owner of a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part, to reduce the sampling frequency to annually if all analytical results from four consecutive quarters are <50% less than 50% of the PMCL. Such waterworks shall return to quarterly monitoring if any one sample is ≥50% greater than or equal to 50% of the PMCL.
(e) The owners of all other noncommunity waterworks shall monitor annually beginning January 1, 1993.
(f) After the initial round of quarterly sampling is completed, the owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks which that is monitoring annually shall take subsequent samples during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
(5) All community, nontransient noncommunity and noncommunity waterworks owners shall monitor to determine compliance with the PMCL for nitrite in Table 2.2.
(a) All waterworks owners shall take one sample at each sampling point in the compliance period beginning January 1, 1993.
(b) After the initial sample, the owner of any waterworks where an analytical result for nitrite is <50% less than 50% of the PMCL shall monitor at the frequency specified by the commissioner.
(c) The repeat monitoring frequency for any waterworks owner shall be quarterly for at least one year following any one sample in which the concentration is >50%greater than 50% of the PMCL. The commissioner may allow a waterworks an owner to reduce the sampling frequency to annually after determining the analysis results are reliably and consistently less than the PMCL.
(d) Owners of waterworks which are monitoring annually shall take each subsequent sample during the quarter(s) which previously resulted in the highest analytical result.
(6) The frequency of monitoring conducted to determine compliance with the PMCLs in Table 2.2 for arsenic shall be as follows:
(a) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use uses a surface water source in whole or in part shall take one sample annually at each sampling point beginning January 23, 2006.
(b) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity groundwater source waterworks shall take one sample at each entry point during each compliance period starting January 23, 2006.
(c) Owners of waterworks that exceed the PMCL, as calculated in 12VAC5-590-410, shall monitor quarterly beginning in the next quarter after the exceedance has occurred.
(d) The commissioner may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement to the frequencies specified in subdivision B 2 1 d (6) (a) or (b) of this section provided a determination has been made that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL. In no case can the commissioner make this determination unless the owner of a groundwater source waterworks takes a minimum of two quarterly samples or the owner of a waterworks that uses a surface water source in whole or in part takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(e) No waivers shall be granted by the commissioner for arsenic.
2. Organic chemicals. Owners of all community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall sample for organic chemicals in accordance with their water source. Where two or more sources are combined before distribution, the waterworks owner shall sample at the entry point for the combined sources during periods of normal operating conditions.
a. Owners of waterworks that use groundwater shall take a minimum of one sample at each entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each source, after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point).
b. Owners of waterworks that use a surface water source in whole or in part shall take a minimum of one sample at points in the distribution system that are representative of each source or at each entry point to the distribution system, after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point).
c. The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall take four consecutive quarterly samples for each contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC 2 through 21 and SOC during each compliance period, beginning in the compliance period starting January 1, 1993.
d. Reduced monitoring.
(1) VOC.
(a) If the initial monitoring for contaminants listed in Table 2.3-VOC 1 through 8 and the monitoring for the contaminants listed in Table 2.3-VOC 9 through 21 as allowed in subdivision B 2 d (1) (c) of this section has been completed by December 31, 1992, and the waterworks did not detect any contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC 1 through 21, then the owner of each groundwater waterworks and waterworks which that use a surface water source in whole or in part shall take one sample annually beginning January 1, 1993.
(b) After a minimum of three years of annual sampling, the commissioner may allow the owner of a groundwater waterworks with no previous detection of any contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC 2 through 21 to take one sample during each compliance period.
(c) The commissioner may allow the use of monitoring data collected after January 1, 1988, for purposes of initial monitoring compliance. If the data are generally consistent with the other requirements in this section, the commissioner may use these data (i.e., a single sample rather than four quarterly samples) to satisfy the initial monitoring requirement of subdivision B 2 c of this section. Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that use grandfathered samples and did not detect any contaminants listed in Table 2.3-VOC, 2 through 21, shall begin monitoring annually in accordance with subdivision B 2 d (1) (a) of this section beginning January 1, 1993.
(2) SOC.
(a) Waterworks Owners of waterworks serving more than 3,300 persons which that do not detect a contaminant listed in Table 2.3-SOC in the initial compliance period, may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of two quarterly samples in one year during each repeat compliance period.
(b) Waterworks Owners of waterworks serving less than or equal to 3,300 persons which that do not detect a contaminant listed in Table 2.3-SOC in the initial compliance period may reduce the sampling frequency to a minimum of one sample during each repeat compliance period.
e. Waiver application.
(1) For VOCs. The owner of any community and nontransient noncommunity groundwater waterworks which does not detect a contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the requirements of subdivisions B 2 d (1) (a) and (b) of this section after completing the initial monitoring. A waiver shall be effective for no more than six years (two compliance periods). The commissioner may also issue waivers to small systems for the initial round of monitoring for 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene.
(2) For SOCs. The owner of any community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the requirement of subdivisions B 2 c and d (2) of this section. The waterworks owner shall reapply for a waiver for each compliance period.
f. The commissioner may grant a waiver after evaluating the following factors: Knowledge of previous use (including transport, storage, or disposal) of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence of the source. If a determination by the commissioner reveals no previous use of the contaminant within the watershed or zone of influence, a waiver may be granted. If previous use of the contaminant is unknown or it has been used previously, then the following factors shall be used to determine whether a waiver is granted.
(1) Previous analytical results.
(2) The proximity of the waterworks to a potential point or nonpoint source of contamination. Point sources include spills and leaks of chemicals at or near a waterworks or at manufacturing, distribution, or storage facilities, or from hazardous and municipal waste landfills and other waste handling or treatment facilities. Nonpoint sources for SOCs include the use of pesticides to control insect and weed pests on agricultural areas, forest lands, home and gardens, and other land application uses.
(3) The environmental persistence and transport of the contaminants listed in Table 2.3 VOC and SOC.
(4) How well the water source is protected against contamination, such as whether it is a waterworks which that uses a surface water source in whole or in part or whether it is a groundwater source waterworks. Groundwater source waterworks shall consider factors such as depth of the well, the type of soil, wellhead protection, and well structure integrity. Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that use surface water in whole or in part shall consider watershed protection.
(5) Special factors.
(a) For VOCs. The number of persons served by the waterworks and the proximity of a smaller waterworks to a larger waterworks.
(b) For SOCs. Elevated nitrate levels at the waterworks supply source.
(c) For SOCs. Use of PCBs in equipment used in the production, storage, or distribution of water (i.e., PCBs used in pumps, transformers, etc.).
g. Condition for waivers.
(1) As a condition of the VOC waiver the owner of a groundwater waterworks shall take one sample at each sampling point during the time the waiver is effective (i.e., one sample during two compliance periods or six years) and update its vulnerability assessment considering the factors listed in subdivision B 2 f of this section. Based on this vulnerability assessment the commissioner shall reconfirm that the waterworks owner is nonvulnerable. If the commissioner does not make this reconfirmation within three years of the initial determination, then the waiver is invalidated and the waterworks owner is required to sample annually as specified in subdivision B 2 d (1) (a) of this section.
(2) The owner of any community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks which that use surface water in whole or in part which does not detect a contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the requirements of subdivision B 2 d (1) (a) of this section after completing the initial monitoring. Waterworks meeting this these criteria shall be determined by the commissioner to be nonvulnerable based on a vulnerability assessment during each compliance period. Each waterworks owner receiving a waiver shall sample at the frequency specified by the commissioner (if any).
(3) There are no conditions to SOC waivers.
h. If a contaminant listed in Table 2.3-VOC 2 through 21 or SOC 1 through 33 is detected then (NOTE: Detection occurs when a contaminant level exceeds the current detection limit as defined by EPA.):
(1) Each waterworks owner shall monitor quarterly at each sampling point which resulted in a detection.
(2) The commissioner may decrease the quarterly monitoring requirement specified in subdivision B 2 h (1) of this section provided it has determined that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL. In no case shall the commissioner make this determination unless the owner of a groundwater waterworks takes a minimum of two quarterly samples and the owner of a waterworks which that use surface water in whole or in part takes a minimum of four quarterly samples.
(3) If the commissioner determines that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL, the commissioner may allow the waterworks to monitor annually. Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that monitor annually shall monitor during the quarter(s) which that previously yielded the highest analytical result.
(4) Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that have three consecutive annual samples with no detection of a contaminant may apply to the commissioner for a waiver for VOC as specified in subdivision B 2 e (1) or to SOC as specified in subdivision B 2 e (2) of this section.
(5) Subsequent monitoring due to contaminant detection.
(a) Groundwater Owners of groundwater waterworks which that have detected one or more of the following two-carbon organic compounds: trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, 1,2-dichloroethane, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, cis-1,2-dichloroethylene, trans-1,2-dichloroethylene, or 1,1-dichloroethylene shall monitor quarterly for vinyl chloride. A vinyl chloride sample shall be taken at each sampling point at which one or more of the two-carbon organic compounds was detected. If the results of the first analysis do not detect vinyl chloride, the commissioner may reduce the quarterly monitoring frequency of vinyl chloride monitoring to one sample during each compliance period. Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that use surface water in whole or in part are required to monitor for vinyl chloride as specified by the commissioner.
(b) If monitoring results in detection of one or more of certain related contaminants (heptachlor and heptachlor epoxide), then subsequent monitoring shall analyze for all related contaminants.
i. Waterworks which Owners of waterworks that violate the requirements of Table 2.3 for VOCs or SOCs, as determined by 12VAC5-590-410 C, shall monitor quarterly. After a minimum of four consecutive quarterly samples which that show the waterworks is in compliance as specified in 12VAC5-590-410 C and the commissioner determines that the waterworks is reliably and consistently below the PMCL, the waterworks owner may monitor at the frequency and time specified in subdivision B 2 h (3) of this section.
3. Disinfectant residuals, disinfection byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors.
a. Unless otherwise noted, owners of all waterworks that use a chemical disinfectant must shall comply with the requirements of this section as follows:
(1) Community Owners of community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving 10,000 or more persons must shall comply with this section beginning January 1, 2002.
(2) Community Owners of community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving fewer than 10,000 persons and waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water must shall comply with this section beginning January 1, 2004.
(3) Transient Owners of transient noncommunity waterworks which that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving 10,000 or more persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must shall comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this section beginning January 1, 2002.
(4) Transient Owners of transient noncommunity waterworks which that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving fewer than 10,000 persons and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant and waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water and using chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant or oxidant must shall comply with any requirements for chlorine dioxide in this section beginning January 1, 2004.
b. Waterworks must Owners shall take all samples during normal operating conditions.
(1) Analysis under this section for disinfection byproducts (TTHM, HAA5, chlorite and bromate) must shall be conducted by a laboratory that has received certification by EPA or the state except as noted in subdivision B 3 b (2) of this section.
(2) Measurement under this section of daily chlorite samples at the entry point to the distribution system, disinfection residuals (free chlorine, combined chlorine, total chlorine and chlorine dioxide), alkalinity, bromide, TOC, SUVA (DOC and UV254), and pH must and magnesium shall be made by a party approved by the commissioner.
(3) DPD colorimetric test kits may be used to measure residual disinfectant concentrations for chlorine, chloramines and chlorine dioxide.
c. Failure to monitor in accordance with the monitoring plan required under subdivision B 3 j of this section is a monitoring violation. Failure to monitor will shall be treated as a violation for the entire period covered by the annual average where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the waterworks' owner's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with PMCLs or MRDLs.
d. Waterworks Owners may use only data collected under the provisions of this section or the US EPA Information Collection Rule, 40 CFR Part 141 Subpart M, Information Collection Requirements (ICR) for Public Water Systems, to qualify for reduced monitoring.
e. TTHM/HAA5 monitoring. Community Owners of community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks must shall monitor TTHM and HAA5 at the frequency indicated below, unless otherwise indicated:
(1) Routine Running annual average monitoring requirements.
(a) Routine monitoring requirements:
Waterworks (i) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving at least 10,000 persons must shall collect four water samples per quarter per treatment plant. At least 25% of all samples collected each quarter must shall be at locations representing maximum residence time in the distribution system. The remaining samples must shall be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system and representative of the entire distribution system. When setting the sample locations the waterworks must shall take into account number of persons served, different sources of water, and different treatment methods.
(b) Waterworks (ii) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving from 500 to 9,999 persons must shall collect one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample location must shall represent maximum residence time in the distribution system.
(c) Waterworks (iii) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving fewer than 500 persons must shall collect one sample per year per treatment plant during the month of warmest water temperature. The sample location must shall represent maximum residence time in the distribution system. If the sample (or average of annual samples, if more than one sample is taken) exceeds PMCL in Table 2.13, the waterworks must owner shall increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until waterworks meets reduced monitoring criteria.
(d) Waterworks (iv) Owners of waterworks using only groundwater not under direct influence of surface water using chemical disinfectant and serving at least 10,000 persons must shall collect one sample per quarter per treatment plant. The sample location must shall represent maximum residence time in the distribution system.
(e) Waterworks (v) Owners of waterworks using only groundwater not under direct influence of surface water using chemical disinfectant and serving fewer than 10,000 persons must shall collect one sample per year per treatment plant during the month of warmest water temperature. The sample location must shall represent maximum residence time in the distribution system. If the sample (or average of annual samples, if more than one sample is taken) exceeds PMCL in Table 2.13, the waterworks must owner shall increase monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter, taken at a point reflecting the maximum residence time in the distribution system, until the waterworks meets the criteria for reduced monitoring found in subdivision B 3 e (4) B 3 e (1) (d) of this section.
(f) (vi) If a waterworks an owner elects to sample more frequently than the minimum required, at least 25% of all samples collected each quarter (including those taken in excess of the required frequency) must shall be taken at locations that represent the maximum residence time of the water in the distribution system. The remaining samples must shall be taken at locations representative of at least average residence time in the distribution system.
(g) (vii) With prior approval of the commissioner, owners of waterworks that utilize multiple wells from a common aquifer may consider these multiple sources as one treatment plant for determining the minimum number of samples to be collected for TTHM and HAA5 analysis.
(2) (b) After one year of routine monitoring a waterworks an owner may reduce monitoring, except as otherwise provided, as follows:
(a) Waterworks (i) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving at least 10,000 persons that has a source water annual average TOC level, before any treatment, of equal to or less than 4.0 mg/L and a TTHM annual average equal to or less than 0.040 mg/L and HAA5 annual average equal to or less than 0.030 mg/L may reduce its monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per quarter at a distribution system location reflecting maximum residence time.
(b) Waterworks (ii) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving from 500 to 9,999 persons that has a source water annual average TOC level, before any treatment, equal to or less than 4.0 mg/L and a TTHM annual average equal to or less than 0.040 mg/L and HAA5 annual average equal to or less than 0.030 mg/L may reduce its monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per year at a distribution system location reflecting maximum residence time during the month of warmest water temperature.
(c) Waterworks (iii) Owners of waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water, using chemical disinfectant and serving at least 10,000 persons that has a TTHM annual average of equal to or less than 0.040 mg/L and HAA5 annual average of equal to or less than 0.030 mg/L may reduce its monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per year at a distribution system location reflecting maximum residence time during the month of warmest water temperature.
(d) Waterworks (iv) Owners of waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water, using chemical disinfectant and serving fewer than 10,000 persons that has a TTHM annual average equal to or less than 0.040 mg/L and HAA5 annual average equal to or less than 0.030 mg/L for two consecutive years or TTHM annual average equal to or less than 0.020 mg/L and HAA5 annual average of equal to or less than 0.015 mg/L for one year may reduce its monitoring to one sample per treatment plant per three-year monitoring cycle at a distribution system location reflecting maximum residence time during the month of warmest water temperature, with the three-year cycle beginning on January 1 following the quarter in which the system qualifies for reduced monitoring.
(e) Waterworks (v) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving fewer than 500 persons may not reduce its monitoring to less than one sample per treatment plant per year.
(vi) In order to qualify for reduced monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 under subdivision B 3 e (1) (b) (i) through (iv) of this section, owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water not monitoring under the provisions of subdivision B 3 (i) shall take monthly TOC samples every 30 days at a location prior to any treatment, beginning April 1, 2008. In addition to meeting other criteria for reduced monitoring in subdivision B 3 e (1) (b) (i) through (iv) of this section, the source water TOC running annual average shall be less than or equal to 4.0 mg/L (based on the most recent four quarters of monitoring) on a continuing basis at each treatment plant to reduce or remain on reduced monitoring for TTHM and HAA5. Once qualified for reduced monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 under subdivision B 3 e (1) (b) (i) through (iv) of this section, a system may reduce source water TOC monitoring to quarterly TOC samples taken every 90 days at a location prior to any treatment.
(3) Waterworks (c) Owners of waterworks on a reduced monitoring schedule may remain on that reduced schedule as long as the average of all samples taken in the year (for waterworks that must monitor quarterly) or the result of the sample (for waterworks that must monitor no more frequently than annually) is no more than 0.060 mg/L and 0.045 mg/L for TTHMs and HAA5, respectively. Waterworks Owners of waterworks that do not meet these levels must shall resume monitoring at the frequency identified in subdivision B 3 e (1) 3 e (1) (a) of this section in the quarter immediately following the quarter monitoring period in which the waterworks exceeds 0.060 mg/L or 0.045 mg/L for TTHMs or and HAA5, respectively. For waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water and serving fewer than 10,000 persons, if either the TTHMs annual average is greater than 0.080 mg/L or the HAA5 annual average is greater than 0.060 mg/L, the waterworks must owner shall go to increased monitoring identified in subdivision B 3 e (1) 3 e (1) (a) of this section in the quarter immediately following the monitoring period in which the system waterworks exceeds 0.080 mg/L or 0.060 mg/L for TTHM or HAA5 respectively.
(4) Waterworks (d) Owners of waterworks on increased monitoring may return to routine monitoring if, after at least one year of monitoring, their TTHM annual average is equal to or less than 0.060 mg/L and their HAA5 annual average is equal to or less than 0.045 mg/L.
(5) (e) The commissioner may return a waterworks to routine monitoring at the commissioner's discretion.
(2) Initial distribution system evaluations (IDSE).
(a) This subdivision establishes monitoring and other requirements for identifying locational running annual average (LRAA) compliance monitoring locations for determining compliance with maximum contaminant levels for total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5). Owners shall use an IDSE to determine locations with representative high TTHM and HAA5 concentrations throughout the distribution system. IDSEs are used in conjunction with, but separate from running annual average compliance monitoring locations, subdivision B 3 e (1) (a) of this section, to identify and select locational running annual average compliance monitoring locations, subdivision B 3 e (3) of this section.
(b) This subdivision applies to the following waterworks:
(i) Community waterworks that use a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light or delivers water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light; or,
(ii) Nontransient noncommunity waterworks that serve at least 10,000 people and use a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light or delivers water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
(c) Owners shall comply with the following schedule:
| Waterworks Population | Owners shall submit a standard monitoring plan or system specific study plan1 or 40/30 certification2 to the commissioner by or receive very small system waiver from the commissioner. | Owners shall complete standard monitoring or system specific study by | Owners shall submit IDSE report to the commissioner by3 |
| Waterworks that are not part of a combined distribution system and waterworks that serve the largest population in the combined distribution system |
| Egual to or greater than 100,000 | October 1, 2006 | September 30, 2008 | January 1, 2009 |
| 50,000-99,999 | April 1, 2007 | March 31, 2009 | July 1, 2009 |
| 10,000-49,999 | October 1, 2007 | September 30, 2009 | January 1, 2010 |
| Less than 10,000 (CWS Only) | April 1, 2008 | March 31, 2010 | July 1, 2010 |
| Other waterworks that are part of a combined distribution system |
| Wholesale waterworks or consecutive waterworks | -at the same time as the waterworks with the earliest compliance date in the combined distribution system | -at the same time as the waterworks with the earliest compliance date in the combined distribution system | -at the same time as the waterworks with the earliest compliance date in the combined distribution system |
| 1If, within 12 months after the date identified in this column, the commissioner does not approve the plan or notify the owner that the review has been completed; the owner may consider the submitted plan as approved. The owner shall implement the plan and shall complete standard monitoring or a system specific study no later than the date identified in the third column. 2The owner shall submit the 40/30 certification under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) of this section by the date indicated. 3If, within three months after the date identified in this column (nine months after the date identified in this column if the owner is required to comply with the schedule for waterworks populations 10,000 to 49,999), the commissioner does not approve the IDSE report or notify the owner that the review has not been completed, the owner may consider the submitted report as approved and the owner shall implement the recommended monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (3) of this section as required. |
For the purpose of this schedule, the commissioner has determined that the combined distribution system` does not include consecutive waterworks that receive water from a wholesale waterworks only on an emergency basis or receive less than 10% of their total water consumption from a wholesale waterworks. The commissioner has also determined that the combined distribution system does not include wholesale waterworks that deliver water to a consecutive waterworks only on an emergency basis or delivers less than 10% of the total water used by a consecutive waterworks.
(d) Owners shall conduct standard monitoring that meets the requirements in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section, or a system specific study that meets the requirements in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section, or certify to the commissioner that the waterworks meets 40/30 certification criteria under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) of this section, or qualify for a very small system waiver under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (vi) of this section.
(i) Owners shall have taken the full complement of routine TTHM and HAA5 compliance samples required of a waterworks based on population and source water under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section (or the owner shall have taken the full complement of reduced TTHM and HAA5 compliance samples required of an owner based population and source water under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section if the waterworks meet reduced monitoring criteria under subdivision B 3 e (1)) of this section during the period specified in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) ((a)) of this section to meet the 40/30 certification criteria in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) of this section. Owners shall have taken TTHM and HAA5 samples under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section to be eligible for the very small system waiver in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (vi) of this section.
(ii) If the owner has not taken the required samples, the owner shall conduct standard monitoring that meets the requirements in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section, or a system specific study that meets the requirements in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section.
(iii) Standard Monitoring.
((a)) The standard monitoring plan shall comply with the following paragraphs ((i)) through ((iv)). Owners shall prepare and submit the standard monitoring plan to the commissioner according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section.
((i)) The standard monitoring plan shall include a schematic of the waterworks distribution system (including distribution system entry points and their sources, and storage facilities), with notes indicating locations and dates of all projected standard monitoring, and all projected compliance monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section.
((ii)) The standard monitoring plan shall include justification of standard monitoring location selection and a summary of data relied on to justify standard monitoring location selection.
((iii)) The standard monitoring plan shall specify the population served and waterworks type (surface water, groundwater under the direct influence of surface water or groundwater).
((iv)) Owners shall retain a complete copy of the submitted standard monitoring plan, including any modification required by the commissioner of the standard monitoring plan, for as long as the owner is required to retain the IDSE report under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) ((c)) ((iv)) of this section.
((b)) Owners shall monitor as indicated in the following table. Owners shall collect dual sample sets at each monitoring location. One sample in the dual sample set shall be analyzed for TTHM. The other sample in the dual sample set shall be analyzed for HAA5. Owners shall conduct one monitoring period during the peak historical month for TTHM levels or HAA5 levels or the month of warmest water temperature. Owners shall review available compliance, study, or operational data to determine the peak historical month for TTHM or HAA5 levels or warmest water temperature.
| Source Water Type | Population Size Category | Monitoring Periods and Frequency of Sampling | Distribution System Monitoring Locations1 |
| Total per monitoring period | Near Entry Points | Average Residence Time | High TTHM Locations | High HAA5 Locations |
| Surface water or ground-water under the direct influence of surface water. | Less than 500 consecutive systems | one (during peak historical month)2 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | |
| Less than 500 nonconsecutive systems | 2 | | | 1 | 1 |
| 500-3,300 consecutive systems | four (every 90 days) | 2 | 1 | | 1 | |
| 500-3,300 nonconsecutive systems | 2 | | | 1 | 1 |
| 3,301-9,999 | 4 | | 1 | 2 | 1 |
| 10,000-49,999 | six (every 60 days) | 8 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| 50,000-249,999 | 16 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 4 |
| 250,000-999,999 | 24 | 4 | 6 | 8 | 6 |
| 1,000,000-4,999,999 | 32 | 6 | 8 | 10 | 8 |
| Equal to or greater than 5,000,000 | 40 | 8 | 10 | 12 | 10 |
| Ground-water | Less than 500 consecutive systems | one (during peak historical month)2 | 2 | 1 | | 1 | |
| Less than 500 nonconsecutive systems | 2 | | | 1 | 1 |
| 500-9,999 | four (every 90 days) | 2 | | | 1 | 1 |
| 10,000-99,999 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 2 |
| 100,000-499,999 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 3 | 3 |
| Equal to or greater than 500,000 | 12 | 2 | 2 | 4 | 4 |
| 1A dual sample set (i.e., a TTHM and an HAA5 sample) shall be taken at each monitoring location during each monitoring period. 2The peak historical month is the month with the highest TTHM or HAA5 levels or the warmest water temperature. |
((i)) Owners shall take samples at locations other than the existing monitoring locations used in subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section. Monitoring locations shall be distributed throughout the distribution system.
((ii)) If the number of entry points to the distribution system is fewer than the specified number of entry point monitoring locations, excess entry point samples shall be replaced equally at high TTHM and HAA5 locations. If there is an odd extra location number, the owner shall take a sample at a high TTHM location. If the number of entry points to the distribution system is more than the specified number of entry point monitoring locations, owners shall take samples at entry points to the distribution system having the highest annual water flows.
((iii)) The monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) ((b)) of this section may not be reduced.
((c)) The IDSE report shall include the elements required in the following paragraphs. Owners shall submit the IDSE report to the commissioner according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section.
((i)) The IDSE report shall include all TTHM and HAA5 analytical results from compliance monitoring required under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section and all standard monitoring conducted during the period of the IDSE as individual analytical results and LRAAs presented in a tabular or spreadsheet format acceptable to the commissioner. If changed from the standard monitoring plan submitted under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) ((a)) of this section, the report shall also include a schematic of the distribution system, the population served, and system type (surface water, groundwater under the direct influence of surface water or groundwater).
((ii)) The IDSE report shall include an explanation of any deviations from the approved standard monitoring plan.
((iii)) Owners shall recommend and justify the compliance monitoring locations to be used in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (3) of this section and timing based on the protocol in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) of this section.
((iv)) Owners shall retain a complete copy of the IDSE report submitted under this section for 10 years after the date the report was submitted to the commissioner. If the commissioner modifies the LRAA monitoring requirements recommended in the IDSE report or if the commissioner approves alternative monitoring locations, the owner shall keep a copy of the commissioner's notification on file for 10 years after the date of the commissioner's notification. The owner shall make the IDSE report and any commissioner's notification available for review by the commissioner or the public.
(iv) System Specific Studies.
((a)) The system specific study plan shall be based on either existing monitoring results as required under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) or modeling as required under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) of this section. Owners shall prepare and submit the waterworks specific study plan to the commissioner according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section.
((i)) Existing monitoring results. Owners may comply by submitting monitoring results collected before the waterworks is required to begin monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section. The monitoring results and analysis shall meet the criteria in subdivisions ((1)) and ((2)) as follows:
((1)) Minimum requirements.
((A)) TTHM and HAA5 results shall be based on samples collected and analyzed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440. Samples shall be collected no earlier than five years prior to the study plan submission date.
((B)) The monitoring locations and frequency shall meet the conditions identified in the following table. Each location shall be sampled once during the peak historical month for TTHM levels or HAA5 levels or the month of warmest water temperature for every 12 months of data submitted for that location. Monitoring results shall include all compliance monitoring results in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section plus additional monitoring results as necessary to meet minimum sample requirements.
| System Type | Population Size Category | Number of Monitor-ing Locations | Number of Samples |
| TTHM | HAA5 |
| Surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water | Less than 500 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 500-3,300 | 3 | 9 | 9 |
| 3,301-9,999 | 6 | 36 | 36 |
| 10,000-49,999 | 12 | 72 | 72 |
| 50,000-249,999 | 24 | 144 | 144 |
| 250,000-999,999 | 36 | 216 | 216 |
| 1,000,000-4,999,999 | 48 | 288 | 288 |
| Equal to or greater than 5,000,000 | 60 | 360 | 360 |
| Groundwater | Less than 500 | 3 | 3 | 3 |
| 500-9,999 | 3 | 9 | 9 |
| 10,000-99,999 | 12 | 48 | 48 |
| 100,000-499,999 | 18 | 72 | 72 |
| Equal to or greater than 500,000 | 24 | 96 | 96 |
((2)) Reporting monitoring results. Owners shall report the following information:
((A)) Owners shall report previously collected monitoring results and certify that the reported monitoring results include all compliance and non-compliance results generated during the time period beginning with the first reported result and ending with the most recent results collected in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section.
((B)) Owners shall certify that the samples were representative of the entire distribution system and that treatment, and distribution system have not changed significantly since the samples were collected.
((C)) The study monitoring plan shall include a schematic of the distribution system (including distribution system entry points and their sources, and storage facilities), with notes indicating the locations and dates of all completed or planned system specific study monitoring.
((D)) The system specific study plan shall specify the population served and system type (surface water, groundwater under the direct influence of surface water or groundwater).
((E)) Owners shall retain a complete copy of the system specific study plan submitted, including any modification requested by the commissioner of the system specific study plan, for as long as the owner is required to retain the IDSE report under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((b)) ((vii)) of this section.
((F)) If previously collected data that fully meets the number of samples required under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) ((ii)) ((1)) ((b)) of this section and the commissioner rejects some of the data, the owner shall either conduct additional monitoring to replace rejected data on a schedule the commissioner approves or conduct standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section.
((ii)) Modeling. Owners may comply through analysis of an extended period simulation hydraulic model. The extended period simulation hydraulic model and analysis shall meet the following criteria:
((1)) Minimum requirements.
((A)) The model shall simulate 24-hour variation in demand and show a consistently repeating 24-hour pattern of residence time.
((B)) The model shall represent the criteria listed in the following table:
| 75% of pipe volume; |
| 50% of pipe length; |
| All pressure zones; |
| All 12-inch diameter and larger pipes; |
| All 8-inch and larger pipes that connect pressure zones, influence zones from different sources, storage facilities, major demand areas, pumps, and control valves, or are known or expected to be significant conveyors of water; |
| All 6-inch and larger pipes that connect remote areas of a distribution system to the main portion of the system; |
| All storage facilities with standard operations represented in the model; and |
| All active pump stations with controls represented in the model; and |
| All active control valves. |
((C)) The model shall be calibrated, or have calibration plans, for the current configuration of the distribution system during the period of high TTHM formation potential. All storage facilities shall be evaluated as part of the calibration process. All required calibration shall be completed no later than 12 months after plan submission.
((2)) Reporting modeling. The system specific study plan shall include the following information:
((A)) Tabular or spreadsheet data demonstrating that the model meets requirements in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) ((ii)) ((1)) ((b)) of this section.
((B)) A description of all calibration activities undertaken, and if calibration is complete, a graph of predicted tank levels versus measured tank levels for the storage facility with the highest residence time in each pressure zone, and a time series graph of the residence time at the longest residence time storage facility in the distribution system showing the predictions for the entire simulation period (i.e., from time zero until the time it takes to for the model to reach a consistently repeating pattern of residence time).
((C)) Model output showing preliminary 24-hour average residence time predictions throughout the distribution system.
((D)) Timing and number of samples representative of the distribution system planned for at least one monitoring period of TTHM and HAA5 dual sample monitoring at a number of locations no less than would be required for the system under standard monitoring in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section during the historical month of high TTHM. These samples shall be taken at locations other than existing compliance monitoring locations listed in subdivision B 3 e (1) (a) of this section.
((E)) Description of how all requirements will be completed no later than 12 months after owner submits the system specific study plan.
((F)) Schematic of the distribution system (including distribution system entry points and their sources, and storage facilities), with notes indicating the locations and dates of all completed system specific study monitoring (if calibration is complete) and all compliance monitoring listed in subdivision B 3 e (1) (a) of this section.
((G)) Population served and system type (surface water, groundwater under the direct influence of surface water or groundwater).
((H)) Owners shall retain a complete copy of the system specific study plan submitted, including any modification recommended by the commissioner to the waterworks specific study plan, for as long as the owner is required to retain the IDSE report under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((b)) ((vii)) of this section.
((3)) If an owner submits a model that does not fully meet the requirements under paragraph (iv) ((a)) ((ii)) of this section, the owners shall correct the deficiencies and respond to commissioner's inquiries concerning the model. If the owner fails to correct deficiencies or respond to inquiries to the commissioner's satisfaction, the owner shall conduct standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section.
((b)) The IDSE report shall include the elements required in the following paragraphs. Owners shall submit the IDSE report according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section.
((i)) The IDSE report shall include all TTHM and HAA5 analytical results from compliance monitoring in subdivision B 3 e (1) (a) of this section and all system specific study monitoring conducted during the period of the system specific study presented in a tabular or spreadsheet format acceptable to the commissioner. If changed from the system specific study plan submitted under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) of this section, the IDSE report shall also include a schematic of the distribution system, the population served; and system type (surface water, groundwater under the direct influence of surface water or groundwater).
((ii)) Owners of waterworks using the modeling provision under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) ((ii)) of this section shall include final information for the elements described in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) ((ii)) ((2)) of this section, and a 24-hour time series graph of residence time for each LRAA compliance monitoring location selected.
((iii)) The owner shall recommend and justify LRAA compliance monitoring locations and timing based on the protocol in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) of this section.
((iv)) The IDSE report shall include an explanation of any deviations from the waterworks approved system specific study plan.
((v)) The IDSE report shall include the basis (analytical and modeling results) and justification the owner used to select the recommended LRAA monitoring locations.
((vi)) The owner may submit the IDSE report in lieu of the system specific study plan on the schedule identified in subdivision B 3 e (2) (c) of this section for submission of the system specific study plan if the owner believes the necessary information has been obtained by the time that the waterworks specific study plan is due. If the owner elects this approach, the IDSE report shall also include all information required under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) ((a)) of this section.
((vii)) The owner shall retain a complete copy of the IDSE report submitted under this subdivision for 10 years after the date submitted. If the commissioner modifies the LRAA monitoring requirements that the owner recommended in the IDSE report or if the commissioner approves alternative monitoring locations, the owner shall keep a copy of the commissioner's notification on file for 10 years after the date of the commissioner's notification. The owner shall make the IDSE report and any notification from the commissioner available for review by the commissioner or the public.
(v) 40/30 certifications.
((a)) Eligibility. Waterworks are eligible for 40/30 certification if the waterworks had no TTHM or HAA5 monitoring violations under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section and no individual sample exceeded 0.040 mg/L for TTHM or 0.030 mg/L for HAA5 during an eight consecutive calendar quarter period beginning no earlier than the date specified in the following table.
| If the waterworks 40/30 Certification Is Due | Then the waterworks eligibility for 40/30 certification is based on eight consecutive calendar quarters of compliance monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (1) results beginning no earlier than1 |
| October 1, 2006 | January 2004 |
| April 1, 2007 | January 2004 |
| October 1, 2007 | January 2005 |
| April 1, 2008 | January 2005 |
| 1Unless the waterworks is on reduced monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section and was not required to monitor during the specified period. If the owner did not monitor during the specified period, the owner shall base eligibility on compliance samples taken during the 12 months preceding the specified period. |
((b)) Requirements for 40/30 certification:
((i)) Certify to the commissioner that every individual compliance sample taken under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section during the periods specified in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) ((a)) of this section were less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and less than or equal to 0.030 mg/L for HAA5, and that the waterworks has not had any TTHM or HAA5 monitoring violations during the period specified in subdivision ((a)).
((ii)) The commissioner may require the owner to submit compliance monitoring results, distribution system schematics, and/or recommended LRAA compliance monitoring locations in addition to the certification. If an owner fails to submit the requested information, the commissioner may require standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section or a system specific study under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section.
((iii)) The commissioner may still require standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) or a system specific study under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section even if the waterworks meet the criteria in subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) ((a)) of this section.
((iv)) The owner shall retain a complete copy of the certification submitted under this subdivision for 10 years after the date that the owner submitted the certification. The owner shall make the certification, all data upon which the certification is based, and any notification from the commissioner available for review by the commissioner or the public.
(vi) Very small system waivers.
((a)) If the waterworks serves fewer than 500 people and has taken TTHM and HAA5 samples under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section, the owner is not required to comply with this subdivision unless the commissioner notifies the owner to conduct standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) or a system specific study under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section.
((b)) If the owner has not taken TTHM and HAA5 samples under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section or if the commissioner notifies the owner to comply with this subdivision, the owner shall conduct standard monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) of this section or a system specific study under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section.
(e) LRAA compliance monitoring location recommendations.
(i) The IDSE report shall include recommendations and justification for where and during what month(s) TTHM and HAA5 monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (3) of this section should be conducted. These recommendations shall be based on the criteria in the paragraphs in this section.
(ii) Owners shall select the number of monitoring locations specified in the following table. These recommended locations will be used as LRAA routine compliance monitoring locations, unless the commissioner requires different or additional locations. The locations should be distributed throughout the distribution system to the extent possible.
| Source Water Type | Population Size Category | Monitoring Frequency1 | Distribution System Monitoring Location |
| Total per monitoring period2 | Highest TTHM Locations | Highest HAA5 Locations | Existing Compliance Locations in accordance with subdivision B 3 e (1) |
| Surface water or ground-water under the direct influence of surface water | Less than 500 | per year | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500-3,300 | per quarter | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 3,301-9,999 | per quarter | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10,000-49,999 | per quarter | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 50,000-249,999 | per quarter | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| 250,000-999,999 | per quarter | 12 | 5 | 4 | 3 |
| 1,000,000-4,999,999 | per quarter | 16 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
| Equal to or greater than 5,000,000 | per quarter | 20 | 8 | 7 | 5 |
| Ground-water | Less than 500 | per year | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 500-9,999 | per year | 2 | 1 | 1 | |
| 10,000-99,999 | per quarter | 4 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
| 100,000-499,999 | per quarter | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 |
| Equal to or greater than 500,000 | per quarter | 8 | 3 | 3 | 2 |
| 1All owners shall monitor during month of highest DBP concentrations. 2Owners of waterworks on quarterly monitoring (except for surface water source or GUDI source waterworks serving 500-3,300) shall take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location. Groundwater source waterworks serving 500-9,999 (on annual monitoring) shall take dual sample sets annually at each monitoring location. Waterworks serving fewer than 500 and surface water source or GUDI source waterworks serving 500-3,300 shall take individual TTHM and HAA5 samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with the highest TTHM and HAA5 concentrations, respectively. Waterworks serving fewer than 500 shall sample annually and surface water source or GUDI source systems serving 500-3,300 shall sample every 90 days. Only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest TTHM and HAA5 concentrations occur at the same location (and month, if monitoring annually). |
(iii) Owners shall recommend LRRA compliance monitoring locations based on standard monitoring results, system specific study results, and compliance monitoring results under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section. Owners shall follow the protocol in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) (iii) ((a)) through ((h)) of this section. If required to monitor at more than eight locations, the owner shall repeat the protocol as necessary. If a owner does not have existing compliance monitoring results under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section or if the owner does not have enough existing compliance monitoring results under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section, the owner shall repeat the protocol, skipping the provisions of subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) (iii) ((c)) and ((g)) of this section as necessary, until the owner has identified the required total number of monitoring locations.
((a)) Location with the highest TTHM LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((b)) Location with the highest HAA5 LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((c)) Existing average residence time compliance monitoring location under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section (maximum residence time compliance monitoring location for ground water systems) with the highest HAA5 LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((d)) Location with the highest TTHM LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((e)) Location with the highest TTHM LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((f)) Location with the highest HAA5 LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((g)) Existing average residence time compliance monitoring location under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section (maximum residence time compliance monitoring location for ground water systems) with the highest TTHM LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
((h)) Location with the highest HAA5 LRAA not previously selected as a LRAA monitoring location.
(iv) An owner may recommend locations other than those specified in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) (iii) of this section if the owner includes a rationale for selecting other locations. If the commissioner approves the alternate locations, the owners shall monitor at these locations to determine compliance under subdivision B 3 e (3) of this section.
(v) The recommended schedule shall include LRAA monitoring during the peak historical month for TTHM and HAA5 concentration, unless the commissioner approves another month. Once the owner has identified the peak historical month, and if the owner is required to conduct routine monitoring at least quarterly, the owner shall schedule LRAA compliance monitoring at a regular frequency of every 90 days or fewer.
(f) The owner shall use only the analytical methods specified in 12VAC5-590-440, or otherwise approved by EPA for monitoring, to demonstrate compliance.
(g) IDSE results will not be used for the purpose of determining compliance with MCLs in Table 2.13.
(3) Locational running annual average monitoring requirements.
(a) This subdivision establishes monitoring and other requirements for achieving compliance with maximum contaminant levels based on locational running annual averages (LRAA) for total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5), and for achieving compliance with maximum residual disinfectant residuals for chlorine and chloramines for certain consecutive systems.
(b) This subdivision applies to community waterworks or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that uses a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light or delivers water that has been treated with a primary or residual disinfectant other than ultraviolet light.
(c) Owner shall comply on the schedule in the following table based on the type of waterworks:
| Type of Waterworks | Waterworks shall comply with Locational Running Average monitoring by:1 |
| Waterworks that are not part of a combined distribution system and waterworks that serve the largest population in the combined distribution system |
| Waterworks serving equal to or greater than 100,000 | April 1, 2012 |
| Waterworks serving 50,000-99,999 | October 1, 2012 |
| Waterworks serving 10,000-49,999 | October 1, 2013 |
| Waterworks serving less than 10,000 | October 1, 2013 if no Cryptosporidium monitoring is required under 12VAC5-590-420 subdivision B 3 a (1) (c) or October 1, 2014 if Cryptosporidium monitoring is required under 12VAC5-590-420 subdivision B 3 a (1) (c) |
| Other waterworks that are part of a combined distribution system |
| Consecutive waterworks or wholesale waterworks | -at the same time as the waterworks with the earliest compliance date in the combined distribution system |
| 1The commissioner may grant up to an additional 24 months for compliance with MCLs and operational evaluation levels if the waterworks require capital improvements to comply with an MCL. |
(i) Waterworks monitoring frequency is specified in subdivision B 3 e (3) (d) (ii) of this section.
((a)) Owners of waterworks required to conduct quarterly monitoring shall begin monitoring in the first full calendar quarter that includes the compliance date in the table in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section.
((b)) Owners of waterworks required to conduct monitoring at a frequency that is less than quarterly shall begin monitoring in the calendar month recommended in the IDSE report prepared under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) or subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section or the calendar month identified in the LRAA monitoring plan developed under subdivision B 3 e (3) (e) of this section no later than 12 months after the compliance date in the table in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section.
(ii) Owners of waterworks required to conduct quarterly monitoring shall make compliance calculations at the end of the fourth calendar quarter that follows the compliance date and at the end of each subsequent quarter (or earlier if the LRAA calculated based on fewer than four quarters of data would cause the MCL to be exceeded regardless of the monitoring results of subsequent quarters). Owners of waterworks required to conduct monitoring at a frequency that is less than quarterly shall make compliance calculations beginning with the first compliance sample taken after the compliance date.
(iii) For the purpose of the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section, the commissioner has determine that the combined distribution system does not include consecutive waterworks that receive water from a wholesale waterworks only on an emergency basis or receive less than 10% of their total water consumption from a wholesale waterworks. The commissioner has also determine that the combined distribution system does not include wholesale waterworks which deliver water to a consecutive waterworks only on an emergency basis or deliver less than 10% of the total water used by a consecutive waterworks.
(d) Routine monitoring.
(i) Owners submitting an IDSE report shall begin monitoring at the locations and months the owner recommended in the IDSE report submitted under subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) of this section following the schedule in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section, unless the commissioner requires other locations or additional locations after review. If the owner submitted a 40/30 certification under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) of this section or the waterworks qualified for a very small system waiver under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (vi) of this section or the waterworks is a nontransient noncommunity waterworks serving less than 10,000, the owner shall monitor at the location(s) and dates identified in the monitoring plan in subdivision B 3 j of this section, updated as required by subdivision B 3 e (3) (e) of this section.
(ii) Owners shall monitor at no fewer than the number of locations identified in the following table:
| Source Water Type | Population Size Category | Monitoring Frequency1 | Distribution System Monitoring Location Total per Monitoring Period2 |
| Surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water | Less than 500 | per year | 2 |
| 500-3,300 | per quarter | 2 |
| 3,301-9,999 | per quarter | 2 |
| 10,000-49,999 | per quarter | 4 |
| 50,000-249,999 | per quarter | 8 |
| 250,000-999,999 | per quarter | 12 |
| 1,000,000-4,999,999 | per quarter | 16 |
| Equal to or greater than 5,000,000 | per quarter | 20 |
| Groundwater | Less than 500 | per year | 2 |
| 500-9,999 | per year | 2 |
| 10,000-99,999 | per quarter | 4 |
| 100,000-499,999 | per quarter | 6 |
| Equal to or greater than 500,000 | per quarter | 8 |
| 1All owners shall monitor during month of highest DBP concentrations. 2Owners of waterworks on quarterly monitoring (except for surface water source or GUDI source waterworks serving 500-3,300) shall take dual sample sets every 90 days at each monitoring location. Groundwater source waterworks serving 500-9,999 (on annual monitoring) shall take dual sample sets annually at each monitoring location. Waterworks serving fewer than 500 and surface water source or GUDI source waterworks serving 500-3,300 shall take individual TTHM and HAA5 samples (instead of a dual sample set) at the locations with the highest TTHM and HAA5 concentrations, respectively. Waterworks serving fewer than 500 shall sample annually and surface water source or GUDI source systems serving 500-3,300 shall sample every 90 days. Only one location with a dual sample set per monitoring period is needed if highest TTHM and HAA5 concentrations occur at the same location (and month, if monitoring annually). |
(iii) Owners of waterworks not using disinfection that begin using a disinfectant other than UV light after the dates in subdivision B 3 e (2) of this section for complying with the IDSE requirements shall consult with the commissioner to identify compliance monitoring locations. Owners shall then develop a monitoring plan under subdivision B 3 e (3) (e) of this section that includes those monitoring locations.
(iv) Owners shall use an approved method listed in 12VAC5-590-440 for TTHM and HAA5 analyses. Analyses shall be conducted by laboratories that have received certification by EPA or the state as specified in 12VAC5-590-440.
(e) Monitoring plan.
(i) Owners shall develop and implement a monitoring plan to be kept on file for review by the commissioner and the public. The monitoring plan shall be completed no later than the date the owner conducts the initial monitoring and contain:
((a)) Monitoring locations;
((b)) Monitoring dates; and
((c)) Compliance calculation procedures.
(ii) If the owner was not required to submit an IDSE report under either subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iii) or subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (iv) of this section, and the waterworks did not have sufficient monitoring locations under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section to identify the required number of LRAA compliance monitoring locations indicated in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) (ii) of this section, the owner shall identify additional locations by alternating selection of locations representing high TTHM levels and high HAA5 levels until the required number of compliance monitoring locations have been identified. The owner shall also provide the rationale for identifying the locations as having high levels of TTHM or HAA5. If the waterworks has more monitoring locations under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section than required for LRAA compliance monitoring in subdivision B 3 e (2) (e) (ii) of this section, the owner shall identify which locations the waterworks will use for LRAA compliance monitoring by alternating selection of locations representing high TTHM levels and high HAA5 levels until the required number of LRAA compliance monitoring locations have been identified.
(iii) Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving more than 3,300 people shall submit a copy of the monitoring plan to the commissioner prior to the date the waterworks conducts the initial monitoring, unless the IDSE report submitted under subdivision B 3 e (2) of this section contains all the information required by this section.
(iv) Owners may revise the monitoring plan to reflect changes in treatment, distribution system operations and layout (including new service areas), or other factors that may affect TTHM or HAA5 formation, or for reasons approved by the commissioner, after consultation with the commissioner regarding the need for changes and the appropriateness of the changes. If the owner changes monitoring locations, the owner shall replace existing compliance monitoring locations with the lowest LRAA with new locations that reflect the current distribution system locations with expected high TTHM or HAA5 levels. The commissioner may also require modifications in the monitoring plan. Owners of waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving more than 3,300 people shall submit a copy of the modified monitoring plan to the commissioner prior to the date the owner is required to comply with the revised monitoring plan.
(f) Reduced monitoring
(i) Owners may reduce monitoring to the level specified in the following table any time the LRAA is less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L for TTHM and less than or equal to 0.030 mg/L for HAA5 at all monitoring locations. Owners may only use data collected under the provisions of this subdivision or subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section to qualify for reduced monitoring. In addition, the source water annual average TOC level, before any treatment, shall be less than or equal to 4.0 mg/L at each treatment plant treating surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, based on monitoring conducted under either subdivision B 3 e (1) (b) (vi) or B 3 i of this section.
Source Water Type | Population Size Category | Monitoring Frequency1 | Distribution System Monitoring Location per Monitoring Period |
| Surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water | Less than 500 | | monitoring may not be reduced |
| 500-3,300 | per year | 1 TTHM and 1 HAA5 sample: one at the location and during the quarter with the highest TTHM single measurement, one at the location and during the quarter with the highest HAA5 single measurement; 1 dual sample set per year if the highest TTHM and HAA5 measurements occurred at the same location and quarter. |
| 3,301-9,999 | per year | 2 dual sample sets: one at the location and during the quarter with the highest TTHM single measurement, one at the location and during the quarter with the highest HAA5 single measurement |
| 10,000-49,999 | per quarter | 2 dual sample sets at the locations with the highest TTHM and highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| 50,000-249,999 | per quarter | 4 dual sample sets - at the locations with the two highest TTHM and two highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| 250,000-
999,999 | per quarter | 6 dual sample sets - at the locations with the three highest TTHM and three highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| 1,000,000-
4,999,999 | per quarter | 8 dual sample sets - at the locations with the four highest TTHM and four highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| Equal to or greater than 5,000,000 | per quarter | 10 dual sample sets - at the locations with the five highest TTHM and five highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| Groundwater | Less than 500 | every third year | 1 TTHM and 1 HAA5 sample: one at the location and during the quarter with the highest TTHM single measurement, one at the location and during the quarter with the highest HAA5 single measurement; 1 dual sample set per year if the highest TTHM and HAA5 measurements occurred at the same location and quarter. |
| 500-9,999 | per year | 1 TTHM and 1 HAA5 sample: one at the location and during the quarter with the highest TTHM single measurement, one at the location and during the quarter with the highest HAA5 single measurement; 1 dual sample set per year if the highest TTHM and HAA5 measurements occurred at the same location and quarter. |
| 10,000-99,999 | per year | 2 dual sample sets: one at the location and during the quarter with the highest TTHM single measurement, one at the location and during the quarter with the highest HAA5 single measurement |
| 100,000-
499,999 | per quarter | 2 dual sample sets; at the locations with the highest TTHM and highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| Equal to or greater than 500,000 | per quarter | 4 dual sample sets at the locations with the two highest TTHM and two highest HAA5 LRAAs |
| 1Owners of waterworks on quarterly monitoring shall take dual sample sets every 90 days. |
(ii) owners may remain on reduced monitoring as long as the TTHM LRAA is less than or equal to 0.040 mg/L and the HAA5 LRAA is less than or equal to 0.030 mg/L at each monitoring location (for waterworks with quarterly reduced monitoring) or each TTHM sample is less than or equal to 0.060 mg/L and each HAA5 sample is less than or equal to 0.045 mg/L (for waterworks with annual or less frequent monitoring). In addition, the source water annual average TOC level, before any treatment, shall be less than or equal to 4.0 mg/L at each treatment plant treating surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, based on monitoring conducted under either subdivision B 3 e (1) (b) (vi) or B 3 i of this section.
(iii) If the LRAA based on quarterly monitoring at any monitoring location exceeds either 0.040 mg/L for TTHM or 0.030 mg/L for HAA5 or if the annual (or less frequent) sample at any location exceeds either 0.060 mg/L for TTHM or 0.045 mg/L for HAA5, or if the source water annual average TOC level, before any treatment, is greater than 4.0 mg/L at any treatment plant treating surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water, the owner shall resume routine monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (3) (d) of this section or begin increased monitoring if subdivision B 3 e (3) (g) of this section applies.
(iv) The commissioner may return the waterworks to routine monitoring at the commissioner's discretion.
(v) A waterworks may remain on reduced monitoring after the dates identified in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section for compliance with this section only if the waterworks qualifies for a 40/30 certification under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (v) of this section or has received a very small system waiver under subdivision B 3 e (2) (d) (vi) of this section, plus the waterworks meets the reduced monitoring criteria in subdivision B 3 e (3) (f) of this section, and the owner did not change or add monitoring locations from those used for compliance monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section. If the monitoring locations under this subdivision differ from the monitoring locations under subdivision B 3 e (1) of this section, the owner may not remain on reduced monitoring after the dates identified in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section for compliance with this subdivision.
(g) Increased monitoring.
(i) Owners of waterworks required to monitor at a particular location annually or less frequently than annually under subdivision B 3 e (3) (d) or subdivision B 3 e (3) (f) of this section, shall increase monitoring to dual sample sets once per quarter (taken every 90 days) at all locations if a TTHM sample is greater than 0.080 mg/L or a HAA5 sample is greater than 0.060 mg/L at any location.
(ii) A waterworks is in violation of the MCL when the LRAA exceeds the MCLs in Table 2.13, calculated based on four consecutive quarters of monitoring (or the LRAA calculated based on fewer than four quarters of data if the MCL would be exceeded regardless of the monitoring results of subsequent quarters). Waterworks are in violation of the monitoring requirements for each quarter that a monitoring result would be used in calculating an LRAA if the owner fails to monitor.
(iii) Owners may return to routine monitoring once the waterworks has conducted increased monitoring for at least four consecutive quarters and the LRAA for every monitoring location is less than or equal to 0.060 mg/L for TTHM and less than or equal to 0.045 mg/L for HAA5.
(iv) Owners of waterworks on increased monitoring under subdivision e (1) in this section shall remain on increased monitoring until the waterworks qualify for a return to routine monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (3) (g) (iii) of this section. The owner shall conduct increased monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (3) (g) of this section at the monitoring locations in the monitoring plan developed under subdivision B 3 e (3) (e) of this section beginning at the date identified in subdivision B 3 e (3) (c) of this section for compliance with this subdivision and remain on increased monitoring until the waterworks qualifies for a return to routine monitoring under subdivision B 3 e (3) (g) (iii) of this section.
f. Chlorite. Community Owners of community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks using chlorine dioxide, for disinfection or oxidation, must shall conduct monitoring for chlorite.
(1) Routine monitoring.
(a) Daily monitoring. Waterworks must Owners shall take daily samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample that exceeds the chlorite PMCL in Table 2.13, the waterworks must owner shall take additional samples in the distribution system the following day at the locations required by subdivision B 3 f (1) (c) of this section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to the distribution system.
(b) Monthly monitoring. Waterworks must Owners shall take a three-sample set each month in the distribution system. The waterworks must owner shall take one sample at each of the following locations: near the first customer, at a location representative of average residence time, and at a location reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system. Any additional routine sampling must shall be conducted in the same manner (as three-sample sets, at the specified locations). The waterworks owner may use the results of additional monitoring conducted under subdivision B 3 f (1) (c) of this section to meet the requirement for monitoring in this paragraph.
(c) Additional monitoring requirements. On each day following a routine sample monitoring result that exceeds the chlorite PMCL in Table 2.13 at the entrance to the distribution system, the waterworks owner is required to take three chlorite distribution system samples at the following locations: as close to the first customer as possible, in a location representative of average residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system).
(2) Reduced monitoring.
(a) Chlorite monitoring at the entrance to the distribution system required by subdivision B 3 f (1) (a) of this section may not be reduced.
(b) Chlorite monitoring in the distribution system required by subdivision B 3 f (1) (b) of this section may be reduced to one three-sample set per quarter after one year of monitoring where no individual chlorite sample taken in the distribution system under subdivision B 3 f (1) (b) of this section has exceeded the chlorite PMCL in Table 2.13 and the waterworks owner has not been required to conduct monitoring under subdivision B 3 f (1) (c) of this section. The waterworks owner may remain on the reduced monitoring schedule until either any of the three individual chlorite samples taken quarterly in the distribution system under subdivision B 3 f (1) (b) of this section exceeds the chlorite PMCL or the waterworks owner is required to conduct monitoring under subdivision B 3 f (1) (c) of this section, at which time the waterworks must owner shall revert to routine monitoring.
g. Bromate.
(1) Each The owner of a community and or nontransient noncommunity waterworks treatment plant using ozone, for disinfection or oxidation, must shall take one sample per month and analyze it for bromate. Waterworks must The owner shall take samples monthly at the entrance to the distribution system while the ozonation system is operating under normal conditions.
(2) Waterworks required to analyze for bromate may reduce monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the waterworks demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly bromide measurements for one year. The waterworks may remain on reduced bromate monitoring until the running annual average source water bromide concentration, computed quarterly, is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements. If the running annual average source water bromide concentration is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L, the waterworks must resume routine monitoring required by subdivision B 3 g (1) of this section.
(2) Reduced monitoring.
(a) Until March 31, 2009, owners of waterworks required to analyze for bromate may reduce monitoring from monthly to quarterly, if the waterworks average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based on representative monthly bromide measurements for one year. The owner may remain on reduced bromate monitoring until the running annual average source water bromide concentration, computed quarterly, is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L based on representative monthly measurements. If the running annual average source water bromide concentration is equal to or greater than 0.05 mg/L, the owner shall resume routine monitoring required by subdivision B 3 g (1) of this section in the following month.
(b) Beginning April 1, 2009, owners may no longer use the provisions of subdivision B 3 g (2) (a) of this section to qualify for reduced monitoring. An owner required to analyze for bromate may reduce monitoring from monthly to quarterly, if the waterworks running annual average bromate concentration is equal to or less than 0.0025 mg/L based on monthly bromate measurements under subdivision B 3 g (1) of this section for the most recent four quarters, with samples analyzed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440. If a waterworks has qualified for reduced bromate monitoring under subdivision B 3 g (2) (a) of this section, the owner may remain on reduced monitoring as long as the running annual average of quarterly bromate samples is equal to or less than 0.0025 mg/L based on samples analyzed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440. If the running annual average bromate concentration is greater than 0.0025 mg/L, the owner shall resume routine monitoring required by subdivision B 3 g (1) of this section.
(3) Bromide. Waterworks Owners of waterworks required to analyze for bromate may reduce bromate monitoring from monthly to once per quarter, if the waterworks owner demonstrates that the average source water bromide concentration is less than 0.05 mg/L based upon representative monthly measurements for one year. The waterworks must owner shall continue bromide monitoring to remain on reduced bromate monitoring.
h. Monitoring requirements for disinfectant residuals.
(1) Chlorine and chloramines.
(a) Waterworks Owners of waterworks that use chlorine or chloramines must shall measure the residual disinfectant level in the distribution system at the same point in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in subsection A of this section. Waterworks Owners of waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water may use the results of residual disinfectant concentration sampling found in subdivision B 7 c (1) of this section in lieu of taking separate samples.
(b) Residual disinfectant level monitoring may not be reduced.
(2) Chlorine dioxide.
(a) Waterworks Owners of waterworks that use chlorine dioxide for disinfection or oxidation must shall take daily samples at the entrance to the distribution system. For any daily sample that exceeds the MRDL in Table 2.12, the waterworks must owner shall take samples in the distribution system the following day at the locations required by subdivision B 3 h (2) (b) of this section, in addition to the sample required at the entrance to the distribution system.
(b) On each day following a routine sample monitoring result that exceeds the MRDL in Table 2.12, the waterworks owner is required to take three chlorine dioxide distribution system samples. If chlorine dioxide or chloramines are used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system, or if chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are no disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution system (i.e., no booster chlorination), the waterworks must owner shall take three samples as close to the first customer as possible, at intervals of at least six hours. If chlorine is used to maintain a disinfectant residual in the distribution system and there are one or more disinfection addition points after the entrance to the distribution system (i.e., booster chlorination), the waterworks must owner shall take one sample at each of the following locations: as close to the first customer as possible, in a location representative of average residence time, and as close to the end of the distribution system as possible (reflecting maximum residence time in the distribution system).
(c) Chlorine dioxide monitoring may not be reduced.
i. Monitoring requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPP).
(1) Community Owners of community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and using conventional filtration treatment (as defined in 12VAC5-590-10) must shall monitor each treatment plant for TOC no later than the point of combined filter effluent turbidity monitoring and representative of the treated water. All waterworks owners required to monitor under this subdivision (B 3 i (1)) must shall also monitor for TOC in the source water prior to any treatment at the same time as monitoring for TOC in the treated water. These samples (source water and treated water) are referred to as paired samples. At the same time as the source water sample is taken, all waterworks must owners shall monitor for alkalinity in the source water prior to any treatment. Waterworks must Owners shall take one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per month per plant at a time representative of normal operating conditions and influent water quality.
(2) Community Owners of community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water with an average treated water TOC of less than 2.0 mg/L for two consecutive years, or less than 1.0 mg/L for one year, may reduce monitoring for both TOC and alkalinity to one paired sample and one source water alkalinity sample per plant per quarter. The waterworks must owners shall revert to routine monitoring in the month following the quarter when the annual average treated water TOC equal to or greater than 2.0 mg/L.
j. Each The owner of each waterworks required to monitor under subdivision B 3 of this section must shall develop and implement a monitoring plan. The waterworks must owner shall maintain the plan and make it available for inspection by the commissioner and the general public no later than 30 days following the applicable compliance dates in subdivision B 3 a of this section. All The owners of all community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving more than 3,300 people must shall submit a copy of the monitoring plan to the commissioner no later than the date of the first report required under 12VAC5-590-530 A. The commissioner may also require the plan to be submitted by any other waterworks owner. After review, the commissioner may require changes in any plan elements. The plan must shall include at least the following elements:
(1) Specific locations and schedules for collecting samples for any parameters included in subdivision B 3 of this section.
(2) How the waterworks owner will calculate compliance with PMCLs, MRDLs, and treatment techniques.
(3) The sampling plan for a consecutive waterworks must shall reflect the entire consecutive distribution system.
4. Unregulated contaminants (UCs). All Owners of all community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall sample for the contaminants listed in Table 2.6 and Table 2.7 as follows:
a. Table 2.6—Group A
(1) Owners of waterworks which that use a surface water source in whole or in part shall sample at the entry points to the distribution system which is representative of each source, after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The minimum number of samples is one year of consecutive quarterly samples per sampling point beginning in accordance with Table 2.8.
(2) Owners of waterworks which that use groundwater shall sample at points of entry to the distribution system which is representative of each source (hereafter called a sampling point). The minimum number of samples is one sample per sampling point beginning in accordance with Table 2.8.
(3) The commissioner may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results.
(4) Waterworks Owners of waterworks serving less than 150 connections may inform the commissioner, in writing, that their waterworks is available for sampling instead of performing the required sampling.
(5) All waterworks required to sample under this section shall repeat the sampling at least every five years.
b. Table 2.6—Group B and Table 2.7
(1) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks owner shall take four consecutive quarterly samples at the entry points to the distribution system which is representative of each source (hereafter called a sampling point) for each contaminant listed in Table 2.6 Group B and report the results to the commissioner. Monitoring shall be completed by December 31, 1995.
(2) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall take one sample at each sampling point for each contaminant listed in Table 2.7 and report the results to the commissioner. Monitoring shall be completed by December 31, 1995.
(3) The owner of each community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks may apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the monitoring requirements of subdivisions B 4 b (1) and (2) of this section for the contaminants listed in Table 2.6 Group B and Table 2.7.
(4) The commissioner may grant a waiver for the requirement of subdivision B 4 b (1) of this section based on the criteria specified in subdivision B 2 f of this section. The commissioner may grant a waiver from the requirement of subdivision B 4 b (2) of this section if previous analytical results indicate contamination would not occur, provided this data was collected after January 1, 1990.
(5) If the waterworks utilizes more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the waterworks owner shall sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
(6) The commissioner may require a confirmation sample for positive or negative results.
(7) Instead of performing the monitoring required by this section, the owner of a community waterworks or nontransient noncommunity waterworks serving fewer than 150 service connections may send a letter to the commissioner stating that the waterworks is available for sampling. This letter shall be sent to the commissioner by January 1, 1994. The waterworks owner shall not send such samples to the commissioner unless requested to do so by the commissioner.
(8) All waterworks required to sample under this section subdivision shall repeat the sampling at least every five years.
5. Repealed.
6. Monitoring requirements for lead and copper. The owners of all community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall monitor for lead and copper in tap water (subdivision B 6 a of this section), water quality (corrosion) parameters in the distribution system and at entry points (subdivision B 6 b of this section), and lead and copper in water supplies (subdivision B 6 c of this section). The monitoring requirements contained in this section are summarized in Appendix M.
a. Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in tap water.
(1) Sample site location.
(a) By the applicable date for commencement of monitoring under subdivision B 6 a (4) (a) of this section, each waterworks owner shall complete a materials evaluation of the distribution system in order to identify a pool of targeted sampling sites that meets the requirements of this section, and which is sufficiently large to ensure that the owner can collect the number of lead and copper tap samples required in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section. All sites from which first draw samples are collected shall be selected from this pool of targeted sampling sites. Sampling sites may not include faucets that have point-of-use or point-of-entry treatment devices designed to remove inorganic contaminants.
(b) A waterworks An owner shall use the information on lead, copper, and galvanized steel that the owner is required to collect when conducting a materials evaluation (reference Appendix B Corrosion). When this evaluation is insufficient to locate the requisite number of lead and copper sampling sites that meet the targeting criteria of this section, the owner shall review the sources of information listed below in order to identify a sufficient number of sampling sites. In addition, the owner shall seek to collect such information where possible in the course of its normal operations (e.g., checking service line materials when reading water meters or performing maintenance activities):
(i) All plumbing codes, permits, and records in the files of the building department(s) which indicate the plumbing materials that are installed within publicly and privately owned structures connected to the distribution system;
(ii) All inspections and records of the distribution system that indicate the material composition of the service connections that connect a structure to the distribution system; and
(iii) All existing water quality information, which includes the results of all prior analyses of the waterworks or individual structures connected to the waterworks, indicating locations that may be particularly susceptible to high lead or copper concentrations.
(c) The sampling sites selected for a community waterworks' sampling pool ("tier 1 sampling sites") shall consist of single family structures that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed between January 1983 and April 1986 or contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
NOTE: When multiple-family residences comprise at least 20% of the structures served by a waterworks, the waterworks owner may include these types of structures in its the sampling pool.
(d) The owner of any community waterworks with insufficient tier 1 sampling sites shall complete the sampling pool with "tier 2 sampling sites," consisting of buildings, including multiple-family residences that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed between January 1983 and April 1986 or contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(e) The owner of any community waterworks with insufficient tier 1 and tier 2 sampling sites shall complete the sampling pool with "tier 3 sampling sites," consisting of single family structures that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. The owner of a community waterworks with insufficient tier 1, tier 2, and tier 3 sampling sites shall complete the sampling pool with representative sites throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the waterworks.
(f) The sampling sites selected for a nontransient noncommunity waterworks ("tier 1 sampling sites") shall consist of buildings that:
(i) Contain copper pipes with lead solder installed between January 1983 and April 1986 or contain lead pipes; and/or
(ii) Are served by a lead service line.
(g) The owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks with insufficient tier 1 sites that meet the targeting criteria in subdivision B 6 a (1) (f) of this section shall complete the sampling pool with sampling sites that contain copper pipes with lead solder installed before 1983. If additional sites are needed to complete the sampling pool, the owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall use representative sites throughout the distribution system. For the purpose of this paragraph, a representative site is a site in which the plumbing materials used at that site would be commonly found at other sites served by the waterworks.
(h) The owner of any waterworks whose distribution system contains lead service lines shall draw 50% of the samples the owner collects during each monitoring period from sites that contain lead pipes, or copper pipes with lead solder, and 50% of the samples the owner collects from sites served by a lead service line. Any owner who cannot identify a sufficient number of sampling sites served by a lead service line shall collect first draw tap samples from all of the sites identified as being served by such lines.
(2) Sample collection methods.
(a) All tap samples for lead and copper, with the exception of lead service line samples collected under 12VAC5-590-420 E 3 and samples collected under subdivision B 6 a (2) (e) of this section, shall be first draw samples.
(b) Each first-draw tap sample for lead and copper shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the plumbing system of each sampling site for at least six hours. First draw samples from residential housing shall be collected from the cold-water kitchen tap or bathroom sink tap. First-draw samples from a nonresidential building shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. Non-first-draw samples collected in lieu of first-draw samples pursuant to subdivision B 6 a (2) (e) of this section shall be one liter in volume and shall be collected at an interior tap from which water is typically drawn for consumption. First draw samples may be collected by the waterworks owner or the owner may allow residents to collect first draw samples after instructing the residents of the sampling procedures specified in this paragraph. To avoid problems of residents handling nitric acid, acidification of first draw samples may be done up to 14 days after the sample is collected. After acidification to resolubilize the metals, the sample must stand in the original container for the time specified in the approved EPA method before the sample can be analyzed. If an owner allows residents to perform sampling, the owner may not challenge, based on alleged errors in sample collection, the accuracy of sampling results.
(c) Each lead service line sample collected pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 E 3 for the purpose of avoiding replacement shall be one liter in volume and have stood motionless in the lead service line for at least six hours. Lead service line samples shall be collected in one of the following three ways:
(i) At the tap after flushing the volume of water between the tap and the lead service line. The volume of water shall be calculated based on the interior diameter and length of the pipe between the tap and the lead service line;
(ii) Tapping directly into the lead service line; or
(iii) If the sampling site is a building constructed as a single-family residence, allowing the water to run until there is a significant change in temperature which would be indicative of water that has been standing in the lead service line.
(d) A waterworks An owner shall collect each first draw tap sample from the same sampling site from which the owner collected a previous sample. If, for any reason, the owner cannot gain entry to a sampling site in order to collect a follow-up tap sample, the owner may collect the follow-up tap sample from another sampling site in the sampling pool as long as the new site meets the same targeting criteria, and is within reasonable proximity of the original site.
(e) The owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks, or a community waterworks that meets the criteria of 12VAC5-590-420 F 3 g (1) and (2) that does not have enough taps that can supply first-draw samples, as defined in subdivision B 6 a (2) (b) of this section, may apply to the district engineer in writing to substitute non-first-draw samples. If approved by the commissioner, such owners must shall collect as many first-draw samples from appropriate taps as possible and identify sampling times and locations that would likely result in the longest standing time for the remaining sites.
(3) Number of samples. Waterworks owners Owners shall collect at least one sample during each monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) of this section from the number of sites listed in the first column ("standard monitoring") of the table in this paragraph. The owner of a waterworks conducting reduced monitoring under subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section shall collect at least one sample from the number of sites specified in the second column ("reduced monitoring") of the table in this paragraph during each monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section. Such reduced monitoring sites shall be representative of the sites required for standard monitoring. The commissioner may specify sampling locations when a waterworks an owner is conducting reduced monitoring. The table is as follows:
| System Size (Number of People Served) | Number of sites (Standard Monitoring) | Number of sites (Reduced Monitoring) |
| >greater than 100,000
| 100 | 50 |
| 10,001-100,000 | 60 | 30 |
| 3,301 to 10,000 | 40 | 20 |
| 501 to 3,300 | 20 | 10 |
| 101 to 500 | 10 | 5 |
| ≤less than or equal to100
| 5 | 5 |
(4) Timing of monitoring.
(a) Initial tap sampling. The first six-month monitoring period for small (serving }3,300 (serving less than 3,300 population), medium-size (serving 3,301 to 50,000 population) and large waterworks (serving >greater than 50,000 population) shall be established by the commissioner.
(i) All Owners of all large waterworks shall monitor during two consecutive six-month periods.
(ii) All Owners of all small and medium-size waterworks shall monitor during each six-month monitoring period until: the waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level and is therefore required to implement the corrosion control treatment requirements under 12VAC5-590-420 C, in which case the owner shall continue monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (b) of this section, or the waterworks meets the lead and copper action levels during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods, in which case the owner may reduce monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section.
(b) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control and water supply (source water) treatment.
(i) The owner of any large waterworks which that installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 d (4) shall monitor during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 d (5).
(ii) The owner of any small or medium-size waterworks which that installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 e (5) shall monitor during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 e (6).
(iii) The owner of any waterworks which that installs source water treatment pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 D 1 c shall monitor during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the date specified in 12VAC5-590-420 D 1 d.
(c) Monitoring after the commissioner specifies water quality parameter values for optimal corrosion control. After the commissioner specifies the values for water quality control parameters under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f, the waterworks owner shall monitor during each subsequent six-month monitoring period, with the first monitoring period to begin on the date the commissioner specifies the optimal values under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f.
(d) Reduced monitoring.
(i) The owner of a small or medium-size waterworks that meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the number of samples in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section, and reduce the frequency of sampling to once per year.
(ii) The owner of any waterworks that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods may reduce the frequency of monitoring to once per year and to reduce the number of lead and copper samples in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section if the owner receives written approval from the commissioner. The commissioner shall review monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the waterworks owner in accordance with 12VAC5-590-530 D, and shall notify the waterworks owner in writing when a determination is made that the owner is eligible to commence reduced monitoring pursuant to this paragraph. The commissioner shall review, and where appropriate, revise its determination when the owner submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iii) The owner of a small or medium-size waterworks that meets the lead and copper action levels during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper from annually to once every three years. Any The owner of any waterworks that maintains the range of values for the water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency of monitoring from annually to once every three years if the owner receives written approval from the commissioner. The commissioner shall review monitoring, treatment, and other relevant information submitted by the owner in accordance with 12VAC5-590-530 D and shall notify the waterworks owner in writing when a determination is made that the owner is eligible to commence reduced monitoring pursuant to this paragraph. The commissioner shall review, and where appropriate, revise its determination when the owner submits new monitoring or treatment data, or when other data relevant to the number and frequency of tap sampling becomes available.
(iv) The owner of a waterworks that reduces the number and frequency of sampling shall collect these samples from representative sites included in the pool of targeted sampling sites identified in subdivision B 6 a (1) of this section. Waterworks owners Owners sampling annually or less frequently shall conduct the lead and copper tap sampling during the months of June, July, August or September. For a nontransient noncommunity waterworks that does not operate during the months of June through September, the commissioner shall designate an alternate monitoring period that represents a time of normal operation for the waterworks.
(v) The owner of any waterworks that demonstrates for two consecutive six-month monitoring periods that the tap water lead level computed under 12VAC5-590-410 E 3 is less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the tap water copper level computed under 12VAC5-590-410 E 3 is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L may reduce the number of samples in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section and reduce the frequency of sampling to once every three calendar years.
(vi) The owner of a small or medium-size waterworks subject to reduced monitoring that exceeds the lead or copper action level shall resume sampling in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (c) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section. Such waterworks owner shall also conduct water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 6 b (2), (3), or (4) of this section (as appropriate) during the monitoring period in which the action level is exceeded. The owner of any such waterworks may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section after it has completed two subsequent consecutive six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (i) of this section and/or may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper at the reduced number of sites after it demonstrates through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (iii) or (v) of this section.
(vii) The owner of any waterworks subject to the reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality parameters specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f for more than nine days in any six-month period specified in subdivision B 6 b (4) of this section shall conduct tap water sampling for lead and copper at the frequency specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (c) of this section, collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section, and shall resume monitoring for water quality parameters within the distribution system in accordance with subdivision B 6 b (4) of this section. The owner of such a waterworks may resume reduced monitoring for lead and copper at the tap and for water quality parameters within the distribution system under the following conditions:
((a)) The waterworks owner may resume annual monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section after completion of two subsequent six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (ii) of this section and the owner has received written approval from the commissioner that it is appropriate to resume reduced monitoring on an annual frequency.
((b)) The waterworks owner may resume triennial monitoring for lead and copper at the tap at the reduced number of sites after demonstration through subsequent rounds of monitoring that it meets the criteria of either subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (iii) or (v) of this section and the owner has received written approval from the commissioner that it is appropriate to resume triennial monitoring.
((c)) The waterworks owner may reduce the number of water quality parameter tap water samples required in accordance with subdivision B 6 b (5) (a) of this section and the frequency with which it collects such samples in accordance with subdivision B 6 b (5) (b) of this section. The owner of such a waterworks may not resume triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap until it demonstrates, in accordance with the requirements of subdivision B 6 b (5) (b) of this section, that it has requalified for triennial monitoring.
(viii) The owner of any waterworks subject to a reduced monitoring frequency under subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section that either adds a new source of water or changes any water treatment shall inform the district engineer in writing in accordance with 12VAC5-590-530 D 1 c. The commissioner may require the waterworks owner to resume sampling in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (c) of this section and collect the number of samples specified for standard monitoring under subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section or take other appropriate steps such as increased water quality parameter monitoring or re-evaluation of its corrosion control treatment given the potentially different water quality considerations.
(5) Additional monitoring by waterworks owner. The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the waterworks owner and the commissioner in making any determinations (i.e., calculating the 90th percentile lead or copper level) under this subpart.
(6) Invalidation of lead or copper tap water samples. A sample invalidated under this paragraph does not count toward determining lead or copper 90th percentile levels under 12VAC5-590-410 E or toward meeting the minimum monitoring requirements of subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section.
(a) The commissioner may invalidate a lead or copper tap water sample if at least one of the following conditions is met.
(i) The laboratory establishes that improper sample analysis caused erroneous results.
(ii) The commissioner determines that the sample was taken from a site that did not meet the site selection criteria of this section.
(iii) The sample container was damaged in transit.
(iv) There is substantial reason to believe that the sample was subject to tampering.
(b) The waterworks owner must shall report the results of all samples to the district engineer and all supporting documentation for samples the owner believes should be invalidated.
(c) To invalidate a sample under subdivision B 6 a (6) (a) of this section, the decision and the rationale for the decision must shall be documented in writing. The commissioner may not invalidate a sample solely on the grounds that a follow-up sample result is higher or lower than that of the original sample.
(d) The waterworks owner must shall collect replacement samples for any samples invalidated under this section if, after the invalidation of one or more samples, the owner has too few samples to meet the minimum requirements of subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section. Any such replacement samples must shall be taken as soon as possible, but no later than 20 days after the date the commissioner invalidates the sample or by the end of the applicable monitoring period, whichever occurs later. Replacement samples taken after the end of the applicable monitoring period shall not also be used to meet the monitoring requirements of a subsequent monitoring period. The replacement samples shall be taken at the same locations as the invalidated samples or, if that is not possible, at locations other than those already used for sampling during the monitoring period.
(7) Monitoring waivers for small systems waterworks. The owner of any small waterworks that meets the criteria of this section may apply to the commissioner to reduce the frequency of monitoring for lead and copper to once every nine years (i.e., a "full waiver") if the owner meets all of the materials criteria specified in subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) of this section and all of the monitoring criteria specified in subdivision B 6 a (7) (b) of this section. The owner of any small system waterworks that meets the criteria in subdivisions B 6 a (7) (a) and (b) of this section only for lead, or only for copper, may apply to the commissioner for a waiver to reduce the frequency of tap water monitoring to once every nine years for that contaminant only (i.e., a "partial waiver").
(a) Materials criteria. The waterworks owner must shall demonstrate that the distribution system and service lines and all drinking water supply plumbing, including plumbing conveying drinking water within all residences and buildings connected to the waterworks, are free of lead-containing materials and/or copper-containing materials, as those terms are defined in this paragraph, as follows:
(i) Lead. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap water monitoring requirements for lead (i.e., a "lead waiver"), the waterworks owner must shall provide certification and supporting documentation to the commissioner that the waterworks is free of all lead-containing materials, as follows:
((a)) It contains no plastic pipes that contain lead plasticizers, or plastic service lines that contain lead plasticizers; and
((b)) It is free of lead service lines, lead pipes, lead soldered pipe joints, and leaded brass or bronze alloy fittings and fixtures, unless such fittings and fixtures meet the specifications of any standard established pursuant to 42 USC § 300g-6(e) (SDWA § 1417(e)).
(ii) Copper. To qualify for a full waiver, or a waiver of the tap water monitoring requirements for copper (i.e., a "copper waiver"), the waterworks owner must shall provide certification and supporting documentation to the commissioner that the waterworks contains no copper pipes or copper service lines.
(b) Monitoring criteria for waiver issuance. The waterworks owner must shall have completed at least one six-month round of standard tap water monitoring for lead and copper at sites approved by the commissioner and from the number of sites required by subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section and demonstrate that the 90th percentile levels for any and all rounds of monitoring conducted since the owner became free of all lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials, as appropriate, meet the following criteria.
(i) Lead levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a lead waiver, the waterworks owner must shall demonstrate that the 90th percentile lead level does not exceed 0.005 mg/L.
(ii) Copper levels. To qualify for a full waiver, or a copper waiver, the waterworks owner must shall demonstrate that the 90th percentile copper level does not exceed 0.65 mg/L.
(c) Commissioner approval of waiver application. The commissioner shall notify the waterworks owner of its the waiver determination, in writing, setting forth the basis of its decision and any condition of the waiver. As a condition of the waiver, the commissioner may require the owner to perform specific activities (e.g., limited monitoring, periodic outreach to customers to remind them to avoid installation of materials that might void the waiver) to avoid the risk of lead or copper concentration of concern in tap water. The owner of a small waterworks must shall continue monitoring for lead and copper at the tap as required by subdivisions B 6 a (4) (a) through (d) of this section, as appropriate, until it receives written notification from the commissioner that the waiver has been approved.
(d) Monitoring frequency for waterworks owners with waivers.
(i) A waterworks An owner with a full waiver must shall conduct tap water monitoring for lead and copper in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (iv) of this section at the reduced number of sampling sites identified in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section at least once every nine years and provide the materials certification specified in subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) of this section for both lead and copper to the commissioner along with the monitoring results.
(ii) A waterworks An owner with a partial waiver must shall conduct tap water monitoring for the waived contaminant in accordance with subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) (iv) of this section at the reduced number of sampling sites specified in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section at least once every nine years and provide the materials certification specified in subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) of this section pertaining to the waived contaminant along with the monitoring results. Such a waterworks an owner also must shall continue to monitor for the nonwaived contaminant in accordance with requirements of subdivisions B 6 a (4) (a) through (d) of this section, as appropriate.
(iii) If a waterworks an owner with a full or partial waiver adds a new source of water or changes any water treatment, the owner must shall notify the commissioner in writing in accordance with 12VAC5-590-530 D 1 c. The commissioner has the authority to require the owner to add or modify waiver conditions (e.g., require recertification that the waterworks is free of lead-containing and/or copper-containing materials require additional round(s) of monitoring), if it deems such modifications are necessary to address treatment or source water changes at the waterworks.
(iv) If a waterworks an owner with a full or partial waiver becomes aware that it is no longer free of lead-containing or copper-containing materials, as appropriate, (e.g., as a result of new construction or repairs), the owner shall notify the commissioner in writing no later than 60 days after becoming aware of such a change.
(e) Continued eligibility. If the waterworks owner continues to satisfy the requirements of subdivision B 6 a (7) (d) of this section, the waiver will be renewed automatically, unless any of the conditions listed in subdivisions (i), (ii), or (iii) of this subdivision (e) section occurs. A waterworks An owner whose waiver has been revoked may reapply for a waiver at such time as it again meets the appropriate materials and monitoring criteria of subdivisions B 6 a (7) (a) and (b) of this section.
(i) A waterworks owner with a full waiver or a lead waiver no longer satisfies the materials criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) (i) of this section or has a 90th percentile lead level greater than 0.005 mg/L.
(ii) A waterworks owner with a full waiver or a copper waiver no longer satisfies the materials criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) (ii) of this section or has a 90th percentile copper level greater than 0.65 mg/L.
(iii) The commissioner notifies the waterworks owner, in writing, that the waiver has been revoked, setting forth the basis of the decision.
(f) Requirements following waiver revocation. A waterworks owner whose full or partial waiver has been revoked by the commissioner is subject to the corrosion control treatment and lead and copper tap water monitoring requirements, as follows:
(i) If the waterworks owner exceeds the lead and/or copper action level, the owner must shall implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the deadlines specified in 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 e and any other applicable requirements of this subpart.
(ii) If the waterworks owner meets both the lead and the copper action level, the owner must shall monitor for lead and copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three years using the reduced number of sample sites specified in subdivision B 6 a (3) of this section.
(g) Pre-existing waivers. Waivers for small waterworks approved by the commissioner in writing prior to April 11, 2000, shall remain in effect under the following conditions:
(i) If the waterworks owner has demonstrated that it is both free of lead-containing and copper-containing materials, as required by subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) of this section and that its 90th percentile lead levels and 90th percentile copper levels meet the criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (b) of this section, the waiver remains in effect so long as the owner continues to meet the waiver eligibility criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (e) of this section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant to subdivision B 6 a (7) (d) of this section shall be completed no later than nine years after the last time the owner has monitored for lead and copper at the tap.
(ii) If the waterworks owner has met the materials criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (a) of this section but has not met the monitoring criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (b) of this section, the owner shall conduct a round of monitoring for lead and copper at the tap demonstrating that it meets the criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (b) of this section no later than September 30, 2000. Thereafter, the waiver shall remain in effect as long as the owner meets the continued eligibility criteria of subdivision B 6 a (7) (e) of this section. The first round of tap water monitoring conducted pursuant to subdivision B 6 a (7) (d) of this section shall be completed no later than nine years after the round of monitoring conducted pursuant to subdivision B 6 a (7) (b) of this section.
b. Monitoring requirements for water quality parameters. The owners of all large waterworks and all small and medium-size waterworks that exceed the lead or copper action level shall monitor water quality parameters in addition to lead and copper in accordance with this section. The requirements of this section are summarized in Appendix M.
(1) General requirements.
(a) Sample collection methods.
(i) Tap samples shall be representative of water quality throughout the distribution system taking into account the number of persons served, the different sources of water, the different treatment methods employed by the waterworks, and seasonal variability. Tap sampling under this section is not required to be conducted at taps targeted for lead and copper sampling under subdivision B 6 (a) (1) of this section. Waterworks owners Owners may find it convenient to conduct tap sampling for water quality parameters at sites approved for coliform sampling.
(ii) Samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system shall be from locations representative of each source after treatment. If a waterworks draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the waterworks owner must shall sample at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
(b) Number of samples.
(i) Waterworks owners Owners shall collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters during each monitoring period specified under subdivision B 6 b (2) through (5) of this section from the following number of sites.
| System Size (Number of People Served) | Number of Sites for Water Quality Parameters |
| >greater than 100,000
| 25 |
| 10,001-100,000 | 10 |
| 3,301 to 10,000 | 3 |
| 501 to 3,300 | 2 |
| 101 to 500 | 1 |
| ≤less than or equal to 100
| 1 |
(ii) Except as provided in subdivision B 6 b (3) (c) of this section, waterworks owners shall collect two samples for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system during each monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 b (2) of this section. During each monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 b (3) through (5) of this section, waterworks owners shall collect one sample for each applicable water quality parameter at each entry point to the distribution system.
(2) Initial sampling. The owners of all large waterworks shall measure the applicable water quality parameters as specified below at taps and at each entry point to the distribution system during each six-month monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (a) of this section. The owners of all small and medium-size waterworks shall measure the applicable water quality parameters at the locations specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (a) of this section during which the waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level.
(a) At taps:
(i) pH;
(ii) alkalinity;
(iii) orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
(iv) silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used;
(v) calcium;
(vi) conductivity; and
(vii) water temperature.
(b) At each entry point to the distribution system: all of the applicable parameters listed in subdivision B 6 b (2) (a) of this section.
(3) Monitoring after installation of corrosion control. The owner of any large waterworks which installs optimal corrosion control treatment pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 d (4) shall measure the water quality parameters at the locations and frequencies specified below during each six-month monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (b) (i) of this section. The owner of any small or medium-size waterworks which that installs optimal corrosion control treatment shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period specified in subdivision B 6 a (4) (b) (ii) of this section in which the waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level.
(a) At taps, two samples for:
(i) pH;
(ii) alkalinity;
(iii) orthophosphate, when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used;
(iv) silica, when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used;
(v) calcium, when calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control.
(b) Except as provided in subdivision B 6 b (3) (c) of this section, at each entry point to the distribution system, at least one sample no less frequently than every two weeks (bi-weekly) for:
(i) pH;
(ii) when alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the chemical used to adjust alkalinity, and the alkalinity concentration; and
(iii) when a corrosion inhibitor is used as part of optimal corrosion control, a reading of the dosage rate of the inhibitor used, and the concentration of orthophosphate or silica (whichever is applicable).
(c) The owner of any ground water waterworks can limit entry point sampling described in subdivision B 6 b (3) (b) of this section to those entry points that are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the waterworks. If water from untreated ground water sources mixes with water from treated ground water sources, the owner must shall monitor for water quality parameters both at representative entry points receiving treatment and representative entry points receiving no treatment. Prior to the start of any monitoring under this paragraph, the owner shall provide to the commissioner written information identifying the selected entry points and documentation, including information on seasonal variability, sufficient to demonstrate that the sites are representative of water quality and treatment conditions throughout the waterworks.
(4) Monitoring after the commissioner specifies water quality parameter values for optimal corrosion control. After the commissioner specifies the values for applicable water quality control parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f, the owners of all large waterworks shall measure the applicable water quality parameters in accordance with subdivision B 6 b (3) of this section and determine compliance with the requirements of 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 g every six months with the first six-month period to begin on the date the commissioner specifies the optimal values under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f. The owner of any small or medium-size waterworks shall conduct such monitoring during each six-month monitoring period specified in this subdivision in which the waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level. For the owner of any such small and medium-size waterworks that is subject to a reduced monitoring frequency pursuant to subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section at the time of the action level exceedance, the end of the applicable six-month period under this paragraph shall coincide with the end of the applicable monitoring period under subdivision B 6 a (4) (d) of this section. Compliance with the commissioner-designated optimal water quality parameter values shall be determined as specified under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 g.
(5) Reduced monitoring.
(a) The owner of any waterworks that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods under subdivision B 6 b (4) of this section shall continue monitoring at the entry point(s) to the distribution system as specified in subdivision B 6 b (3) (b) of this section. The owner of such waterworks may collect two tap samples for applicable water quality parameters from the following reduced number of sites during each six-month monitoring period.
| Size of Water System (Number of People Served) | Reduced Number of WQP Monitoring Sites |
| > greater than 100,000
| 10 |
| 10,001 to 100,000 | 7 |
| 3,301 to 10,000 | 3 |
| 501 to 3,300 | 2 |
| 101 to 500 | 1 |
| ≤ less than or equal to 100
| 1 |
(b) The owner of any waterworks that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1f during three consecutive years of monitoring may reduce the frequency with which the owner collects the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in subdivision B 6 b (5) (a) of this section from every six months to annually. The owner of any waterworks that maintains the range of values for the water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f during three consecutive years of annual monitoring under this paragraph may reduce the frequency with which it collects the number of tap samples for applicable water quality parameters specified in subdivision B 6 a (5) (a) of this section from annually to every three years.
(c) The owner of a waterworks may reduce the frequency with which tap samples are collected for applicable water quality parameters specified in subdivision B 6 b (5) (a) of this section to every three years if the owner demonstrates during two consecutive monitoring periods that the tap water lead level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to the PQL for lead (0.005 mg/L), that the tap water copper level at the 90th percentile is less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L for copper, and that the owner also has maintained the range of values for water quality parameters reflecting optimal corrosion control treatment specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f.
(d) The owner of a waterworks that conducts sampling annually shall collect these samples evenly throughout the year so as to reflect seasonal variability.
(e) The owner of any waterworks subject to the reduced monitoring frequency that fails to operate at or above the minimum value or within the range of values for the water quality parameters specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f for more than nine days in any six-month period specified in 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 g shall resume distribution system tap water sampling in accordance with the number and frequency requirements in subdivision B 6 b (4) of this section. Such a waterworks an owner may resume annual monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites specified in subdivision B 6 b (5) of this section after completion of two subsequent consecutive six-month rounds of monitoring that meet the criteria of that subdivision and/or may resume triennial monitoring for water quality parameters at the tap at the reduced number of sites after demonstration through subsequent rounds of monitoring that the criteria of either subdivision B 6 b (5) (b) or (c) of this section has been met.
(6) Additional monitoring by waterworks owners. The results of any monitoring conducted in addition to the minimum requirements of this section shall be considered by the waterworks owner and the commissioner in making any determinations under this section or 12VAC5-590-420 C 1.
c. Monitoring requirements for lead and copper in water supplies (source water).
(1) Sample location, collection methods, and number of samples.
(a) The owner of a waterworks that fails to meet the lead or copper action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with subdivision B 6 a of this section shall collect lead and copper water supply samples in accordance with the following requirements regarding sample location, number of samples, and collection methods:
(i) The owner of a waterworks served by groundwater sources shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system which is representative of each well after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The waterworks owner shall take one sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant.
(ii) The owner of a waterworks served by surface water sources shall take a minimum of one sample at every entry point to the distribution system after any application of treatment or in the distribution system at a point which is representative of each source after treatment (hereafter called a sampling point). The waterworks owner shall take each sample at the same sampling point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source or treatment plant. Note that for the purpose of this paragraph, a waterworks served by a surface water source includes waterworks served by a combination of surface and ground sources.
(iii) If a waterworks draws water from more than one source and the sources are combined before distribution, the waterworks owner must shall collect samples at an entry point to the distribution system during periods of normal operating conditions (i.e., when water is representative of all sources being used).
(iv) The commissioner may reduce the total number of samples that must be analyzed by allowing the use of compositing. Compositing of samples must shall be done by certified laboratory personnel. Composite samples from a maximum of five samples are allowed, provided that if the lead concentration in the composite sample is greater than or equal to 0.001 mg/L or the copper concentration is greater than or equal to 0.160 mg/L, then either a follow-up sample shall be collected and analyzed within 14 days at each sampling point included in the composite or if duplicates of or sufficient quantities from the original samples from each sampling point used in the composite are available, the waterworks owner may use these instead of resampling.
(b) Where the results of sampling indicate an exceedance of maximum permissible water supply levels established under 12VAC5-590-420 D 4, the commissioner may require that one additional sample be collected as soon as possible after the initial sample was taken (but not to exceed two weeks) at the same sampling point. If a commissioner required confirmation sample is taken for lead or copper, then the results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged in determining compliance with the commissioner-specified maximum permissible levels. Any sample value below the method detection limit shall be considered to be zero. Any value above the method detection limit but below the PQL shall either be considered as the measured value or be considered one-half the PQL. The PQL for Lead is equal to 0.005 mg/l mg/L and the PQL for Copper is equal to 0.050 mg/l mg/L.
(2) Monitoring frequency after waterworks exceeds tap action level. The owner of any waterworks which exceeds the lead or copper action level at the tap shall collect one water supply sample from each entry point to the distribution system within six months after the exceedance.
(3) Monitoring frequency after installation of water supply treatment. The owner of any waterworks which installs water supply treatment pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 D 1 c shall collect an additional water supply sample from each entry point to the distribution system during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by the deadline specified in 12VAC5-590-420 D 1 d.
(4) Monitoring frequency after the commissioner specifies maximum permissible water supply lead and copper levels or determines that water supply treatment is not needed.
(a) A waterworks An owner shall monitor at the frequency specified below in cases where the commissioner specifies maximum permissible water supply lead and copper levels under 12VAC5-590-420 D 4 or determines that the owner is not required to install water supply treatment under 12VAC5-590-420 D 2 (b).
(i) The owner of a waterworks using only groundwater shall collect samples once during the three-year compliance period in effect when the applicable commissioner determination under subdivision B 6 c (4) (a) of this section is made. Owners of such waterworks shall collect samples once during each subsequent compliance period.
(ii) The owner of a waterworks using surface water (or a combination of surface and groundwater) shall collect samples once during each year, the first annual monitoring period to begin on the date on which the applicable commissioner determination is made under subdivision B 6 c (4) (a) of this section.
(b) A waterworks An owner is not required to conduct water supply sampling for lead and/or copper if the waterworks meets the action level for the specific contaminant in tap water samples during the entire water supply sampling period applicable to the waterworks under subdivision B 6 c (4) (a) (i) or (ii) of this section.
(5) Reduced monitoring frequency.
(a) The owner of a waterworks using only groundwater may reduce the monitoring frequency for lead and copper in water supplies to once during each nine-year compliance cycle if the waterworks owner meets one of the following criteria:
(i) The waterworks owner demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 D 4 during at least three consecutive compliance periods under subdivision B 6 c (4) (a) of this section; or
(ii) The commissioner has determined that water supply treatment is not needed and the waterworks owner demonstrates that, during the last three consecutive compliance periods in which sampling was conducted under subdivision B 6 c (4) (a) of this section, the concentration of lead in the water supply was less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of copper in the water supply was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L.
(b) The owner of a waterworks using surface water (or a combination of surface and ground waters) may reduce the monitoring frequency for lead and copper in water supplies to once during each nine-year compliance cycle if the waterworks owner meets one of the following criteria:
(i) The waterworks owner demonstrates that finished drinking water entering the distribution system has been maintained below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 D 4 for at least three consecutive years; or
(ii) The commissioner has determined that water supply treatment is not needed and the waterworks owner demonstrates that, during the last three consecutive years, the concentration of lead in the water supply was less than or equal to 0.005 mg/L and the concentration of copper in the water supply was less than or equal to 0.65 mg/L.
(c) A waterworks Owners of a waterworks that uses a new water supply is not eligible for reduced monitoring for lead and/or copper until concentrations in samples collected from the new supply during three consecutive monitoring periods are below the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations specified by the commissioner in 12VAC5-590-420 D 1 e.
7. Monitoring filtration and disinfection.
a. The owner of a waterworks that uses a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water and provides filtration treatment must shall monitor in accordance with this section beginning June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
b. Turbidity measurements as required by 12VAC5-590-410 F 12VAC5-590-370 C shall be performed on representative samples of the filtered water every four hours (or more frequently) that the waterworks serves water to the public. A waterworks An owner may substitute continuous turbidity monitoring for grab sample monitoring if it validates the continuous measurement for accuracy on a regular basis using a protocol approved by the Office commissioner. For any waterworks using slow sand filtration or filtration treatment other than conventional treatment, direct filtration, or diatomaceous earth filtration, the office may reduce the sampling frequency to once per day if it determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance. For waterworks serving 500 or fewer persons, the office commissioner may reduce the turbidity sampling frequency to once per day, regardless of the type of filtration treatment used, if the office commissioner determines that less frequent monitoring is sufficient to indicate effective filtration performance.
(1) In addition to the above, as of January 1, 2001, waterworks serving at least 10,000 people and as of January 1, 2005, waterworks serving less than 10,000 people supplied by surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must shall conduct continuous monitoring of turbidity for each individual filter, using an approved method in 12VAC5-590-440. The turbidimeter must shall be calibrated using the procedure specified by the manufacturer. Waterworks must The owner shall record the results of individual filter turbidity monitoring every 15 minutes.
(2) If there is a failure in the continuous turbidity monitoring equipment, the waterworks must owner shall conduct grab sampling every four hours in lieu of continuous monitoring but for no more than five working days (for waterworks serving at least 10,000 people) or 14 days (for waterworks serving less than 10,000 people) following the failure of the equipment.
(3) If a waterworks serving less than 10,000 people consists of two or fewer filters, continuous monitoring of the combined filter effluent may be used in lieu of individual filter monitoring.
c. The residual disinfectant concentration of the water entering the distribution system shall be monitored continuously, and the lowest value shall be recorded each day, except that if there is a failure in the continuous monitoring equipment, grab sampling every four hours may be conducted in lieu of continuous monitoring, but for no more than five working days following the failure of the equipment, and owners of waterworks serving 3,300 or fewer persons may take grab samples in lieu of continuous monitoring on an ongoing basis at the frequencies each day prescribed below:
| Table 2.5
Grab Sample Monitoring Frequency |
| Waterworks Size By Population | Samples/Day1 |
| 500 or less | 1 |
| 501 to 1,000 | 2 |
| 1,000 to 2,500 | 3 |
| 2,501 to 3,300 | 4 |
| 1The day's samples cannot be taken at the same time. The sampling intervals are subject to commissioner's review and approval. If at any time the residual disinfectant concentration falls below 0.2 mg/L in a waterworks using grab sampling in lieu of continuous monitoring, the waterworks owner shall take a grab sample every four hours until the residual disinfectant concentration is equal to or greater than 0.2 mg/L. |
(1) The residual disinfectant concentration must shall be measured at least at the same points in the distribution system and at the same time as total coliforms are sampled, as specified in subsection A of this section, except that the division district engineer may allow a waterworks an owner which uses both a surface water source or a groundwater source under direct influence of surface water, and a groundwater source to take disinfectant residual samples at points other than the total coliform sampling points if the division determines that such points are more representative of treated (disinfected) water quality within the distribution system. Heterotrophic bacteria, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) as specified in 12VAC5-590-420 B may be measured in lieu of residual disinfectant concentration.
(2) If the office commissioner determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a waterworks has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions and that the waterworks is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of subdivision B 7 (1) of this section do not apply to that waterworks.
d. The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 B shall be reported monthly to the division district engineer by the waterworks owner:
(1) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
(2) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;
(3) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(4) Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is greater than 500/mL;
(5) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is greater than 500/mL.
(6) For the current and previous month the waterworks serves water to the public, the value of "V" in percent in the following formula:
V = (c + d + e) / (a + b) X 100
where
a = the value in subdivision B 7 d (1) of this section,
b = the value in subdivision B 7 d (2) of this section,
c = the value in subdivision B 7 d (3) of this section,
d = the value in subdivision B 7 d (4) of this section,
e = the value in subdivision B 7 d (5) of this section,
(7) If the division commissioner determines, based on site-specific considerations, that a waterworks an owner has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory within the requisite time and temperature conditions and that the waterworks is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of subdivision B 7 c (1) of this section do not apply.
e. A waterworks An owner need not report the data listed in 12VAC5-590-530 C 2 a if all data listed in 12VAC5-590-530 C 2 a through c remain on file at the waterworks and the division district engineer determines that the waterworks owner has submitted all the information required by 12VAC5-590-530 C 2 a through c for at least 12 months.
8. Operational. Waterworks owners Owners may be required by the division commissioner to collect additional samples to provide quality control for any treatment processes that are employed.
C. Physical. All samples for turbidity analysis shall be taken at a representative entry point or points to the water distribution system unless otherwise specified. Turbidity samples shall be analyzed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-480 B 1 a, at least once per day at all waterworks that use surface water sources or groundwater sources under the direct influence of surface water.
D. Radiological. The location of sampling points, the radionuclides measured in community waterworks, the frequency, and the timing of sampling within each compliance period shall be established or approved by the commissioner. The commissioner may increase required monitoring where necessary to detect variations within the waterworks. Failure to comply with the sampling schedules in this section will require public notification pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540.
Community waterworks owners shall conduct monitoring to determine compliance with the PMCLs in Table 2.5 and 12VAC5-590-400 in accordance with this section.
1. Monitoring and compliance requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium.
a. Community waterworks owners must shall conduct initial monitoring to determine compliance with 12VAC5-590-400 B 2, 12VAC5-590-400 B 3 and 12VAC5-590-400 B 4 by December 31, 2007. For the purposes of monitoring for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, uranium, and beta particle and photon radioactivity in drinking water, "detection limit" is defined as in Appendix B of this chapter.
(1) Applicability and sampling location for existing community waterworks or sources. The owners of all existing community waterworks using ground water, surface water or waterworks using both ground and surface water must shall sample at every entry point to the distribution system that is representative of all sources being used under normal operating conditions. The community waterworks owner must shall take each sample at the same entry point unless conditions make another sampling point more representative of each source.
(2) Applicability and sampling location for new community waterworks or sources. All new community waterworks or community waterworks that use a new source of water must shall begin to conduct initial monitoring for the new source within the first quarter after initiating use of the source. Community waterworks owners must shall conduct more frequent monitoring when directed by the commissioner in the event of possible contamination or when changes in the distribution system or treatment processes occur which may increase the concentration of radioactivity in finished water.
b. Initial monitoring: Community waterworks owners must shall conduct initial monitoring for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium as follows:
(1) Community waterworks without acceptable historical data, as defined below, must shall collect four consecutive quarterly samples at all entry points before December 31, 2007.
(2) Grandfathering of data: The commissioner may allow historical monitoring data collected at an entry point to satisfy the initial monitoring requirements for that entry point, for the following situations:
(a) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community waterworks owner having only one entry point to the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
(b) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community waterworks owner with multiple entry points and having appropriate historical monitoring data for each entry point to the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and December 8, 2003.
(3) For gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226, and radium-228 monitoring, the commissioner may waive the final two quarters of initial monitoring for an entry point if the results of the samples from the previous two quarters are below the method detection limit specified in Appendix B.
(4) If the average of the initial monitoring results for an entry point is above the PMCL, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze quarterly samples at that entry point until the waterworks owner has results from four consecutive quarters that are at or below the PMCL, unless the community waterworks owner enters into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement with the commissioner.
c. Reduced monitoring: The commissioner may allow community waterworks owners to reduce the future frequency of monitoring from once every three years to once every six or nine years at each entry point, based on the following criteria:
(1) If the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant (i.e., gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226, or radium-228) is below the method detection limit specified in Appendix B, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that entry point every nine years.
(2) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is at or above the method detection limit specified in Appendix B but at or below 1/2 of the PMCL, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that entry point every six years. For combined radium-226 and radium-228, the analytical results must shall be combined. If the average of the combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is at or above the method detection limit specified in Appendix B but at or below 1/2 the PMCL, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that entry point every six years.
(3) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average of the initial monitoring results for each contaminant is above 1/2 the PMCL but at or below the PMCL, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze at least one sample at that entry point every three years. For combined radium-226 and radium-228, the analytical results must shall be combined. If the average of the combined initial monitoring results for radium-226 and radium-228 is above 1/2 the PMCL but at or below the MPCL, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze at least one sample at that entry point every three years.
(4) Community waterworks owners must shall use the samples collected during the reduced monitoring period to determine the monitoring frequency for subsequent monitoring periods (e.g., if a community waterworks' entry point is on a nine-year monitoring period, and the sample result is above 1/2 the PMCL, then the next monitoring period for that entry point is three years).
(5) If a community waterworks owner has a monitoring result that exceeds the PMCL while on reduced monitoring, the community waterworks owner must shall collect and analyze quarterly samples at that entry point until the community waterworks owner has results from four consecutive quarters that are below the PMCL, unless the community waterworks enters into another schedule as part of a formal compliance agreement with the commissioner.
d. Compositing: To fulfill quarterly monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-226, radium-228, or uranium, a community waterworks owner may composite up to four consecutive quarterly samples from a single entry point if analysis is done within a year of the first sample. The commissioner will treat analytical results from the composited sample as the average analytical result to determine compliance with the PMCLs and the future monitoring frequency. If the analytical result from the composited sample is greater than 1/2 the PMCL, the commissioner may direct the community waterworks owner to take additional quarterly samples before allowing the community waterworks owner to sample under a reduced monitoring schedule.
e. A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required radium-226 measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/L. A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required uranium measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 15 pCi/L.
The gross alpha measurement shall have a confidence interval of 95% (1.65, where is the standard deviation of the net counting rate of the sample) for radium-226 and uranium. When a community waterworks owner uses a gross alpha particle activity measurement in lieu of a radium-226 and/or uranium measurement, the gross alpha particle activity analytical result will be used to determine the future monitoring frequency for radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross alpha particle activity result is less than the method detection limit as specified in Appendix B, 1/2 the method detection limit will be used to determine compliance and the future monitoring frequency.
2. Monitoring and compliance requirements for beta particle and photon radioactivity. To determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levels in 12VAC5-590-400 B 5 for beta particle and photon radioactivity, a community waterworks owner must shall monitor at a frequency as follows:
a. Community waterworks owners (using surface or groundwater) designated by the commissioner as vulnerable must shall sample for beta particle and photon radioactivity. Community waterworks owners must shall collect quarterly samples for beta emitters and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry point to the distribution system, beginning within one quarter after being notified by the commissioner. Community waterworks already designated by the commissioner must shall continue to sample until the commissioner reviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation.
(1) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at an entry point has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 50 pCi/L (screening level), the commissioner may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that entry point to once every three years. Community waterworks owners must shall collect all samples required in subdivision 2 a of this subsection during the reduced monitoring period.
(2) For community waterworks in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the commissioner may allow the community waterworks owners to utilize environmental surveillance data collected by the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the community waterworks' entry point(s), where the commissioner determines if such data is applicable to a particular community waterworks. In the event that there is a release from a nuclear facility, community waterworks owners which are using surveillance data must shall begin monitoring at the community waterworks' entry point(s) in accordance with subdivision 2 a of this subsection.
b. Community waterworks owners (using surface or groundwater) designated by the commissioner as utilizing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must shall sample for beta particle and photon radioactivity. Community waterworks owners must shall collect quarterly samples for beta emitters and iodine-131 and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at each entry point to the distribution system, beginning within one quarter after being notified by the commissioner. Owners of community waterworks already designated by the commissioner as using waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must shall continue to sample until the commissioner reviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation.
(1) Quarterly monitoring for gross beta particle activity shall be based on the analysis of monthly samples or the analysis of a composite of three monthly samples. The former is recommended.
(2) For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples shall be analyzed once each quarter. As directed by the commission, more frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in the finished water.
(3) Annual monitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be conducted by means of the analysis of a composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter procedure is recommended.
(4) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity at a sampling point has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 15 pCi/L (screening level), the commissioner may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that sampling point to every three years. Community waterworks owners must shall collect all samples required in subdivision 2 b of this subsection during the reduced monitoring period.
(5) For community waterworks in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the commissioner may allow the community waterworks owner to utilize environmental surveillance data collected by the nuclear facility in lieu of the monitoring at the community waterworks' entry point(s), where the commissioner determines such data is applicable to a particular waterworks. In the event that there is a release from a nuclear facility, community waterworks owners which are using surveillance data must shall begin monitoring at the community waterworks' entry point(s) in accordance with subdivision 2 b of this subsection.
c. Owners of community waterworks designated by the commissioner to monitor for beta particle and photon radioactivity can not apply to the commissioner for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in subdivision 2 a or b of this subsection.
d. Community waterworks owners may analyze for naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity from the same or equivalent sample used for the gross beta particle activity analysis. Community waterworks owners are allowed to subtract the potassium-40 beta particle activity value from the total gross beta particle activity value to determine if the screening level is exceeded. The potassium-40 beta particle activity must shall be calculated by multiplying elemental potassium concentrations (in mg/l) mg/L) by a factor of 0.82.
e. If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle activity exceeds the appropriate screening level, an analysis of the sample must shall be performed to identify the major radioactive constituents present in the sample and the appropriate doses must shall be calculated and summed to determine compliance with 12VAC5-590-400 B 5 a, using the formula in 12VAC590-400 B 5 b. Doses must shall also be calculated and combined for measured levels of tritium and strontium to determine compliance.
f. Community waterworks owners must shall monitor monthly at the entry point(s) which exceed the maximum contaminant level in 12VAC5-590-400 B 5 beginning the month after the exceedance occurs. Community waterworks owners must shall continue monthly monitoring until the community waterworks has established, by a rolling average of three monthly samples, that the PMCL is being met. Community waterworks owners who establish that the PMCL is being met must shall return to quarterly monitoring until they meet the requirements set forth in subdivision 2 a (1) or 2 b (4) of this subsection.
3. General monitoring and compliance requirements for radionuclides.
a. The commissioner may require more frequent monitoring than specified in subdivisions 1 and 2 of this subsection, or may require confirmation samples at his discretion. The results of the initial and confirmation samples will shall be averaged for use in compliance determinations.
b. Each community waterworks owner shall monitor at the time designated by the commissioner during each compliance period.
c. Compliance: Compliance with 12VAC5-590-400 B 2 through 12VAC5-590-400 B 5 will be determined based on the analytical results(s) obtained at each entry point. If one entry point is in violation of a PMCL, the community waterworks is in violation of the PMCL.
(1) For community waterworks monitoring more than once per year, compliance with the PMCL is determined by a running annual average at each entry point. If the average of any entry point is greater than the PMCL, then the community waterworks is out of compliance with the PMCL.
(2) For community waterworks monitoring more than once per year, if any sample result will cause the running average to exceed the PMCL at any entry point, the community waterworks is out of compliance with the PMCL immediately.
(3) Community waterworks owners must shall include all samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this section in determining compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
(4) If a community waterworks owner does not collect all required samples when compliance is based on a running annual average of quarterly samples, compliance will be based on the running average of the samples collected.
(5) If a sample result is less than the method detection limit as specified in Appendix B, zero will be used to calculate the annual average, unless a gross alpha particle activity is being used in lieu of radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross alpha particle activity result is less than the method detection limit as specified in Appendix B, 1/2 the method detection limit will be used to calculate the annual average.
d. The commissioner has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling or analytic errors.
e. If the PMCL for radioactivity set forth in 12VAC5-590-400 B through 12VAC5-590-400 B 5 is exceeded, the owner of a community waterworks must shall give notice to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530 and to the public as required by 12VAC5-590-540.
12VAC5-590-410. Determination of compliance.
For the purposes of determining compliance with a PMCL or action level, the following criteria shall be used:
A. Bacteriological results. Compliance with the PMCL for coliform bacteria shall be determined as specified in 12VAC5-590-380 C. Repeat samples shall be used as a basis for determining compliance with these regulations.
B. Inorganic chemicals.
1. Antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium. Where the results of sampling for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium exceed the PMCL, the waterworks owner shall take a confirmation sample, at the same sampling point, within two weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample.
a. The results of the initial and confirmation samples shall be averaged to determine compliance with subdivision B 1 c of this subsection. The commissioner has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
b. The commissioner may require more frequent monitoring.
c. Compliance with antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium in Table 2.2 of 12VAC5-590-440 shall be determined based on the analytical result(s) obtained at each sampling point.
(1) For waterworks which Owners that are conducting monitoring more frequently than annually, compliance with the PMCL for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium is determined by a running annual average at each sampling point. If the average at any sampling point is greater than the PMCL, then the waterworks is out of compliance. If any one sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the waterworks is out of compliance immediately. Any sample below the method detection limit shall be calculated at zero for the purpose of determining the annual average. If a waterworks an owner fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) shall be based on the total number of samples collected.
(2) For waterworks which Owners that are monitoring annually, or less frequently, the waterworks is out of compliance with the PMCL for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, and thallium if the average of the original sample and a confirmation sample of a contaminant at any sampling point is greater than the PMCL. Waterworks Owners of waterworks monitoring annually or less frequently whose sample result exceeds the PMCL must shall begin quarterly sampling. The waterworks shall not be considered in violation of the PMCL until it has completed one year of quarterly sampling. However, if the confirmation sample is not collected, the waterworks is in violation of the PMCL for antimony, arsenic, asbestos, barium, beryllium, cadmium, cyanide (as free cyanide), chromium, fluoride, mercury, nickel, selenium, or thallium. If a waterworks an owner fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) shall be based on the total number of samples collected.
2. Nitrate and nitrite. Compliance with the PMCL is determined based on one sample from each sampling point if the levels of these contaminants are below the PMCLs. Where nitrate or nitrite sample results exceed the PMCL, the waterworks owner shall take a confirmation sample from the same sampling point that exceeded the PMCL within 24 hours of the waterworks' owner's receipt of the analytical results of the first sample. The results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged to determine compliance with this subdivision. Waterworks owners Owners unable to comply with the 24-hour sampling requirement must shall immediately notify the consumers in the area served by the waterworks in accordance with 12VAC5-590-540. Waterworks Owners exercising this option must shall take and analyze a confirmation sample within two weeks of notification of the analytical results of the first sample. The commissioner may require more frequent monitoring. The commissioner has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors.
C. Organic chemicals.
1. VOCs and SOCs. A confirmation sample shall be required for positive results for contaminants listed in Table 2.3. The commissioner has the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
a. The results of the initial and confirmation sample shall be averaged to determine the waterworks' compliance in accordance with subdivision C 1 b of this subsection.
b. Compliance with Table 2.3 shall be determined based on the analytical results obtained at each sampling point. Any samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as zero for the purposes of determining the annual average. (Note: Refer to detection definition at 12VAC5-590-370 B 2 h.) If a waterworks an owner fails to collect the required number of samples, compliance (average concentration) will be based on the total number of samples collected.
(1) For waterworks which Owners that are conducting monitoring more frequently than annually, compliance is determined by a running annual average of all samples taken at each sampling point. If the annual average of any sampling point is greater than the PMCL, then the waterworks is out of compliance. If the initial sample or a subsequent sample would cause the annual average to be exceeded, then the waterworks is out of compliance immediately. Any samples below the detection limit shall be calculated as zero for purposes of determining the annual average. (Note: Refer to detection definition at 12VAC5-590-370 B 2 h.)
(2) If monitoring is conducted annually, or less frequently, the waterworks is not in violation if the average of the initial and confirmation sample sample is greater than the PMCL for that contaminant; however, the waterworks must owner shall begin quarterly sampling. The waterworks will not be considered in violation of the PMCL until it the owner has completed one year of quarterly sampling. If any sample will cause the running annual average to exceed the PMCL at any sampling point, the waterworks is immediately out of compliance with the PMCL.
2. Disinfectant residuals, disinfection byproducts and disinfection byproduct precursors. Compliance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 a through B 3 k is as follows:
a. General requirements.
(1) Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the waterworks owner fails to monitor for TTHM, HAA5, or bromate, this failure to monitor will be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period covered by the annual average. Where compliance is based on a running annual average of monthly or quarterly samples or averages and the waterworks' owner's failure to monitor makes it impossible to determine compliance with MRDLs for chlorine and chloramines, this failure to monitor will shall be treated as a monitoring violation for the entire period covered by the annual average.
(2) All samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this subpart must shall be included in determining compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
(3) If during the first year of monitoring under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 b, any individual quarter's average will cause the running annual average of that waterworks to exceed the PMCL in Table 2.12 and Table 2.13, the waterworks is out of compliance at the end of that quarter.
b. Disinfection byproducts.
(1) TTHMs and HAA5.
(a) Running Annual Average. All waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving 10,000 or more persons shall comply with this section beginning January 1, 2002. All waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving less than 10,000 persons and all waterworks using groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water shall comply with this section beginning January 1, 2004. All waterworks shall comply with this section until the dates listed in 12VAC5-590-370 B e (3) (c).
(a) (i) For waterworks monitoring quarterly, compliance with PMCLs in Table 2.13 must shall be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of quarterly arithmetic averages of all samples collected by the waterworks owner as prescribed by 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (1).
(b) (ii) For waterworks monitoring less frequently than quarterly, the waterworks demonstrate owner demonstrates PMCL compliance if the average of samples taken that year under the provisions of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (1) does not exceed the PMCLs in Table 2.13. If the average of these samples exceeds the PMCL, the waterworks must owner shall increase monitoring to once per quarter per treatment plant and such a waterworks is not in violation of the PMCL until it has completed one year of quarterly monitoring, unless the result of fewer then four quarter of monitoring will cause the running annual average to exceed the PMCL, in which case the waterworks is in violation at the end of that quarter. Waterworks Owners of waterworks required to increase monitoring frequency to quarterly monitoring must shall calculate compliance by including the sample that triggered the increase monitoring plus the following three quarter of monitoring.
(c) (iii) If the running annual arithmetic average of quarterly averages covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the PMCL in Table 2.12 and Table 2.13, the waterworks is in violation of the PMCL and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530.
(d) (iv) If a waterworks an owner fails to complete four consecutive quarters of monitoring, compliance with the PMCL in Table 2.13 for the last four-quarter compliance period must shall be based on an average of the available data.
(b) Locational Running Annual Average (LRAA). All waterworks shall comply with this section beginning on the dates listed in 12VAC5-590-370 B e (3) (c).
(i) Owners of waterworks required to monitor quarterly shall calculate LRAAs for TTHM and HAA5 using monitoring results collected under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (3) and determine that each LRAA does not exceed the PMCL in order to comply with PMCLs in Table 2.13. If the owner fails to complete four consecutive quarters of monitoring, the owner shall calculate compliance with the PMCL based on the average of the available data from the most recent four quarters. If the owner takes more than one sample per quarter at a monitoring location, the owner shall average all samples taken in the quarter at that location to determine a quarterly average to be used in the LRAA calculation.
(ii) Owners of waterworks required to monitor yearly or less frequently shall determine that each sample taken is less than the PMCL in order to determine compliance with PMCLs in Table 2.13. If any sample exceeds the PMCL, the owner shall comply with the requirements of 12VAC5–590-370 B 3 e (3) (g). If no sample exceeds the PMCL, the sample result for each monitoring location is considered the LRAA for that monitoring location.
(iii) Waterworks are in violation of the monitoring requirements for each quarter that a monitoring result would be used in calculating an LRAA if the owner fails to monitor.
(iv) Waterworks have exceeded the operational evaluation level at any monitoring location where the sum of the two previous quarters' TTHM results plus twice the current quarter's TTHM result, divided by four to determine an average, exceeds 0.080 mg/L, or where the sum of the two previous quarters' HAA5 results plus twice the current quarter's HAA5 result, divided by four to determine an average, exceeds 0.060 mg/L.
((a)) Owners of waterworks that exceed the operational evaluation level shall conduct an operational evaluation and submit a written report of the evaluation to the commissioner no later than 90 days after being notified of the analytical result that causes the waterworks to exceed the operational evaluation level. The written report shall be made available to the public upon request.
((b)) The operational evaluation report shall include an examination of waterworks treatment and distribution operational practices, including storage tank operations, excess storage capacity, distribution system flushing, changes in sources or source water quality, and treatment changes or problems that may contribute to TTHM and HAA5 formation and what steps could be considered to minimize future exceedances.
((c)) The owner may request and the commissioner may allow waterworks to limit the scope of the evaluation if the owner is able to identify the cause of the operational evaluation level exceedance. The request to limit the scope of the evaluation does not extend the schedule in paragraph ((a)) of this section for submitting the written report. The commissioner shall approve this limited scope of evaluation in writing and the owner shall keep that approval with the completed report.
(2) Bromate. Compliance must shall be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly samples (or, for months in which the waterworks takes more than one sample, the average of all samples taken during the month) collected by the waterworks owner as prescribed by 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 g. If the average of samples covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the PMCL in Table 2.13, the waterworks is in violation of the PMCL and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540, in addition to reporting to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530. If a waterworks an owner fails to complete 12 consecutive months' monitoring, compliance with the PMCL for the last four-quarter compliance period must shall be based on an average of the available data.
(3) Chlorite. Compliance must shall be based on an arithmetic average of each three sample set taken in the distribution system as prescribed by 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 f (1) (a), (b) and (c). If the arithmetic average of any three sample set exceeds the PMCL in Table 2.13, the waterworks is in violation of the PMCL and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540, in addition to reporting to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530.
c. Disinfectant residuals.
(1) Chlorine and chloramines.
(a) Compliance must shall be based on a running annual arithmetic average, computed quarterly, of monthly averages of all samples collected by the waterworks under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 h (1) (a). If the average covering any consecutive four-quarter period exceeds the MRDL in Table 2.12, the waterworks is in violation of the MRDL and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540, in addition to reporting to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530.
(b) In cases where waterworks switch between the use of chlorine and chloramines for residual disinfection during the year, compliance must shall be determined by including together all monitoring results of both chlorine and chloramines in calculating compliance. Reports submitted pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530 must shall clearly indicate which residual disinfectant was analyzed for each sample.
(2) Chlorine dioxide.
(a) Acute violations. Compliance must shall be based on consecutive daily samples collected by the waterworks owner under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 h (2) (a). If any daily sample taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceeds the MRDL in Table 2.12, and on the following day one (or more) of the three samples taken in the distribution system exceed the MRDL, the waterworks is in violation of the MRDL and must the owner shall take immediate corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to the procedures for Tier 1 conditions in 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner in pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530. Failure to take samples in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system will also be considered an MRDL violation and the waterworks must the owner shall notify the public of the violation in accordance with the provisions for Tier 1 conditions in 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner in pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530.
(b) Nonacute violations. Compliance must shall be based on consecutive daily samples collected by the waterworks owner under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 h (2) (a). If any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system exceed the MRDL in Table 2.12 and all distribution system samples taken are below the MRDL, the waterworks is in violation of the MRDL and must the owner shall take corrective action to lower the level of chlorine dioxide below the MRDL at the point of sampling and shall notify the public pursuant to the procedures for Tier 2 conditions in 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner in pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530. Failure to monitor at the entrance to the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system is also an MRDL violation and the waterworks must owner shall notify the public of the violation in accordance with the provisions for Tier 2 conditions in 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner in pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530.
d. Disinfection byproduct precursors (DBPP). Compliance must shall be determined as specified by 12VAC5-590-420 H 3. Waterworks Owners may begin monitoring to determine whether Step 1 TOC removals can be met 12 months prior to the compliance date for the waterworks. This monitoring is not required and failure to monitor during this period is not a violation. However, any waterworks owner that does not monitor during this period, and then determines in the first 12 months after the compliance date that it is not able to meet the Step 1 requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 H 2 b and must shall therefore apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, is not eligible for retroactive approval of alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements as allowed pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 H 2 c and is in violation. Waterworks Owners may apply for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements any time after the compliance date. For waterworks required to meet Step 1 TOC removals, if the value calculated under 12VAC5-590-420 H 3 a (4) is less than 1.00, the waterworks is in violation of the treatment technique requirements and must the owner shall notify the public pursuant to 12VAC5-590-540 in addition to reporting to the commissioner pursuant to 12VAC5-90-530.
D. Radiological results (gross alpha, combined radium-226 and radium-228, uranium and man-made radioactivity). Compliance with the radiological Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels PMCLs shall be in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 D 3 c. Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels PMCLs are indicated in subsection B of Table 2.5. Sampling for radiological analysis shall be in compliance with 12VAC5-590-370 D 1 and D 2. Furthermore, compliance shall be determined by rounding off results to the same number of significant figures as the PMCL for the substance in question.
E. Lead and copper action levels.
1. The lead action level is exceeded if the concentration of lead in more than 10% of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a is greater than 0.015 mg/l mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" lead level is greater than 0.015 mg/l) mg/L).
2. The copper action level is exceeded if the concentration of copper in more than 10% of tap water samples collected during any monitoring period conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a is greater than 1.3 mg/l mg/L (i.e., if the "90th percentile" copper level is greater than 1.3 mg/l) mg/L).
3. The 90th percentile lead and copper levels shall be computed as follows:
a. The results of all lead or copper samples taken during a monitoring period shall be placed in ascending order from the sample with the lowest concentration to the sample with the highest concentration. Each sampling result shall be assigned a number, ascending by single integers beginning with the number 1 for the sample with the lowest contaminant level. The number assigned to the sample with the highest contaminant level shall be equal to the total number of samples taken.
b. The number of samples taken during the monitoring period shall be multiplied by 0.9.
c. The contaminant concentration in the numbered sample yielded by the calculation in subdivision 3 b of this subsection is the 90th percentile contaminant level.
d. For waterworks serving fewer than 100 people that collect five samples per monitoring period, the 90th percentile is computed by taking the average of the highest and second highest concentrations.
F. Turbidity. The requirements in this subsection apply to filtered waterworks until June 29, 1993. The requirements in this section apply to unfiltered waterworks with surface water sources or groundwater sources under the direct influence of surface water that are required to install filtration equipment until June 29, 1993, or until filtration is installed, whichever is later. When a sample exceeds the PMCL for turbidity a confirmation sample shall be collected for analysis as soon as possible. In cases where a turbidimeter is required at the waterworks, the preferable resampling time is within one hour of the initial sampling. The repeat sample shall be the sample used for the purpose of calculating the monthly average. Compliance for public notification purposes shall be based on the monthly averages of the daily samples. However, public notification is also required if the average of samples taken on two consecutive days exceeds five NTU.
G. All analyses for PMCL and action level compliance determinations shall be consistent with current Environmental Protection Agency Regulations found at 40 CFR Part 141.
12VAC5-590-420. Treatment technique requirement.
This section establishes treatment technique requirements in lieu of maximum contaminant levels for specified contaminants. Failure to meet any requirement of this section after the applicable date specified is a treatment technique violation.
A. Beginning June 29, 1993, the The filtration and disinfection provisions of this section are required treatment techniques for any waterworks supplied by a surface water source and waterworks supplied by a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water. Prior to that date, waterworks are governed by the disinfection requirements of 12VAC5-590-500. In addition, this This section establishes treatment technique requirements in lieu of PMCL's for the following contaminants: Giardia lamblia, viruses, heterotrophic bacteria (HPC), Legionella, Cryptosporidium (for waterworks serving at least 10,000 people and using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water), and turbidity. Each waterworks with a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water shall provide treatment of that source water that complies with these treatment technique requirements. The treatment technique requirements consist of installing and properly operating water treatment processes which reliably achieve:
1. At least 99.9% (3-log) removal and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer; and
2. At least 99.99% (4-log) removal and/or inactivation of viruses between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer. ; and
3. Beginning January 1, 2002, waterworks serving at least 10,000 people shall also reliably achieve at At least 99% (2-log) removal of Cryptosporidium between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer.
4. Beginning January 1, 2005, waterworks serving less than 10,000 people shall also reliably achieve at least 99% (2-log) removal of Cryptosporidium between a point where the raw water is not subject to recontamination by surface water runoff and a point downstream before or at the first customer.
B. A waterworks using a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water is considered to be in compliance with the requirements of subsection A of this section if it meets the following disinfection and, filtration and enhanced filtration and disinfection for Cryptosporidium requirements:
1. Disinfection. Waterworks with a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water must shall provide disinfection treatment in accordance with this section by June 29, 1993.
a. The disinfection treatment must shall be sufficient to ensure that the total treatment processes of that waterworks achieve at least 99.9% (3-log) inactivation and/or removal of Giardia lamblia cysts and at least 99.99% (4-log) inactivation and/or removal of viruses.
b. The residual disinfectant concentration in the water entering the distribution system cannot be less than 0.2 mg/L for more than four hours.
c. The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system, measured as total chlorine, combined chlorine, or chlorine dioxide cannot be undetectable in more than 5.0% of the samples each month, for any two consecutive months that the waterworks serves water to the public. Water in the distribution system with a heterotrophic bacteria concentration less than or equal to 500/mL, measured as heterotrophic plate count (HPC) is deemed to have a detectable disinfectant residual for purposes of determining compliance with this requirement. Thus, the value "V" in percent in the following formula cannot exceed 5.0% in one month, for any two consecutive months.
V = (c + d + e) / (a + b) X 100
a = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
b = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;
c = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
d = number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where the HPC is greater than 500/mL; and
e = number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration s not measured and HPC is greater than 500/mL.
d. The division commissioner may determine, based on site-specific considerations, that a waterworks an owner has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory under the requisite time and temperature conditions and the waterworks is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, that the requirements of subdivision B 1 c of this section does not apply.
2. Filtration. (Also see 12VAC5-590-880.) All waterworks that use a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water shall provide filtration treatment by June 29, 1993, by using one of the following methods:
a. Conventional filtration or direct filtration. Beginning January 1, 2002, waterworks serving at least 10,000 people and January 1, 2005, waterworks serving less than 10,000 people using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must:
(1) Achieve a filtered water turbidity of less than or equal to 0.3 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month. Samples must shall be representative of the waterworks' filtered water.
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a system's filtered water must shall at no time exceed 1 NTU, measured as specified in 12VAC5-590-440.
(3) A system that uses lime softening may acidify representative samples prior to analysis using a protocol approved by the commissioner.
b. Slow sand filtration.
(1) The turbidity level of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water must shall be less than or equal to one NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month, except that if the division commissioner determines there is no significant interference with disinfection at a higher turbidity level, the division commissioner may substitute this higher turbidity limit for that waterworks.
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water shall at no time exceed five NTU.
c. Diatomaceous earth filtration.
(1) The turbidity level of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water shall be less than or equal to one NTU in at least 95% of the measurements taken each month.
(2) The turbidity level of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water shall at no time exceed five NTU.
d. Other filtration technologies. A waterworks An owner may use a filtration technology not listed in subdivisions 2 a through c of this subsection if the owner demonstrates to the division commissioner (by pilot plant studies or other means) that the alternative filtration technology, in combination with disinfection treatment, achieves 99.9% removal (3-log) and/or inactivation of Giardia lamblia cysts, 99.99% removal (4-log) and/or inactivation of viruses, and 99% removal (2-log) of Cryptosporidium oocysts. For a waterworks an owner that makes this demonstration, a turbidity limit of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water, not to exceed 0.3 NTU, will shall be established by the commissioner, which the waterworks must meet at least 95% of the time. In addition, the commissioner will shall establish a maximum turbidity limit of representative samples of a waterworks' filtered water, not to exceed 1 NTU that the waterworks must not exceed at any time. These turbidity limits shall consistently achieve the removal rates and/or inactivation rates stated in this subdivision.
e. Each waterworks using a surface water source or groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water shall be operated by licensed operators of the appropriate classification as per the Virginia Board for Waterworks and Wastewater Works Operators Regulations (18VAC155-20).
f. If the division commissioner has determined that a waterworks has a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water, filtration is required. The waterworks shall provide disinfection during the interim before filtration is installed as follows:
(1) The residual disinfectant concentration in the distribution system cannot shall not be less than 2.0 mg/L for more than four hours.
(2) The waterworks owner shall issue continuing boil water notices through the public notification procedure in 12VAC5-590-540 until such time as the required filtration equipment is installed.
(3) As an alternative to subdivisions B f 2 (1) and (2) of this section, the waterworks owner may demonstrate that the source can meet the appropriate C-T values shown in Appendix L and be considered to satisfy the requirements for 99.9% removal of Giardia cysts and virus, respectively. In addition, the waterworks owner must shall comply with the following:
(a) Justify that other alternative sources of supply meeting these regulations are not immediately available.
(b) Analysis of the source is performed quarterly for the contaminants listed in Tables 2.2, 2.3, and 2.4. The primary maximum contaminant levels shall not be exceeded.
(c) Daily turbidity monitoring and maintenance of the turbidity level not to exceed five NTU.
(d) MPN analysis of the raw water based on the minimum sample frequency chart below:
| Population Served | Coliform Samples/Week |
| ≤500 | 1 |
| 501 - 3,300 | 2 |
| 3,301 - 10,000 | 3 |
| 10,001 - 25,000 | 4 |
| >25,000 | 5 |
Note: Must Shall be taken on separate days.
(e) Bacteriological sampling of the distribution system at a frequency of twice that required by Table 2.1.
3. Enhanced filtration and disinfection for Cryptosporidium – All waterworks using a surface water source or a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water shall comply with the following requirements based on their population or if the waterworks is a wholesaler, based on the population of the largest waterworks in the combined distribution system:
a. Owners shall conduct an initial and a second round of source water monitoring for each plant that treats a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source. This monitoring may include sampling for Cryptosporidium, E. coli, and turbidity to determine what level, if any, of additional Cryptosporidium treatment is required.
(1) Initial round of source water monitoring. Owners shall conduct the following monitoring on the schedule in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section unless they meet the monitoring avoidance criteria in subdivision B 3 a (4) of this section.
(a) Owners of waterworks serving at least 10,000 people shall sample their source water for Cryptosporidium, E. coli, and turbidity at least monthly for 24 months.
(b) Owners of waterworks serving fewer than 10,000 people:
(i) shall sample their source water for E. coli at least once every two weeks for 12 months, or
(ii) may avoid E. coli monitoring if the waterworks notifies the commissioner that it will monitor for Cryptosporidium as described in paragraph (c) of this section. The owner shall notify the commissioner no later than three months prior to the date the waterworks is otherwise required to start E. coli monitoring.
(c) Owners of waterworks serving fewer than 10,000 people shall sample their source water for Cryptosporidium at least twice per month for 12 months or at least monthly for 24 months if they meet one of the following, based on monitoring conducted under subdivision B 3 a (1) (b) of this section:
(i) For waterworks using lake/reservoir sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration is greater than 10 E. coli/100 mL.
(ii) For waterworks using flowing stream sources, the annual mean E. coli concentration is greater than 50 E. coli/100 mL.
(iii) The waterworks does not conduct E. coli monitoring as described in paragraph (1) (b) of this section.
(iv) Waterworks using ground water under the direct influence of surface water shall comply with the requirements of subdivision B 3 a (1) (c) of this section based on the E. coli level that applies to the nearest surface water body. If no surface water body is nearby, the waterworks shall comply based on the requirements that apply to waterworks using lake/reservoir sources.
(d) For waterworks serving fewer than 10,000 people, the commissioner may approve monitoring for an indicator other than E. coli under subdivision B 3 a (1) (b) (i) of this section. The commissioner also may approve an alternative to the E. coli concentration in subdivision B 3 a (1) (c) (i), (ii) or (iv) of this section to trigger Cryptosporidium monitoring. This approval by the commissioner shall be provided to the waterworks in writing and shall include the basis for the commission's determination that the alternative indicator and/or trigger level will provide a more accurate identification of whether a waterworks will exceed the Bin 1 Cryptosporidium level in subdivision B 3 c (1) (a) of this section.
(e) Waterworks may sample more frequently than required under this section if the sampling frequency is evenly spaced throughout the monitoring period.
(2) Second round of source water monitoring: Owners shall conduct a second round of source water monitoring that meets the requirements for monitoring parameters, frequency, and duration described in subdivision B 3 a (1) of this section, unless they meet the monitoring exemption criteria in subdivision B 3 a (4) of this section. Owners shall conduct this monitoring on the schedule in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section.
(3) Monitoring schedule. Owners shall begin the monitoring required in subdivisions B 3 a (1) and (2) of this section no later than the month beginning with the date listed in the following table:
Source Water Monitoring Starting Dates Table
| Owners of waterworks that serve... | Shall begin the first round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning... | And shall begin the second round of source water monitoring no later than the month beginning... |
| At least 100,000 people | October 1, 2006 | April 1, 2015 |
| From 50,000 to 99,999 people | April 1, 2007 | October 1, 2015 |
| From 10,000 to 49,999 people | April 1, 2008 | October 1, 2016 |
| Fewer than 10,000 and monitor for E. coli | October 1, 2008 | October 1, 2017 |
| Fewer than 10,000 and monitor for Cryptosporidium1 | April 1, 2010 | April 1, 2019 |
FN1 Applies to waterworks that meet the conditions of subdivision B 3 a (1) (c) of this section.
(4) Monitoring avoidance.
(a) Owners are not required to conduct source water monitoring under this subpart if the waterworks will provide a total of at least 5.5-log of treatment for Cryptosporidium, equivalent to meeting the treatment requirements of Bin 4 in subdivision B 3 c (2) of this section.
(b) If an owner chooses to provide the level of treatment in subdivision B 3 a (4) (a) of this section, rather than start source water monitoring, the owners shall notify the commissioner in writing no later than the date the owner is otherwise required to submit a sampling schedule for monitoring under subdivision B 3 a (5) of this section. Alternatively, an owner may choose to stop sampling at any point after the owner has initiated monitoring if the owner notifies the commissioner in writing that it will provide this level of treatment. Owners shall install and operate technologies to provide this level of treatment by the applicable treatment compliance date in subdivision B 3 c (3).
(5) Sampling schedules.
(a) Owners of waterworks required to conduct source water monitoring in accordance with subdivision B 3 a shall submit a sampling schedule that specifies the calendar dates when the owner shall collect each required sample.
(i) Owners shall submit sampling schedules to the commissioner no later than three months prior to the applicable date listed in subdivision B 3 a (3) for each round of required monitoring.
(ii) If the commissioner does not respond to an owner regarding the sampling schedule, the owner shall sample at the reported schedule.
(b) Owners shall collect samples within two days before or two days after the dates indicated in their sampling schedule (i.e., within a five-day period around the schedule date) unless one of the conditions of the following paragraphs apply.
(i) If an extreme condition or situation exists that may pose danger to the sample collector, or that cannot be avoided and causes the owner to be unable to sample in the scheduled five-day period, the owner shall sample as close to the scheduled date as is feasible unless the commissioner approves an alternative sampling date. The owner shall submit an explanation for the delayed sampling date to the commissioner concurrent with the shipment of the sample to the laboratory.
(ii) If an owner is unable to report a valid analytical result for a scheduled sampling date due to equipment failure, loss of or damage to the sample, failure to comply with the analytical method requirements, including the quality control requirements of 12VAC5-590-440, or the failure of an approved laboratory to analyze the sample, then the owner shall collect a replacement sample. The owner shall collect the replacement sample not later than 21 days after receiving information that an analytical result cannot be reported for the scheduled date unless the owner demonstrates that collecting a replacement sample within this time frame is not feasible or the commissioner approves an alternative resampling date. The owner shall submit an explanation for the delayed sampling date to the commissioner concurrent with the shipment of the sample to the laboratory.
(c) Owners of waterworks that fail to meet the criteria of subdivision B 3 a (5) (b) of this section for any source water sample required under subdivision B 3 a shall revise their sampling schedules to add dates for collecting all missed samples. Owners shall submit the revised schedule to the commissioner for approval prior to when the owner begins collecting the missed samples.
(6) Sampling locations.
(a) Owners of waterworks required to conduct source water monitoring under subdivision B 3 a shall collect samples for each plant that treats a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source. Where multiple plants draw water from the same influent, such as the same pipe or intake, the commissioner may approve one set of monitoring results to be used to satisfy the requirements subdivision B 3 a for all plants.
(b) Owners shall collect source water samples prior to chemical treatment, such as coagulants, oxidants and disinfectants. However, the commissioner may approve the collection of a source water sample after chemical treatment. To grant this approval, the commissioner shall determine that collecting a sample prior to chemical treatment is not feasible for the waterworks and that the chemical treatment is unlikely to have a significant adverse effect on the analysis of the sample.
(c) Owners of waterworks that recycle filter backwash water shall collect source water samples prior to the point of filter backwash water addition.
(d) Bank filtration.
(i) Waterworks that receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration under 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 d, shall collect source water samples in the surface water prior to bank filtration.
(ii) Waterworks that use bank filtration as pretreatment to a filtration plant shall collect source water samples from the well (i.e., after bank filtration). Use of bank filtration during monitoring shall be consistent with routine operational practice. Waterworks collecting samples after a bank filtration process may not receive treatment credit for the bank filtration under subdivision B 3 d (4) (c) of this section.
(e) Multiple sources. Owners of waterworks with plants that use multiple water sources, including multiple surface water sources and blended surface water and ground water sources shall collect samples as specified in subdivision B 3 a (6) (e) (i) or (ii) of this section. The use of multiple sources during monitoring shall be consistent with routine operational practice.
(i) If a sampling tap is available where the sources are combined prior to treatment, waterworks shall collect samples from the tap.
(ii) If a sampling tap where the sources are combined prior to treatment is not available, owners shall collect samples at each source near the intake on the same day and shall follow either subdivision B 3 a (6) (e) (ii) ((a)) or ((b)) of this section for sample analysis.
((a)) Owners may composite samples from each source into one sample prior to analysis. The volume of sample from each source shall be weighted according to the proportion of the source in the total plant flow at the time the sample is collected.
((b)) Owners may analyze samples from each source separately and calculate a weighted average of the analysis results for each sampling date. The weighted average shall be calculated by multiplying the analysis result for each source by the fraction the source contributed to total plant flow at the time the sample was collected and then summing these values.
(f) Additional Requirements. Owners shall submit a description of their sampling location(s) to the commissioner at the same time as the sampling schedule required in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section. This description shall address the position of the sampling location in relation to the waterworks water source(s) and treatment processes, including pretreatment, points of chemical treatment, and filter backwash recycle. If the commissioner does not respond to an owner regarding sampling location(s), the owner shall sample at the reported location(s).
(7) Analytical methods. All analytical methods shall be conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440.
(8) Approved laboratories.
(a) Cryptosporidium. Owners shall have Cryptosporidium samples analyzed by a laboratory that is approved under EPA's Laboratory Quality Assurance Evaluation Program for Analysis of Cryptosporidium in Water or a laboratory that has been certified for Cryptosporidium analysis by an equivalent state laboratory certification program.
(b) E. coli. Any laboratory certified by the state for total coliform or fecal coliform analysis under 12VAC5-590-440 is approved for E. coli analysis under this subpart when the laboratory uses the same technique for E. coli that the laboratory uses under 12VAC5-590-440. Laboratories shall use methods for enumeration of E. coli in source water approved in 12VAC5-590-440.
(c) Turbidity. Measurements of turbidity shall be made by a party approved by the commissioner.
(9) Reporting of the source water results shall be in accordance with 12VAC5-590-530.
(10) Plants operating only part of the year. Owners of waterworks treating surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water that operates for only part of the year shall conduct source water monitoring in accordance with this section, but with the following modifications:
(a) Owners shall sample their source water only during the months that the plant operates unless the commissioner specifies another monitoring period based on plant operating practices.
(b) Owners of waterworks with plants that operate less than six months per year and that monitor for Cryptosporidium shall collect at least six Cryptosporidium samples per year during each of two years of monitoring. Samples shall be evenly spaced throughout the period the plant operates.
(11) New sources;
(a) Owners of waterworks that begin using a new source of surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water after the waterworks is required to begin monitoring under subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section shall monitor the new source on a schedule the commissioner approves. Source water monitoring shall meet the requirements of this section. The owner shall also meet the bin classification and Cryptosporidium treatment requirements of subdivision B 3 c (1) and (2) of this section, for the new source on a schedule the commissioner approves.
(b) The requirements of this section apply to waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water that begin operation after the monitoring start date applicable to the waterworks size under subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section.
(c) The owner shall begin a second round of source water monitoring no later than six years following initial bin classification under in subdivision B 3 c (1) of this section.
(12) Failure to collect any source water sample required under this section in accordance with the sampling schedule, sampling location, analytical method, approved laboratory, and reporting requirements of subdivision B 3 a (5), (6), (7), (8), or (9) of this section is a monitoring violation.
(13) Grandfathering monitoring data. Owners may use (grandfather) monitoring data collected prior to the applicable monitoring start date in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section to meet the initial source water monitoring requirements in subdivision B 3 a (1) of this section. Grandfathered data may substitute for an equivalent number of months at the end of the monitoring period. All data submitted under this paragraph shall meet the requirements in (13) (a) through (h) listed below and be approved by the commissioner:
(a) An owner may grandfather Cryptosporidium samples to meet the requirements of this section when the owner does not have corresponding E. coli and turbidity samples. A waterworks that grandfathers Cryptosporidium samples without E. coli and turbidity samples is not required to collect E. coli and turbidity samples when the system completes the requirements for Cryptosporidium monitoring under this section.
(b) E. coli sample analysis. The analysis of E. coli samples shall meet the analytical method and approved laboratory requirements of subdivision B 3 a (7) and (8) of this section.
(c) Cryptosporidium sample analysis. The analysis of Cryptosporidium samples shall meet the requirements of subdivision B 3 a (8) of this section.
(d) Sampling location. The sampling location shall meet the conditions in subdivision B 3 a (6) of this section.
(e) Sampling frequency. Cryptosporidium samples were collected no less frequently than each calendar month on a regular schedule, beginning no earlier than January 1999. Sample collection intervals may vary for the conditions specified in subdivision B 3 a (5) (b) (i) and (ii) of this section, if the owner provides documentation of the condition when reporting monitoring results.
(i) The commissioner may approve grandfathering of previously collected data where there are time gaps in the sampling frequency if the owner conducts additional monitoring the commissioner specifies to ensure that the data used to comply with the initial source water monitoring requirements of subdivision B 3 a of this section are seasonally representative and unbiased.
(ii) Owners may grandfather previously collected data where the sampling frequency within each month varied. If the Cryptosporidium sampling frequency varied, owners shall follow the monthly averaging procedure in subdivision B 3 c (1) (a) (v) of this section, when calculating the bin classification for filtered systems.
(f) Reporting monitoring results for grandfathering. Owners that request to grandfather previously collected monitoring results shall report the following information by the applicable dates listed in the following paragraphs. Owners shall report this information to the commissioner.
(i) Owners shall report that they intend to submit previously collected monitoring results for grandfathering. This report shall specify the number of previously collected results the owner shall submit, the dates of the first and last sample, and whether an owner shall conduct additional source water monitoring to meet the requirements in subdivision B 3 a of this section. Owners shall report this information no later than the date the sampling schedule listed in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section is required.
(ii) Owners shall report previously collected monitoring results for grandfathering, along with the associated documentation listed in paragraphs ((a)) through ((d)) listed below, no later than two months after the applicable date listed in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section.
((a)) For each sample result, owners shall report the applicable data elements in 12VAC5-590-530 C 1 c.
((b)) Owners shall certify that the reported monitoring results include all results the waterworks generated during the time period beginning with the first reported result and ending with the final reported result. This applies to samples that were collected from the sampling location specified for source water monitoring under this subpart, not spiked, and analyzed using the laboratory's routine process for the analytical methods listed in this section.
((c)) Owners shall certify that the samples were representative of a plant's source water(s) and the source water(s) have not changed. Owners shall report a description of the sampling location(s), which shall address the position of the sampling location in relation to the waterworks' water source(s) and treatment processes, including points of chemical addition and filter backwash recycle.
((d)) For Cryptosporidium samples, the laboratory or laboratories that analyzed the samples shall provide a letter certifying that the quality control criteria specified in the methods listed in subdivision B 3 a (8) of this section were met for each sample batch associated with the reported results. Alternatively, the laboratory may provide bench sheets and sample examination report forms for each field, matrix spike, IPR, OPR, and method blank sample associated with the reported results.
(g) If the commissioner determines that a previously collected data set submitted for grandfathering was generated during source water conditions that were not normal for the waterworks, such as a drought, the commissioner may disapprove the data. Alternatively, the commissioner may approve the previously collected data if the owner reports additional source water monitoring data, as determined by the commissioner, to ensure that the data set used under subdivision B 3 c (1) of this section represents average source water conditions for the waterworks.
(h) If an owner submits previously collected data that fully meets the number of samples required for initial source water monitoring under subdivision B 3 a (1) of this section and some of the data are rejected due to not meeting the requirements of this section, the owner shall conduct additional monitoring to replace rejected data on a schedule the commissioner approves. Owners are not required to begin this additional monitoring until two months after notification that data have been rejected and additional monitoring is necessary.
b. Owners of waterworks that plan to make a significant change to their disinfection practice shall develop disinfection profiles and calculate disinfection benchmarks, as described in subdivision B 3 a (1) and (2) below.
(1) Requirements when making a significant change in disinfection practice.
(a) Following the completion of initial source water monitoring under subdivision B 3 a (1) of this section, owners of waterworks that plan to make a significant change to its disinfection practice, as defined in subdivision B 3 b (1) (b) of this section, shall develop disinfection profiles and calculate disinfection benchmarks for Giardia lamblia and viruses as described in subdivision B 3 b (2) of this section. Prior to changing the disinfection practice, the owner shall notify the commissioner and shall include in this notice the information in subdivision B 3 b (1) a) (i) through (iii) of this section.
(i) A completed disinfection profile and disinfection benchmark for Giardia lamblia and viruses as described in subdivision B 3 b (2) of this section.
(ii) A description of the proposed change in disinfection practice.
(iii) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current level of disinfection.
(b) Significant changes to disinfection practice are defined as follows:
(i) Changes to the point of disinfection;
(ii) Changes to the disinfectant(s) used in the treatment plant;
(iii) Changes to the disinfection process; or
(iv) Any other modification identified by the commissioner as a significant change to disinfection practice.
(2) Developing the disinfection profile and benchmark.
(a) Owners of waterworks required to develop disinfection profiles in accordance with subdivision B 3 b (1) of this section shall follow the requirements of this section. Owners shall monitor at least weekly for a period of 12 consecutive months to determine the total log inactivation for Giardia lamblia and viruses. If owners monitor more frequently, the monitoring frequency shall be evenly spaced. Owners of waterworks that operate for fewer than 12 months per year shall monitor weekly during the period of operation. Owners shall determine log inactivation for Giardia lamblia through the entire plant, based on CT99.9 values in Appendix L. Owners shall determine log inactivation for viruses through the entire treatment plant based on a protocol approved by the commissioner.
(b) Owners of waterworks with a single point of disinfectant application prior to the entrance to the distribution system shall conduct the monitoring in subdivision B 3 b (2) (b) (i) through (iv) of this section. Owners of waterworks with more than one point of disinfectant application shall conduct the monitoring in subdivision B 3 b (2) (b) (i) through (iv) of this section for each disinfection segment. Owners shall monitor the parameters necessary to determine the total inactivation ratio, using analytical methods in Appendix L.
(i) For waterworks using a disinfectant other than UV, the temperature of the disinfected water shall be measured at each residual disinfectant concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow or at an alternative location approved by the commissioner.
(ii) For waterworks using chlorine, the pH of the disinfected water shall be measured at each chlorine residual disinfectant concentration sampling point during peak hourly flow or at an alternative location approved by the commissioner.
(iii) The disinfectant contact time(s) (t) shall be determined during peak hourly flow.
(iv) The residual disinfectant concentration(s) (C) of the water before or at the first customer and prior to each additional point of disinfectant application shall be measured during peak hourly flow.
(c) In lieu of conducting new monitoring under subdivision B 3 b (2) (b) of this section, owners may elect to meet the requirements of subdivision B 3 b (2) (c) (i) or (ii) of this section.
(i) Owners of waterworks that have at least one year of existing data that are substantially equivalent to data collected under the provisions of subdivision B 3 b (2) (b) of this section may use these data to develop disinfection profiles as specified in this section if the owner has neither made a significant change to its treatment practice nor changed sources since the data were collected. Owners may develop disinfection profiles using up to three years of existing data.
(ii) Owners may use disinfection profile(s) developed under 12VAC5-590-500 E 2 in lieu of developing a new profile if the owner has neither made a significant change to its treatment practice nor changed sources since the profile was developed. Owners that have not developed a virus profile under 12VAC5-590-500 E 2 shall develop a virus profile using the same monitoring data on which the Giardia lamblia profile is based.
(d) Owners of waterworks shall calculate the total inactivation ratio for Giardia lamblia as specified in subdivision B 3 b (2) (d) (i) through (iii) of this section.
(i) Owners of waterworks using only one point of disinfectant application may determine the total inactivation ratio for the disinfection segment based on either of the methods in subdivision B 3 b (2) (d) (i) ((a)) or ((b)) of this section.
((a)) Determine one inactivation ratio (CTcalc/CT99.9) before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow.
((b)) Determine successive CTcalc/CT99.9 values, representing sequential inactivation ratios, between the point of disinfectant application and a point before or at the first customer during peak hourly flow. The owner shall calculate the total inactivation ratio by determining (CTcalc/CT99.9) for each sequence and then adding the (CTcalc/CT99.9) values together to determine (Σ (CTcalc/CT99.9)).
(ii) Owners of waterworks using more than one point of disinfectant application before the first customer shall determine the CT value of each disinfection segment immediately prior to the next point of disinfectant application, or for the final segment, before or at the first customer, during peak hourly flow. The (CTcalc/CT99.9) value of each segment and (Σ (CTcalc/CT99.9)) shall be calculated using the method in paragraph (i) ((b)) of this section.
(iii) The owner shall determine the total logs of inactivation by multiplying the value calculated in subdivision B 3 b (2) (d) (i) or (ii) of this section by 3.0.
(iv) Owners shall calculate the log of inactivation for viruses using a protocol approved by the commissioner.
(e) Owners shall use the procedures specified in (i) and (ii) listed below to calculate a disinfection benchmark.
(i) For each year of profiling data collected and calculated under subdivision B 3 b (2) (a) through (d) of this section, owners shall determine the lowest mean monthly level of both Giardia lamblia and virus inactivation. Owners shall determine the mean Giardia lamblia and virus inactivation for each calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the sum of daily or weekly Giardia lamblia and virus log inactivation by the number of values calculated for that month.
(ii) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly mean value (for waterworks with one year of profiling data) or the mean of the lowest monthly mean values (for waterworks with more than one year of profiling data) of Giardia lamblia and virus log inactivation in each year of profiling data.
c. Owners shall determine their Cryptosporidium treatment bin classification as described in subdivision B 3 c (1) and provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium, if required, as described in subdivision B 3 c (2). Owners shall implement Cryptosporidium treatment according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 c (3).
(1) Bin classification for waterworks.
(a) Following completion of the initial round of source water monitoring required under subdivision B 3 a (1), owners shall calculate an initial Cryptosporidium bin concentration for each plant for which monitoring was required. Calculation of the bin concentration shall use the Cryptosporidium results reported under subdivision B 3 a (1) and shall follow these procedures:
(i) For waterworks that collect a total of at least 48 samples, the bin concentration is equal to the arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations.
(ii) For waterworks that collect a total of at least 24 samples, but not more than 47 samples, the bin concentration is equal to the highest arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations in any 12 consecutive months during which Cryptosporidium samples were collected.
(iii) For waterworks that serve fewer than 10,000 people and monitor for Cryptosporidium for only one year (i.e., collect 24 samples in 12 months), the bin concentration is equal to the arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations.
(iv) For waterworks with plants operating only part of the year that monitor fewer than 12 months per year under subdivision B 3 a (1), the bin concentration is equal to the highest arithmetic mean of all sample concentrations during any year of Cryptosporidium monitoring.
(v) If the monthly Cryptosporidium sampling frequency varies, owners shall first calculate a monthly average for each month of monitoring. Owners shall then use these monthly average concentrations, rather than individual sample concentrations, in the applicable calculation for bin classification in subdivision B 3 c (1) (a) (i) through (iv) of this section.
(b) Owners shall determine their initial bin classification from the following table and using the Cryptosporidium bin concentration calculated under subdivision B 3 c (1) (a) of this section:
| Bin Classification Table for Filtered Systems |
| For owners of waterworks that are: | with a Cryptosporidium bin concentration of1 ... | The bin classification is... |
| ...required to monitor for Cryptosporidium under subdivision B 3 a (1) | Cryptosporidium less than 0.075 oocysts/L | Bin 1 |
| Cryptosporidium equal to or greater than 0.075 oocysts/L but less than 1.0 oocysts/L | Bin 2 |
| Cryptosporidium equal to or greater than 1.0 oocysts/L but less than 3.0 oocysts/L | Bin 3 |
| Cryptosporidium equal to or greater than 3.0 oocysts/L | Bin 4 |
| ...serving fewer than 10,000 people and NOT required to monitor for Cryptosporidium under B 3 a (1)(c) | NA | Bin 1 |
FN1 Based on calculations in subdivision B 3 c (1) (a) or (c) of this section, as applicable
(c) Following completion of the second round of source water monitoring required under subdivision B 3 a (2), owners shall recalculate their Cryptosporidium bin concentration using the Cryptosporidium results reported under subdivision B 3 a (2) and following the procedures in subdivision B 3 c (1) (a)(i) through (iv) of this section. Owners shall then redetermine their bin classification using this bin concentration and the table in subdivision B 3 c (1) (b) of this section.
(d) Reporting of bin classifications
(i) Owners shall report their initial bin classification under subdivision B 3 c (1) (b) of this section to the commissioner for approval no later than six months after the waterworks is required to complete initial source water monitoring based on the schedule in subdivision B 3 a (3).
(ii) Owners shall report their bin classification under subdivision B 3 c (1) (c) of this section to the commissioner for approval no later than six months after the owner is required to complete the second round of source water monitoring based on the schedule in subdivision B 3 c (1) 3 a (3) of this section.
(iii) The bin classification report to the commissioner shall include a summary of source water monitoring data and the calculation procedure used to determine bin classification.
(e) Failure to comply with the conditions of subdivision B 3 c (1) (d) of this section is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.
(2) Waterworks additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.
(a) Waterworks shall provide the level of additional treatment for Cryptosporidium specified in this paragraph based on their bin classification as determined under subdivision B 3 c (1) of this section and according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 c (3) (b) of this section.
| If the waterworks bin classification is... | And the waterworks uses the following filtration treatment in full compliance with 12VAC5-590-420 A and B, then the additional Cryptosporidium treatment requirements are... |
| | Conventional filtration treatment (including softening) | Direct filtration | Slow sand or diatomaceous earth filtration | Alternative filtration technologies |
| Bin 1 | No additional treatment | No additional treatment | No additional treatment | No additional treatment |
| Bin 2 | 1-log treatment | 1.5-log treatment | 1-log treatment | (1) |
| Bin 3 | 2-log treatment | 2.5-log treatment | 2-log treatment | (2) |
| Bin 4 | 2.5-log treatment | 3-log treatment | 2.5-log treatment | (3) |
FN1 As determined by the commissioner such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 4.0-log
FN2 As determined by the commissioner such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 5.0-log
FN3 As determined by the commissioner such that the total Cryptosporidium removal and inactivation is at least 5.5-log
(b) Additional treatment
(i) Owners shall use one or more of the treatment and management options listed in subdivision B 3 d, termed the microbial toolbox, to comply with the additional Cryptosporidium treatment required in subdivision B 3 c (2) (a) of this section.
(ii) Waterworks classified in Bin 3 and Bin 4 shall achieve at least 1-log of the additional Cryptosporidium treatment required under subdivision B 3 c (2) (a) of this section using either one or a combination of the following: bag filters, bank filtration, cartridge filters, chlorine dioxide, membranes, ozone, or UV, as described in subdivision B 3 d (3) through (7) of this section.
(c) Failure by a waterworks in any month to achieve treatment credit by meeting criteria in subdivision B 3 d (3) through (7) of this section for microbial toolbox options that is at least equal to the level of treatment required in subdivision B 3 c (2) (a) of this section is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.
(d) If the commissioner determines during a sanitary survey or an equivalent source water assessment that after a waterworks completed the monitoring conducted under subdivision B 3 a (1) or (2) of this section, significant changes occurred in the waterworks' watershed that could lead to increased contamination of the source water by Cryptosporidium, the owner shall take actions specified by the commissioner to address the contamination. These actions may include additional source water monitoring and/or implementing microbial toolbox options listed in subdivision B 3 d (2) of this section.
(3) Schedule for compliance with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements.
(a) Following initial bin classification in accordance with subdivision B 3 c (1) (b) of this section, waterworks shall provide the level of treatment for Cryptosporidium required under subdivision B 3 c (2) of this section according to the schedule in subdivision B 3 c (3) (b) of this section.
(b) Cryptosporidium treatment compliance dates.
| Cryptosporidium Treatment Compliance Dates Table |
| Waterworks that serve.... | Shall comply with Cryptosporidium treatment requirements no later than1... |
| At least 100,000 people | April 1, 2012 |
| From 50,000 to 99,999 people | October 1, 2012 |
| From 10,000 to 49,999 people | October 1, 2013 |
| Fewer than 10,000 people | October 1, 2014 |
FN1 The commissioner may allow up to an additional two years for complying with the treatment requirement for waterworks making capital improvements.
(c) If the bin classification for a filtered system changes following the second round of source water monitoring, as determined under subdivision B 3 c (1) (c) of this section, the waterworks shall provide the level of treatment for Cryptosporidium required under subdivision B 3 c (2) of this section on a schedule the commissioner approves.
d. Owners of waterworks required to provide additional treatment for Cryptosporidium shall implement microbial toolbox options that are designed and operated as described in subdivision B 3 d (1) through (7) of this section.
(1) Waterworks receive the treatment credits listed in the table in subdivision B 3 d (2) of this section by meeting the conditions for microbial toolbox options described in subdivision B 3 d (3) through (7) of this section. Waterworks apply these treatment credits to meet the treatment requirements in subdivision B 3 c (2) of this section.
(2) Microbial Toolbox Summary Table: Options, Treatment Credits and Criteria
Microbial Toolbox Summary Table: Options, Treatment Credits and Criteria
| Toolbox Option | Cryptosporidium treatment credit with design and implementation criteria |
| Source Protection and Management Toolbox Options |
| Watershed control program | 0.5-log credit for program approved by the commissioner comprising required elements, annual program status report to the commissioner, and regular watershed survey. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (3) (a) |
| Alternative source/ intake management | No prescribed credit. Owners may conduct simultaneous monitoring for treatment bin classification at alternative intake locations or under alternative intake management strategies. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (3) (b). |
| Pre Filtration Toolbox Options |
| Presedimentation basin with coagulation | 0.5-log credit during any month that presedimentation basins achieve a monthly mean reduction of 0.5-log or greater in turbidity or alternative performance criteria approved by the commissioner. To be eligible, basins shall be operated continuously with coagulant addition and all plant flow shall pass through basins. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (4) (a) |
| Two-stage lime softening | 0.5-log credit for two-stage softening where chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in both stages. All plant flow shall pass through both stages. Single-stage softening is credited as equivalent to conventional treatment. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (4) (b). |
| Bank filtration | 0.5-log credit for 25-foot setback; 1.0-log credit for 50-foot setback; aquifer shall be unconsolidated sand containing at least 10% fines; average turbidity in wells shall be less than 1 NTU. Waterworks using wells followed by filtration when conducting source water monitoring shall sample the well to determine bin classification and are not eligible for additional credit. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (4) (c). |
| Treatment Performance Toolbox Options |
| Combined filter performance | 0.5-log credit for combined filter effluent turbidity less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of measurements each month. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (5) (a). |
| Individual filter performance | 0.5-log credit (in addition to 0.5-log combined filter performance credit) if individual filter effluent turbidity is less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of samples each month in each filter and is never greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive measurements in any filter. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (5) (b). |
| Additional Filtration Toolbox Options |
| Bag or cartridge filters (individual filters) | Up to 2-log credit based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing with a 1.0-log factor of safety. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (6) (a). |
| Bag or cartridge filters (in series) | Up to 2.5-log credit based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing with a 0.5-log factor of safety. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (6) (a). |
| Membrane filtration | Log credit equivalent to removal efficiency demonstrated in challenge test for device if supported by direct integrity testing. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (6) (b). |
| Second stage filtration | 0.5-log credit for second separate granular media filtration stage if treatment train includes coagulation prior to first filter. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (6) (c). |
| Slow sand filters | 2.5-log credit as a secondary filtration step; 3.0-log credit as a primary filtration process. No prior chlorination for either option. Specific criteria are in subdivision B 3 d (6) (d). |
| Inactivation Toolbox Options |
| Chlorine dioxide | Log credit based on measured CT in relation to CT table. Specific criteria in subdivision B 3 d (7) (b). |
| Ozone | Log credit based on measured CT in relation to CT table. Specific criteria in subdivision B 3 d (7) (b). |
| UV | Log credit based on validated UV dose in relation to UV dose table; reactor validation testing required to establish UV dose and associated operating conditions. Specific criteria in subdivision B 3 d (7) (d). |
(3) Source toolbox components.
(a) Watershed control program. Waterworks receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for implementing a watershed control program that meets the requirements of this section.
(i) Owners that intend to apply for the watershed control program credit shall notify the commissioner of this intent no later than two years prior to the treatment compliance date applicable to the waterworks in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section.
(ii) Owners shall submit to the commissioner a proposed watershed control plan no later than one year before the applicable treatment compliance date in subdivision B 3 a (3) of this section. The commissioner shall approve the watershed control plan for the waterworks to receive watershed control program treatment credit. The watershed control plan shall include the following elements:
((a)) Identification of an "area of influence" outside of which the likelihood of Cryptosporidium or fecal contamination affecting the treatment plant intake is not significant. This is the area to be evaluated in future watershed surveys under subdivision B 3 d (3) (a) (v) ((b)) of this section.
((b)) Identification of both potential and actual sources of Cryptosporidium contamination and an assessment of the relative impact of these sources on the waterworks' source water quality.
((c)) An analysis of the effectiveness and feasibility of control measures that could reduce Cryptosporidium loading from sources of contamination to the waterworks' source water.
((d)) A statement of goals and specific actions the owner shall undertake to reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels. The plan shall explain how the actions are expected to contribute to specific goals, identify watershed partners and their roles, identify resource requirements and commitments, and include a schedule for plan implementation with deadlines for completing specific actions identified in the plan.
(iii) Waterworks with existing watershed control programs (i.e., programs in place on January 5, 2006) are eligible to seek this credit. Their watershed control plans shall meet the criteria in subdivision B 3 d (3) (a) (ii) of this section and shall specify ongoing and future actions that will reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels.
(iv) If the commissioner does not respond to an owner regarding approval of a watershed control plan submitted under this section and the owner meets the other requirements of this section, the watershed control program shall be considered approved and 0.5 log Cryptosporidium treatment credit shall be awarded unless and until the commissioner subsequently withdraws such approval.
(v) To maintain the 0.5-log credit, owners shall complete the following actions:
((a)) Submit an annual watershed control program status report to the commissioner. The annual watershed control program status report shall describe the owner's implementation of the approved plan and assess the adequacy of the plan to meet its goals. It shall explain how the waterworks is addressing any shortcomings in plan implementation, including those previously identified by the commissioner or as the result of the watershed survey conducted under subdivision B 3 d (3) (a) (v) ((b)) of this section. It shall also describe any significant changes that have occurred in the watershed since the last watershed sanitary survey. If an owner determines during implementation that making a significant change to the approved watershed control program is necessary, the owner shall notify the commissioner prior to making any such changes. If any change is likely to reduce the level of source water protection, the owner shall also list in the notification the actions the owners will take to mitigate this effect.
((b)) Undergo a watershed sanitary survey every three years for community waterworks and every five years for noncommunity waterworks and submit the survey report to the commissioner. The survey shall be conducted according to commissioner's guidelines and by persons the commissioner approves.
((i)) The watershed sanitary survey shall meet the following criteria: encompass the region identified in the watershed control plan approved by the commissioner as the area of influence; assess the implementation of actions to reduce source water Cryptosporidium levels; and identify any significant new sources of Cryptosporidium.
((ii)) If the commissioner determines that significant changes may have occurred in the watershed since the previous watershed sanitary survey, the waterworks shall undergo another watershed sanitary survey by a date the commissioner requires, which may be earlier than the regular date in subdivision B 3 d (3) (a) (v) ((b)) of this section.
((c)) The owner shall make the watershed control plan, annual status reports, and watershed sanitary survey reports available to the public upon request. These documents shall be in a plain language style and include criteria by which to evaluate the success of the program in achieving plan goals. The commissioner may approve an owner to withhold from the public portions of the annual status report, watershed control plan, and watershed sanitary survey based on water supply security considerations.
(vi) If the commissioner determines that an owner is not carrying out the approved watershed control plan, the commissioner may withdraw the watershed control program treatment credit.
(b) Alternative source.
(i) An owner may conduct source water monitoring that reflects a different intake location (either in the same source or for an alternate source) or a different procedure for the timing or level of withdrawal from the source (alternative source monitoring). If the commissioner approves, an owner may determine the bin classification under subdivision B 3 c (1) of this section based on the alternative source monitoring results.
(ii) If an owner conducts alternative source monitoring under subdivision B 3 d (3) (b) (i) of this section, the owner shall also monitor their current plant intake concurrently as described in subdivision B 3 a of this section.
(iii) Alternative source monitoring under subdivision B 3 d (3) (b) (i) of this section shall meet the requirements for source monitoring to determine bin classification, as described in subdivision B 3 a (1) through (13) of this section. Owners shall report the alternative source monitoring results to the commissioner, along with supporting information documenting the operating conditions under which the samples were collected.
(iv) If an owner determines the bin classification under subdivision B 3 c (1) of this section using alternative source monitoring results that reflect a different intake location or a different procedure for managing the timing or level of withdrawal from the source, the owner shall relocate the intake or permanently adopt the withdrawal procedure, as applicable, no later than the applicable treatment compliance date in subdivision B 3 c (3) of this section.
(4) Pre-filtration treatment toolbox components.
(a) Presedimentation. Waterworks receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a presedimentation basin during any month the process meets the following criteria:
(i) The presedimentation basin shall be in continuous operation and shall treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source.
(ii) The waterworks shall continuously add a coagulant to the presedimentation basin.
(iii) The presedimentation basin shall achieve the performance criteria in either of the following.
((a)) Demonstrates at least 0.5-log mean reduction of influent turbidity. This reduction shall be determined using daily turbidity measurements in the presedimentation process influent and effluent and shall be calculated as follows: log10(monthly mean of daily influent turbidity) - log10(monthly mean of daily effluent turbidity).
((b)) Complies with performance criteria approved by the commissioner that demonstrate at least 0.5-log mean removal of micron-sized particulate material through the presedimentation process.
(b) Two-stage lime softening. Waterworks receive an additional 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a two-stage lime softening plant if chemical addition and hardness precipitation occur in two separate and sequential softening stages prior to filtration. Both softening stages shall treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source.
(c) Bank filtration. Waterworks receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration that serves as pretreatment to a filtration plant by meeting the criteria in this paragraph. Waterworks using bank filtration when they begin source water monitoring under subdivision B 3 a (1) of this section shall collect samples as described in subdivision B 3 a (6) (d) of this section and are not eligible for this credit.
(i) Wells with a ground water flow path of at least 25 feet receive 0.5-log treatment credit; wells with a ground water flow path of at least 50 feet receive 1.0-log treatment credit. The ground water flow path shall be determined as specified in subdivision B 3 d (c) (iv) of this section.
(ii) Only wells in granular aquifers are eligible for treatment credit. Granular aquifers are those comprised of sand, clay, silt, rock fragments, pebbles or larger particles, and minor cement. A waterworks shall characterize the aquifer at the well site to determine aquifer properties. Owners shall extract a core from the aquifer and demonstrate that in at least 90% of the core length, grains less than 1.0 mm in diameter constitute at least 10% of the core material.
(iii) Only horizontal and vertical wells are eligible for treatment credit.
(iv) For vertical wells, the ground water flow path is the measured distance from the edge of the surface water body under high flow conditions (determined by the 100-year floodplain elevation boundary or by the floodway, as defined in Federal Emergency Management Agency flood hazard maps) to the well screen. For horizontal wells, the ground water flow path is the measured distance from the bed of the river under normal flow conditions to the closest horizontal well lateral screen.
(v) Owners shall monitor each wellhead for turbidity at least once every four hours while the bank filtration process is in operation. If monthly average turbidity levels, based on daily maximum values in the well, exceed 1 NTU, the owner shall report this result to the commissioner and conduct an assessment within 30 days to determine the cause of the high turbidity levels in the well. If the commissioner determines that microbial removal has been compromised, the commissioner may revoke treatment credit until the owner implements corrective actions approved by the commissioner to remediate the problem.
(vi) Springs and infiltration galleries are not eligible for treatment credit under this section.
(vii) Bank filtration demonstration of performance. The commissioner may approve Cryptosporidium treatment credit for bank filtration based on a demonstration of performance study that meets the criteria in this paragraph. This treatment credit may be greater than 1.0-log and may be awarded to bank filtration that does not meet the criteria in subdivision B 3 d (4) (c) (i) through (v) of this section.
((a)) The study shall follow a protocol approved by the commissioner and shall involve the collection of data on the removal of Cryptosporidium or a surrogate for Cryptosporidium and related hydrogeologic and water quality parameters during the full range of operating conditions.
((b)) The study shall include sampling both from the production well(s) and from monitoring wells that are screened and located along the shortest flow path between the surface water source and the production well(s).
(5) Treatment performance toolbox components.
(a) Combined filter performance. Waterworks using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration treatment receive an additional 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit during any month the waterworks meets the criteria in this paragraph. Combined filter effluent (CFE) turbidity shall be less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements. Turbidity shall be measured as described in 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 b and 12VAC5-590-370 E.
(b) Individual filter performance. Waterworks using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration treatment receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit, which can be in addition to the 0.5-log credit under subdivision B 3 d (5) (a) of this section, during any month the waterworks meets the criteria in this paragraph. Compliance with these criteria shall be based on individual filter turbidity monitoring as described in 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 b (1).
(i) The filtered water turbidity for each individual filter shall be less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of the measurements recorded each month.
(ii) No individual filter may have a measured turbidity greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart.
(iii) Any waterworks that has received treatment credit for individual filter performance and fails to meet the requirements of subdivision B 3 d (5) (b) (i) or (ii) of this section during any month does not receive a treatment technique violation under subdivision B 3 c (2) (c) if the commissioner determines the following:
((a)) The failure was due to unusual and short-term circumstances that could not reasonably be prevented through optimizing treatment plant design, operation, and maintenance.
((b)) The waterworks has experienced no more than two such failures in any calendar year.
(6) Additional filtration toolbox components.
(a) Bag and cartridge filters. Waterworks receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit of up to 2.0-log for individual bag or cartridge filters and up to 2.5-log for bag or cartridge filters operated in series by meeting the criteria in subdivision B 3 d (6) (a) (i) through (x) of this section. To be eligible for this credit, owners shall report the results of challenge testing that meets the requirements of subdivision B 3 d (6) (a)(ii) through (ix) of this section to the commissioner. The filters shall treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source.
(i) The Cryptosporidium treatment credit awarded to bag or cartridge filters shall be based on the removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing that is conducted according to the criteria in subdivision B 3 d (6) (a) (ii) through (ix) of this section. A factor of safety equal to 1-log for individual bag or cartridge filters and 0.5-log for bag or cartridge filters in series shall be applied to challenge testing results to determine removal credit. Owners may use results from challenge testing conducted prior to January 5, 2006, if the prior testing was consistent with the criteria specified in subdivision B 3 d (6) (a) (ii) through (ix) of this section.
(ii) Challenge testing shall be performed on full-scale bag or cartridge filters, and the associated filter housing or pressure vessel, that are identical in material and construction to the filters and housings the waterworks will use for removal of Cryptosporidium. Bag or cartridge filters shall be challenge tested in the same configuration that the waterworks will use, either as individual filters or as a series configuration of filters.
(iii) Challenge testing shall be conducted using Cryptosporidium or a surrogate that is removed no more efficiently than Cryptosporidium. The microorganism or surrogate used during challenge testing is referred to as the challenge particulate. The concentration of the challenge particulate shall be determined using a method capable of discreetly quantifying the specific microorganism or surrogate used in the test; gross measurements such as turbidity shall not be used.
(iv) The maximum feed water concentration that can be used during a challenge test shall be based on the detection limit of the challenge particulate in the filtrate (i.e., filtrate detection limit) and shall be calculated using the following equation:
Maximum Feed Concentration = 1 x 104 x (Filtrate Detection Limit)
(v) Challenge testing shall be conducted at the maximum design flow rate for the filter as specified by the manufacturer.
(vi) Each filter evaluated shall be tested for a duration sufficient to reach 100% of the terminal pressure drop, which establishes the maximum pressure drop under which the filter may be used to comply with the requirements of this subpart.
(vii) Removal efficiency of a filter shall be determined from the results of the challenge test and expressed in terms of log removal values using the following equation:
LRV = LOG10(Cf) - LOG10(Cp)
where LRV = log removal value demonstrated during challenge testing; Cf = the feed concentration measured during the challenge test; and Cp = the filtrate concentration measured during the challenge test. In applying this equation, the same units shall be used for the feed and filtrate concentrations. If the challenge particulate is not detected in the filtrate, then the term Cp shall be set equal to the detection limit.
(viii) Each filter tested shall be challenged with the challenge particulate during three periods over the filtration cycle: within two hours of start-up of a new filter; when the pressure drop is between 45 and 55% of the terminal pressure drop; and at the end of the cycle after the pressure drop has reached 100% of the terminal pressure drop. An LRV shall be calculated for each of these challenge periods for each filter tested. The LRV for the filter (LRVfilter) shall be assigned the value of the minimum LRV observed during the three challenge periods for that filter.
(ix) If fewer than 20 filters are tested, the overall removal efficiency for the filter product line shall be set equal to the lowest LRV filter among the filters tested. If 20 or more filters are tested, the overall removal efficiency for the filter product line shall be set equal to the 10th percentile of the set of LRVfilter values for the various filters tested. The percentile is defined by (i/(n+1)) where i is the rank of n individual data points ordered lowest to highest. If necessary, the 10th percentile may be calculated using linear interpolation.
(x) If a previously tested filter is modified in a manner that could change the removal efficiency of the filter product line, challenge testing to demonstrate the removal efficiency of the modified filter shall be conducted and submitted to the commissioner.
(b) Membrane filtration.
(i) Waterworks receive Cryptosporidium treatment credit for membrane filtration that meets the criteria of this paragraph. Membrane cartridge filters that meet the definition of membrane filtration in 12VAC5-590-10 are eligible for this credit. The level of treatment credit a waterworks receives is equal to the lower of the values determined as follows:
((a)) The removal efficiency demonstrated during challenge testing conducted under the conditions in subdivision B 3 d (6) (b) (ii) of this section.
((b)) The maximum removal efficiency that can be verified through direct integrity testing used with the membrane filtration process under the conditions in subdivision B 3 d (6) (b) (iii) of this section.
(ii) Challenge Testing. The membrane used by the waterworks shall undergo challenge testing to evaluate removal efficiency, and the owner shall report the results of challenge testing to the commissioner. Challenge testing shall be conducted according to the criteria in paragraphs ((a)) through ((g)) of this section as follows (owners may use data from challenge testing conducted prior to January 5, 2006, if the prior testing was consistent with the criteria):
((a)) Challenge testing shall be conducted on either a full-scale membrane module, identical in material and construction to the membrane modules used in the waterworks' treatment facility, or a smaller-scale membrane module, identical in material and similar in construction to the full-scale module. A module is defined as the smallest component of a membrane unit in which a specific membrane surface area is housed in a device with a filtrate outlet structure.
((b)) Challenge testing shall be conducted using Cryptosporidium oocysts or a surrogate that is removed no more efficiently than Cryptosporidium oocysts. The organism or surrogate used during challenge testing is referred to as the challenge particulate. The concentration of the challenge particulate, in both the feed and filtrate water, shall be determined using a method capable of discretely quantifying the specific challenge particulate used in the test; gross measurements such as turbidity shall not be used.
((c)) The maximum feed water concentration that can be used during a challenge test is based on the detection limit of the challenge particulate in the filtrate and shall be determined according to the following equation:
Maximum Feed Concentration = 3.16 x 106 x (Filtrate Detection Limit)
((d)) Challenge testing shall be conducted under representative hydraulic conditions at the maximum design flux and maximum design process recovery specified by the manufacturer for the membrane module. Flux is defined as the throughput of a pressure driven membrane process expressed as flow per unit of membrane area. Recovery is defined as the volumetric percent of feed water that is converted to filtrate over the course of an operating cycle uninterrupted by events such as chemical cleaning or a solids removal process (i.e., backwashing).
((e)) Removal efficiency of a membrane module shall be calculated from the challenge test results and expressed as a log removal value according to the following equation:
LRV = LOG10(Cf) - LOG10(Cp)
where LRV = log removal value demonstrated during the challenge test; Cf = the feed concentration measured during the challenge test; and Cp = the filtrate concentration measured during the challenge test. Equivalent units shall be used for the feed and filtrate concentrations. If the challenge particulate is not detected in the filtrate, the term Cp is set equal to the detection limit for the purpose of calculating the LRV. An LRV shall be calculated for each membrane module evaluated during the challenge test.
((f)) The removal efficiency of a membrane filtration process demonstrated during challenge testing shall be expressed as a log removal value (LRVC-Test). If fewer than 20 modules are tested, then LRVC-Test is equal to the lowest of the representative LRVs among the modules tested. If 20 or more modules are tested, then LRVC-Test is equal to the 10th percentile of the representative LRVs among the modules tested. The percentile is defined by (i/(n+1)) where i is the rank of n individual data points ordered lowest to highest. If necessary, the 10th percentile may be calculated using linear interpolation.
((g)) The challenge test shall establish a quality control release value (QCRV) for a nondestructive performance test that demonstrates the Cryptosporidium removal capability of the membrane filtration module. This performance test shall be applied to each production membrane module used by the waterworks that was not directly challenge tested in order to verify Cryptosporidium removal capability. Production modules that do not meet the established QCRV are not eligible for the treatment credit demonstrated during the challenge test.
((h)) If a previously tested membrane is modified in a manner that could change the removal efficiency of the membrane or the applicability of the non-destructive performance test and associated QCRV, additional challenge testing to demonstrate the removal efficiency of, and determine a new QCRV for, the modified membrane shall be conducted and submitted to the commissioner.
(iii) Direct integrity testing. Owners shall conduct direct integrity testing in a manner that demonstrates a removal efficiency equal to or greater than the removal credit awarded to the membrane filtration process and meets the requirements described in subdivision B 3 d 6 (b) (iii) ((a)) through ((f)) of this section. A direct integrity test is defined as a physical test applied to a membrane unit in order to identify and isolate integrity breaches (i.e., one or more leaks that could result in contamination of the filtrate).
((a)) The direct integrity test shall be independently applied to each membrane unit in service. A membrane unit is defined as a group of membrane modules that share common valving that allows the unit to be isolated from the rest of the system for the purpose of integrity testing or other maintenance.
((b)) The direct integrity method shall have a resolution of three micrometers or less, where resolution is defined as the size of the smallest integrity breach that contributes to a response from the direct integrity test.
((c)) The direct integrity test shall have a sensitivity sufficient to verify the log treatment credit awarded to the membrane filtration process by the commissioner, where sensitivity is defined as the maximum log removal value that can be reliably verified by a direct integrity test. Sensitivity shall be determined using the approach in either of the following as applicable to the type of direct integrity test the waterworks uses:
((i)) For direct integrity tests that use an applied pressure or vacuum, the direct integrity test sensitivity shall be calculated according to the following equation:
LRVDIT = LOG10(Qp /(VCF x Qbreach))
where LRVDIT = the sensitivity of the direct integrity test;
Qp = total design filtrate flow from the membrane unit;
Qbreach = flow of water from an integrity breach associated with the smallest integrity test response that can be reliably measured, and
VCF = volumetric concentration factor. The volumetric concentration factor is the ratio of the suspended solids concentration on the high pressure side of the membrane relative to that in the feed water.
((ii)) For direct integrity tests that use a particulate or molecular marker, the direct integrity test sensitivity shall be calculated according to the following equation:
LRVDIT = LOG10(Cf) - LOG10(Cp)
where LRVDIT = the sensitivity of the direct integrity test;
Cf = the typical feed concentration of the marker used in the test; and
Cp = the filtrate concentration of the marker from an integral membrane unit.
((d)) Owners shall establish a control limit within the sensitivity limits of the direct integrity test that is indicative of an integral membrane unit capable of meeting the removal credit awarded by the commissioner.
((e)) If the result of a direct integrity test exceeds the control limit established under subdivision B 3 d (6) (b) (iii) ((d)) of this section, the owners shall remove the membrane unit from service. Owners shall conduct a direct integrity test to verify any repairs, and may return the membrane unit to service only if the direct integrity test is within the established control limit.
((f)) Owners shall conduct direct integrity testing on each membrane unit at a frequency of not less than once each day that the membrane unit is in operation. The commissioner may approve less frequent testing, based on demonstrated process reliability, the use of multiple barriers effective for Cryptosporidium, or reliable process safeguards.
(iv) Indirect integrity monitoring. Owners shall conduct continuous indirect integrity monitoring on each membrane unit according to the criteria in ((a)) through ((e)). Indirect integrity monitoring is defined as monitoring some aspect of filtrate water quality that is indicative of the removal of particulate matter. A waterworks that implements continuous direct integrity testing of membrane units in accordance with the criteria in B 3 d (6) (b) (iv) (iii) ((a)) through ((f)) of this section is not subject to the requirements for continuous indirect integrity monitoring. Owners shall submit a monthly report to the commissioner summarizing all continuous indirect integrity monitoring results triggering direct integrity testing and the corrective action that was taken in each case.
((a)) Unless the commissioner approves an alternative parameter, continuous indirect integrity monitoring shall include continuous filtrate turbidity monitoring.
((b)) Continuous monitoring shall be conducted at a frequency of no less than once every 15 minutes.
((c)) Continuous monitoring shall be separately conducted on each membrane unit.
((d)) If indirect integrity monitoring includes turbidity and if the filtrate turbidity readings are above 0.15 NTU for a period greater than 15 minutes (i.e., two consecutive 15-minute readings above 0.15 NTU), direct integrity testing shall immediately be performed on the associated membrane unit as specified in subdivision B 3 d (6) (b) (iii) ((a)) through ((f)) of this section.
((e)) If indirect integrity monitoring includes a alternative parameter approved by the commissioner and if the alternative parameter exceeds a control limit approved by the commissioner for a period greater than 15 minutes, direct integrity testing shall immediately be performed on the associated membrane units as specified in subdivision B 3 d (6) (b) (iii) ((a)) through ((f)) of this section.
(c) Second stage filtration. Waterworks receive 0.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a separate second stage of filtration that consists of sand, dual media, GAC, or other fine grain media following granular media filtration if the commissioner approves. To be eligible for this credit, the first stage of filtration shall be preceded by a coagulation step and both filtration stages shall treat the entire plant flow taken from a surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water source. A cap, such as GAC, on a single stage of filtration is not eligible for this credit. The commissioner shall approve the treatment credit based on an assessment of the design characteristics of the filtration process.
(d) Slow sand filtration (as secondary filter). Waterworks are eligible to receive 2.5-log Cryptosporidium treatment credit for a slow sand filtration process that follows a separate stage of filtration if both filtration stages treat entire plant flow taken from a surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water source and no disinfectant residual is present in the influent water to the slow sand filtration process. The commissioner shall approve the treatment credit based on an assessment of the design characteristics of the filtration process. This paragraph does not apply to treatment credit awarded to slow sand filtration used as a primary filtration process.
(7) Inactivation toolbox components.
(a) Calculation of CT values
(i) CT is the product of the disinfectant contact time (T, in minutes) and disinfectant concentration (C, in milligrams per liter). Owners of waterworks with treatment credit for chlorine dioxide or ozone under subdivision B 3 d (7) (b) of this section shall calculate CT at least once each day, with both C and T measured during peak hourly flow in accordance with the procedure listed in Appendix L.
(ii) Waterworks with several disinfection segments in sequence may calculate CT for each segment, where a disinfection segment is defined as a treatment unit process with a measurable disinfectant residual level and a liquid volume. Under this approach, owners shall add the Cryptosporidium CT values in each segment to determine the total CT for the treatment plant.
(b) CT values for chlorine dioxide and ozone.
(i) Waterworks receive the Cryptosporidium treatment credit listed in the following table by meeting the corresponding chlorine dioxide CT value for the applicable water temperature, as described in subdivision B 3 d (7) (a) of this section.
| CT Values (mg-min/L) for Cryptosporidium Inactivation by Chlorine Dioxide1 |
| Log credit | Water Temperature, C |
| Less than or equal to 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
| 0.25 | 159 | 153 | 140 | 128 | 107 | 90 | 69 | 45 | 29 | 19 | 12 |
| 0.5 | 319 | 305 | 279 | 256 | 214 | 180 | 138 | 89 | 58 | 38 | 24 |
| 1.0 | 637 | 610 | 558 | 511 | 429 | 360 | 277 | 179 | 116 | 75 | 49 |
| 1.5 | 956 | 915 | 838 | 767 | 643 | 539 | 415 | 268 | 174 | 113 | 73 |
| 2.0 | 1275 | 1220 | 1117 | 1023 | 858 | 719 | 553 | 357 | 232 | 150 | 98 |
| 2.5 | 1594 | 1525 | 1396 | 1278 | 1072 | 899 | 691 | 447 | 289 | 188 | 122 |
| 3.0 | 1912 | 1830 | 1675 | 1534 | 1286 | 1079 | 830 | 536 | 347 | 226 | 147 |
FN1 Waterworks may use this equation to determine log credit between the indicated values:
Log credit = (0.001506×(1.09116)Temp)× CT
(ii) Waterworks receive the Cryptosporidium treatment credit listed in the following table by meeting the corresponding ozone CT values for the applicable water temperature, as described in subdivision B 3 d (7) (a) of this section.
| CT Values (mg-min/L) for Cryptosporidium Inactivation by Ozone1 |
| Log credit | Water Temperature, °C |
| Less than or equal to 0.5 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 7 | 10 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 30 |
| 0.25 | 6.0 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.5 | 1.6 | 1.0 | 0.6 | 0.39 |
| 0.5 | 12 | 12 | 10 | 9.5 | 7.9 | 6.5 | 4.9 | 3.1 | 2.0 | 1.2 | 0.78 |
| 1.0 | 24 | 23 | 21 | 19 | 16 | 13 | 9.9 | 6.2 | 3.9 | 2.5 | 1.6 |
| 1.5 | 36 | 35 | 31 | 29 | 24 | 20 | 15 | 9.3 | 5.9 | 3.7 | 2.4 |
| 2.0 | 48 | 46 | 42 | 38 | 32 | 26 | 20 | 12 | 7.8 | 4.9 | 3.1 |
| 2.5 | 60 | 58 | 52 | 48 | 40 | 33 | 25 | 16 | 9.8 | 6.2 | 3.9 |
| 3.0 | 72 | 69 | 63 | 57 | 47 | 39 | 30 | 19 | 12 | 7.4 | 4.7 |
FN1 Waterworks may use this equation to determine log credit between the indicated values:
Log credit = (0.0397×(1.09757)Temp)× CT
(c) Ultraviolet light. Waterworks receive Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and virus treatment credits for ultraviolet (UV) light reactors by achieving the corresponding UV dose values shown in subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (i) of this section. Waterworks shall validate and monitor UV reactors as described in subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (ii) and (iii) of this section to demonstrate that they are achieving a particular UV dose value for treatment credit.
(i) UV dose table. The treatment credits listed in this table are for UV light at a wavelength of 254 nm as produced by a low pressure mercury vapor lamp. To receive treatment credit for other lamp types, waterworks shall demonstrate an equivalent germicidal dose through reactor validation testing, as described in subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (ii) of this section. The UV dose values in this table are applicable only to post-filter applications of UV in filtered systems.
UV dose table for Cryptosporidium, Giardia lamblia, and virus inactivation credit
| Log credit | Cryptosporidium UV dose (mJ/cm2) | Giardia lamblia UV dose (mJ/cm2) | Virus UV dose (mJ/cm2) |
| 0.5 | 1.6 | 1.5 | 39 |
| 1.0 | 2.5 | 2.1 | 58 |
| 1.5 | 3.9 | 3.0 | 79 |
| 2.0 | 5.8 | 5.2 | 100 |
| 2.5 | 8.5 | 7.7 | 121 |
| 3.0 | 12 | 11 | 143 |
| 3.5 | 15 | 15 | 163 |
| 4.0 | 22 | 22 | 186 |
(ii) Reactor validation testing. Waterworks shall use UV reactors that have undergone validation testing to determine the operating conditions under which the reactor delivers the UV dose required in subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (i) of this section (i.e., validated operating conditions). These operating conditions shall include flow rate, UV intensity as measured by a UV sensor, and UV lamp status.
((a)) When determining validated operating conditions, owners shall account for the following factors: UV absorbance of the water; lamp fouling and aging; measurement uncertainty of online sensors; UV dose distributions arising from the velocity profiles through the reactor; failure of UV lamps or other critical waterworks components; and inlet and outlet piping or channel configurations of the UV reactor.
((b)) Validation testing shall include the following: full scale testing of a reactor that conforms uniformly to the UV reactors used by the waterworks and inactivation of a test microorganism whose dose response characteristics have been quantified with a low pressure mercury vapor lamp.
(iii) Reactor monitoring.
((a)) Owners shall monitor their UV reactors to determine if the reactors are operating within validated conditions, as determined under subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (ii) of this section. This monitoring shall include UV intensity as measured by a UV sensor, flow rate, lamp status, and other parameters the commissioner designates based on UV reactor operation. Owners shall verify the calibration of UV sensors and shall recalibrate sensors in accordance with a protocol the commissioner approves.
((b)) To receive treatment credit for UV light, waterworks shall treat at least 95% of the water delivered to the public during each month by UV reactors operating within validated conditions for the required UV dose, as described in subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (i) and (ii) of this section. Owners shall demonstrate compliance with this condition by the monitoring required under subdivision B 3 d (7) (c) (iii)((a)) of this section.
e. Owners shall comply with the applicable recordkeeping and reporting requirements described in 12VAC5-590-530 and 12VAC5-590-550.
C. Lead and copper corrosion control treatment requirements.
1. The owners of all community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall install and operate optimum corrosion control treatment by completing the corrosion control treatment requirements described below which are applicable to such waterworks owners under subdivision C 2 of this section.
a. Waterworks owners Owners proposal regarding corrosion control treatment. Based upon the results of lead and copper tap monitoring and water quality parameter monitoring, the owners of small and medium-size waterworks exceeding the lead or copper action level shall propose installation of one or more of the corrosion control treatments listed in subdivision C 1 c (1) of this section which the waterworks owner believes constitutes optimal corrosion control for that waterworks. The commissioner may require the waterworks owner to conduct additional water quality parameter monitoring in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (2) of this section to assist the commissioner in reviewing the proposal.
b. Applicability of studies of corrosion control treatment (applicable to small and medium-size waterworks). The commissioner may require the owner of any small or medium-size waterworks that exceeds the lead or copper action level to perform corrosion control studies under subdivision C 1 c of this section to identify optimal corrosion control treatment for the waterworks.
c. Corrosion control studies.
(1) The owner of any waterworks required by the commissioner to perform corrosion control studies shall evaluate the effectiveness of each of the following treatments, and, if appropriate, combinations of the following treatments to identify the optimal corrosion control treatment for that waterworks:
(a) Alkalinity and pH adjustment;
(b) Calcium hardness adjustment; and
(c) The addition of a phosphate or silicate based corrosion inhibitor at a concentration sufficient to maintain an effective corrosion inhibitor residual concentration in all test tap samples.
(2) The waterworks owner shall evaluate each of the corrosion control treatments using either pipe rig/loop tests, metal coupon tests, partial-system tests, or analyses based on documented analogous treatments with other waterworks of similar size, water chemistry and distribution system configuration.
(3) The waterworks owner shall measure the following water quality parameters in any tests conducted under this paragraph before and after evaluating the corrosion control treatments listed above:
(a) Lead;
(b) Copper;
(c) pH;
(d) Alkalinity;
(e) Calcium;
(f) Conductivity;
(g) Orthophosphate (when an inhibitor containing a phosphate compound is used);
(h) Silicate (when an inhibitor containing a silicate compound is used);
(i) Water temperature.
(4) The waterworks owner shall identify all chemical or physical constraints that limit or prohibit the use of a particular corrosion control treatment and document such constraints with at least one of the following:
(a) Data and documentation showing that a particular corrosion control treatment has adversely affected other water treatment processes when used by another waterworks with comparable water quality characteristics; and/or
(b) Data and documentation demonstrating that the waterworks has previously attempted to evaluate a particular corrosion control treatment and has found that the treatment is ineffective or adversely affects other water quality treatment processes.
(5) The waterworks owner shall evaluate the effect of the chemicals used for corrosion control treatment on other water quality treatment processes.
(6) On the basis of an analysis of the data generated during each evaluation, the waterworks owner shall propose to the field office in writing, the treatment option that the corrosion control studies indicate constitutes optimal corrosion control treatment for that waterworks. The owner shall provide a rationale for its recommendation along with all supporting documentation specified in subdivision C 1 c (1) through (5) of this section.
d. Approval of optimal corrosion control treatment.
(1) Based upon consideration of available information including, where applicable, studies performed under subdivision C 1 c of this section and a waterworks' an owner's proposed treatment alternative, the commissioner shall either approve the corrosion control treatment option recommended by the owner, or designate alternative corrosion control treatment(s) from among those listed in subdivision C 1 c (1) of this section. When approving optimal treatment the commissioner shall consider the effects that additional corrosion control treatment will have on water quality parameters and on other water quality treatment processes.
(2) The commissioner shall notify the waterworks owner of its the determination on optimal corrosion control treatment in writing and explain the basis for this determination. If the commissioner requests additional information to aid a review, the owner shall provide the information.
e. Installation of optimal corrosion control. Each waterworks owner shall properly install and operate throughout the waterworks the optimal corrosion control treatment approved by the commissioner under subdivision C 1 d of this section and under 12VAC5-590-190.
f. Commissioner's review of treatment and specification of optimal water quality control parameters.
(1) The commissioner shall evaluate the results of all lead and copper tap samples and water quality parameter samples submitted by the waterworks owner and determine whether the owner has properly installed and operated the optimal corrosion control treatment approved by the commissioner in subdivision C 1 d of this section. Upon reviewing the results of tap water and water quality parameter monitoring by the owner, both before and after the waterworks installs optimal corrosion control treatment, the commissioner shall designate:
(a) A minimum value or a range of values for pH measured at each entry point to the distribution system;
(b) A minimum pH value, measured in all tap samples. Such value shall be equal to or greater than 7.0, unless the commissioner determines that meeting a pH level of 7.0 is not technologically feasible or is not necessary for the waterworks owner to optimize corrosion control;
(c) If a corrosion inhibitor is used, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for the inhibitor, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples, that the commissioner determines is necessary to form a passivating film on the interior walls of the pipes of the distribution system;
(d) If alkalinity is adjusted as part of optimal corrosion control treatment, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for alkalinity, measured at each entry point to the distribution system and in all tap samples;
(e) if calcium carbonate stabilization is used as part of corrosion control, a minimum concentration or a range of concentrations for calcium, measured in all tap samples.
(2) The values for the applicable water quality control parameters listed above shall be those that the commissioner determines to reflect optimal corrosion control treatment for the waterworks. The commissioner may designate values for additional water quality control parameters determined by the commissioner to reflect optimal corrosion control for the waterworks. The commissioner shall notify the waterworks owner in writing of these determinations and explain the basis for its the decisions.
g. Continued operation and monitoring. The owners of all waterworks optimizing corrosion control shall continue to operate and maintain optimum corrosion control treatment, including maintaining water quality parameters at or above minimum values or within ranges designated by the commissioner under subdivision C 1 f of this section, in accordance with this paragraph for all samples collected under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (4), (5) and (6). Compliance with the requirements of this paragraph shall be determined every six months, as specified under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (4). The owner of a waterworks is out of compliance with the requirements of this paragraph for a six-month period if excursions occur for any commissioner-specified parameter on more than nine days during the period. An excursion occurs whenever the daily value for one or more of the water quality parameters measured at a sampling location is below the minimum value or outside the range designated by the commissioner. Daily values are shall be calculated as follows. The commissioner has discretion to delete results of obvious sampling errors from this calculation.
(1) On days when more than one measurement for the water quality parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the average of all results collected during the day regardless of whether they are collected through continuous monitoring, grab sampling, or a combination of both.
(2) On days when only one measurement for the water quality parameter is collected at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the result of that measurement.
(3) On days when no measurement is collected for the water quality parameter at the sampling location, the daily value shall be the daily value calculated on the most recent day on which the water quality parameter was measured at the sample site.
h. Modification of the commissioner's treatment decisions. Upon his own initiative or in response to a request by a waterworks an owner or other interested party, the commissioner may modify its the determination of the optimal corrosion control treatment under subdivision C 1 d of this section or optimal water quality control parameters under subdivision C 1 f of this section. A request for modification by an owner or other interested party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide supporting documentation. The commissioner may modify the determination where it is concluded that such change is necessary to ensure that the waterworks continues to optimize corrosion control treatment. A revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new treatment requirements, explain the basis for the commissioner's decision, and provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications.
2. Corrosion control treatment steps.
a. Waterworks owners Owners shall complete the applicable corrosion control treatment requirements described in subdivision C 1 of this section by the deadlines established in this section.
(1) The owner Owners of a large waterworks (serving greater than 50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in subdivision C 2 d of this section, unless the owner is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under subdivision C 2 b (2) of this section or C 2 b (3) of this section.
(2) The owner Owners of a small waterworks (serving less than 3,300 persons) and a medium-size waterworks (serving greater than 3,300 and less than 50,000 persons) shall complete the corrosion control treatment steps specified in subdivision C 2 e of this section, unless the owner is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under subdivision C 2 b (1) through (3) of this section.
b. A waterworks An owner is deemed to have optimized corrosion control and is not required to complete the applicable corrosion control treatment steps identified in this section if the waterworks satisfies one of the criteria specified in subdivisions C 2 b (1) through (3) below. The owner of any such waterworks that is deemed to have optimized corrosion control, and which has treatment in place, shall continue to operate and maintain optimal corrosion control treatment and meet any requirements that the commissioner determines appropriate to ensure optimal corrosion control treatment is maintained.
(1) The owner of a small or medium-size waterworks is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if the waterworks meets the lead and copper action levels during each of two consecutive six-month monitoring periods conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a.
(2) Any waterworks owner may be deemed by the commissioner to have optimized corrosion control treatment if the owner demonstrates to the satisfaction of the commissioner that the owner has conducted activities equivalent to the corrosion control steps applicable to such waterworks under this section. If the commissioner makes this determination, the owner shall be provided with a written notice explaining the basis for the decision and the notice shall specify the water quality control parameters representing optimal corrosion control in accordance with subdivision C 1 f of this section. Any waterworks owner deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall operate in compliance with the specified water quality control parameters in accordance with subdivision C 1 g of this section and continue to conduct lead and copper tap and water quality parameter sampling in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) c and 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (4), respectively. The waterworks owner shall provide the district engineer with the following information in order to support a determination under this paragraph:
(a) The results of all test samples collected for each of the water quality parameters in subdivision C 1 c (3) of this section.
(b) A report explaining the test methods used by the waterworks owner to evaluate the corrosion control treatments listed in subdivision C 1 c (1) of this section, the results of all tests conducted, and the basis for the owner's selection of optimal corrosion control treatment;
(c) A report explaining how corrosion control has been installed and how it is being maintained to insure minimal lead and copper concentrations at consumers' taps; and
(d) The results of tap water samples collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a at least once every six months for one year after corrosion control has been installed.
(3) Any waterworks is deemed to have optimized corrosion control if the owner submits results of tap water monitoring conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a and source water monitoring conducted in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c that demonstrates for two consecutive six-month monitoring periods that the difference between the 90th percentile tap water lead level computed under 12VAC5-590-410 E, and the highest source water lead concentration, is less than the P Q L PQL for lead (0.005 mg/L).
(a) Any waterworks owner that submits monitoring results indicating that the highest source water lead level is below the Method Detection Limit may also be deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph if the 90th percentile tap water lead level is less than or equal to the PQL for lead for two consecutive six-month monitoring periods.
(b) Any waterworks owner deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall continue monitoring for lead and copper at the tap no less frequently than once every three calendar years using the reduced number of sites specified in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (3) and collecting the samples at times and locations specified in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (d) (iv). Any such waterworks owner that has not conducted a round of monitoring pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) Since September 30, 1997, shall complete a round of monitoring pursuant to this paragraph no later than September 30, 2000.
(c) Any waterworks owner deemed to have optimized corrosion control pursuant to this paragraph shall notify the district engineer in writing pursuant to 12VAC5-590-530 D 1 c of any change in treatment or the addition of a new water source. The commissioner may require the owner of any such waterworks to conduct additional monitoring or to take other actions the commissioner deems appropriate to ensure that minimum levels of corrosion control are being maintained in the distribution system.
(d) As of July 12, 2001, a waterworks an owner is not deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph, and shall implement corrosion control treatment specified in subdivision C 2 b (3) e of this section unless the copper action level is met.
(e) The owner of a Any waterworks owner triggered into corrosion control because the waterworks no longer is deemed to have optimized corrosion control under this paragraph shall implement corrosion control treatment in accordance with the deadlines in subdivision C 2 e of this section. The owner of any such large waterworks shall adhere to the schedule specified in that paragraph for medium-size systems, with the time period for completing each step being triggered by the date the waterworks owner is no longer deemed to have optimized corrosion control treatment under this paragraph.
c. The owner of any small or medium-size waterworks that is required to complete the corrosion control steps due to the exceedance of the lead or copper action level may cease completing the treatment steps whenever the waterworks meets both action levels during each of two consecutive monitoring periods conducted pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a and the owner submits the results to the field office district engineer. If any such waterworks thereafter exceeds the lead or copper action level during any monitoring period, the owner shall recommence completion of the applicable treatment steps, beginning with the first treatment step which was not previously completed in its entirety. The commissioner may require the owner to repeat treatment steps previously completed where the commissioner determines that this is necessary to properly implement the treatment requirements of this section. The commissioner shall notify the owner in writing of such a determination and explain the basis for its decision. The requirement for the owner of any small- or medium-sized waterworks to implement corrosion control treatment steps in accordance with subdivision 2 e of this subsection (including waterworks deemed to have optimized corrosion control under subdivision 2 b (1) of this subsection) is triggered whenever any small- or medium-sized waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level.
d. Treatment steps and deadlines for large waterworks. Except as provided in subdivisions C 2 b (2) and (3) of this section, owners of large waterworks shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of subdivision C 1 of this section, 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a and b) by the indicated dates.
(1) Step 1: The waterworks owner shall conduct initial monitoring (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a) and B 6 b (2)) during two consecutive six-month monitoring periods by January 1, 1993.
(2) Step 2: The waterworks owner shall complete corrosion control studies (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 c) and submit the study and recommendations to the commissioner (12VAC5-590-200) by July 1, 1994.
(3) Step 3: The commissioner shall approve optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 d) by January 1, 1995.
(4) Step 4: The waterworks owner shall install optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 e) by January 1, 1997.
(5) Step 5: The waterworks owner shall complete follow-up sampling (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (b) and B 6 b (3)) by January 1, 1998.
(6) Step 6: The commissioner shall review installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f) by July 1, 1998.
(7) Step 7: The waterworks owner shall operate the waterworks in compliance with the commissioner-specified optimal water quality control parameters (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 g) and continue to conduct tap sampling (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (c) and B 6 b (4)).
e. Treatment steps and deadlines for small and medium-size waterworks. Except as provided in 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 b, owners of small- and medium-size waterworks shall complete the following corrosion control treatment steps (described in the referenced portions of 12VAC5-590-420 C 1, 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a and b) by the indicated time periods.
(1) Step 1: The waterworks owner shall conduct initial tap sampling (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a) and B 6 b (2)) until the waterworks either exceeds the lead or copper action level or becomes eligible for reduced monitoring under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (d). The owner of a waterworks exceeding the lead or copper action level shall propose optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 a) within six months after it exceeds one of the action levels.
(2) Step 2: Within 12 months after a waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level, the commissioner may require the waterworks owner to perform corrosion control studies (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 b). If the commissioner does not require the owner to perform such studies, the commissioner shall specify optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 d) within the following timeframes:
(a) For medium-size waterworks, within 18 months after such waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level;
(b) For small waterworks, within 24 months after such waterworks exceeds the lead or copper action level.
(3) Step 3: If the commissioner requires a waterworks an owner to perform corrosion control studies under Step 2, the waterworks owner shall complete the studies (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 c) and submit the study and recommendations to the commissioner (12VAC5-590-200) within 18 months after the commissioner requires that such studies be conducted.
(4) Step 4: If the waterworks has performed corrosion control studies under Step 2, the commissioner shall designate optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 d) within six months after completion of Step 3.
(5) Step 5: The waterworks owner shall install optimal corrosion control treatment (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 e) within 24 months after the commissioner designates such treatment.
(6) Step 6: The waterworks owner shall complete follow-up sampling (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (b) and B 6 b (3)) within 36 months after the commissioner designates optimal corrosion control treatment.
(7) Step 7: The commissioner shall review the waterworks owner's installation of treatment and designate optimal water quality control parameters (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 f) within six months after completion of Step 6.
(8) Step 8: The waterworks owner shall operate in compliance with the commissioner designated optimal water quality control parameters (12VAC5-590-420 C 1 g) and continue to conduct tap sampling (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (c) and B 6 b (4)).
D. Water supply (source water) treatment requirements for lead and copper. The owner of any waterworks exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete the applicable water supply monitoring and treatment requirements (described in the referenced portions of subdivision D 2 of this section, and in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a and c) by the following deadlines.
1. Deadlines for completing water supply treatment steps.
a. Step 1: The owner of a waterworks exceeding the lead or copper action level shall complete lead and copper water supply monitoring (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c (2)) and make a treatment proposal to the appropriate field office district engineer within six months after exceeding the lead or copper action level.
b. Step 2: The commissioner shall make a determination regarding the need for water supply treatment (12VAC5-590-420 D 2 b) within six months after submission of monitoring results under Step 1.
c. Step 3: If the commissioner requires installation of water supply treatment, the waterworks owner shall install the treatment (12VAC5-590-420 D 3) within 24 months after completion of Step 2.
d. Step 4: The waterworks owner shall complete follow-up tap water monitoring (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (b)) and water supply lead and copper monitoring (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c (3)) within 36 months after completion of Step 2.
e. Step 5: The commissioner shall review the waterworks owner's installation and operation of water supply treatment and specify maximum permissible water supply lead and copper levels (12VAC5-590-420 D 4) within six months after completion of Step 4.
f. Step 6: The waterworks owner shall operate in compliance with the commissioner-specified maximum permissible lead and copper water supply levels (12VAC5-590-420 D 4) and continue water supply monitoring (12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c (4) (a)).
2. Description of water supply treatment requirements.
a. Waterworks treatment recommendation. The owner of any waterworks which exceeds the lead or copper action level shall propose in writing to the appropriate field office, the installation and operation of one of the water supply treatments listed in subdivision D 2 b of this section. An owner may propose that no treatment be installed based upon a demonstration that water supply treatment is not necessary to minimize lead and copper levels at users' taps.
b. Commissioner's determination regarding water supply treatment. The commissioner shall complete an evaluation of the results of all water supply samples submitted by the waterworks owner to determine whether water supply treatment is necessary to minimize lead or copper levels in water delivered to users' taps. If the division commissioner determines that treatment is needed, the commissioner shall either require installation and operation of the water supply treatment recommended by the waterworks (if any) or require the installation and operation of another water supply treatment from among the following: ion exchange, reverse osmosis, lime softening or coagulation/filtration. If the commissioner requests additional information to aid in the review, the waterworks owner shall provide the information by the date specified by the commissioner in the request. The commissioner shall notify the waterworks owner in writing of the determination and set forth the basis for the decision.
3. Installation of water supply treatment. Each waterworks owner shall properly install and operate the water supply treatment designated by the commissioner under subdivision D 2 b of this section.
4. Commissioner's review of water supply treatment and specification of maximum permissible water supply lead and copper levels. The commissioner shall review the water supply samples taken by the waterworks owner both before and after the waterworks owner installs water supply treatment, and determine whether the owner has properly installed and operated the water supply treatment designated by the commissioner. Based upon the review, the commissioner shall designate the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system. Such levels shall reflect the contaminant removal capability of the treatment properly operated and maintained. The commissioner shall notify the owner in writing and explain the basis for the decision.
5. Continued operation and maintenance. Each waterworks shall be operated to maintain lead and copper levels below the maximum permissible concentrations designated by the commissioner at each sampling point monitored in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c. The waterworks is out of compliance with this subdivision if the level of lead or copper at any sampling point is greater than the maximum permissible concentration designated by the commissioner.
6. Modification of the commissioner's treatment decisions. Upon his own initiative or in response to a request by a waterworks owner or other interested party, the commissioner may modify its determination of the water supply treatment under subdivision D 2 b of this section, or may modify the maximum permissible lead and copper concentrations for finished water entering the distribution system under subdivision D 4 of this section. A request for modification by an owner or other interested party shall be in writing, explain why the modification is appropriate, and provide supporting documentation. The commissioner may modify the determination where he concludes that such change is necessary to ensure that the waterworks continues to minimize lead and copper concentrations in water supplies. A revised determination shall be made in writing, set forth the new treatment requirements, explain the basis for the commissioner's decision, and provide an implementation schedule for completing the treatment modifications.
E. Lead service line replacement requirements.
1. Owners of waterworks that fail to meet the lead action level in tap samples taken pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (b), after installing corrosion control and/or water supply treatment (whichever sampling occurs later), shall replace lead service lines in accordance with the requirements of this section. If a waterworks is in violation of subdivision C 2 of this section or subsection D of this section for failure to install water supply or corrosion control treatment, the commissioner may require the owner to commence lead service line replacement under this section after the date by which the owner was required to conduct monitoring under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (b) has passed.
2. A waterworks An owner shall replace annually at least 7.0% of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system. The initial number of lead service lines is the number of lead lines in place at the time the replacement program begins. The waterworks owner shall identify the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system, including an identification of the portion or portions owned by the waterworks, based upon a materials evaluation, including the evaluation required under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (a) and relevant authorities (e.g., contracts, local ordinances) regarding the portion owned by the waterworks. The first year of lead service line replacement shall begin on the date the action level was exceeded in tap sampling referenced in subdivision E 1 of this section.
3. A waterworks An owner is not required to replace an individual lead service line if the lead concentration in all service line samples from that line, taken pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2) (c), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/L.
4. A waterworks An owner shall replace that portion of the lead service line that is owned by the waterworks. In cases where the waterworks owner does not own the entire lead service line, the waterworks owner shall notify the building owner, or the building owner's authorized agent, that the waterworks owner will replace that portion of the service line that is owned by the waterworks and shall offer to replace the building owner's portion of the line. The waterworks owner is not required to bear the cost of replacing the building owner's portion of the service line, nor is the waterworks owner required to replace the building owner's portion where the waterworks owner chooses not to pay the cost of replacing the building owner's portion of the line, or where replacing the building owner's portion would be precluded by state, local or common law. A waterworks owner that does not replace the entire length of the service line also shall complete the following tasks.
a. At least 45 days prior to commencing with the partial replacement of a lead service line, the waterworks owner shall provide notice to the resident or residents of all buildings served by the line explaining that they may experience a temporary increase of lead levels in their drinking water, along with guidance on measures consumers can take to minimize their exposure to lead. The commissioner may allow the waterworks owner to provide notice under the previous sentence less that than 45 days prior to commencing partial lead service line replacement where such replacement is in conjunction with emergency repairs. In addition, the waterworks owner shall inform the resident or residents served by the line that the waterworks owner will, at the waterworks owner's expense, collect a sample from each partially-replaced lead service line that is representative of the water in the service line for analysis of lead content, as prescribed in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2) (c), within 72 hours after the completion of the partial replacement of the lead service line. The waterworks owner shall collect the sample and report the results of the analysis to the building owner and resident or residents served by the line within three business days of receiving the results. Mailed notices post-marked within three business days of receiving the results shall be considered "on time."
b. The waterworks owner shall provide the information required by subdivision E 4 a of this section to the residents of individual dwellings by mail or by other methods approved by the commissioner. In instances where multi-family dwellings are served by the line, the waterworks owner shall have the option to post the information at a conspicuous location.
5. The commissioner shall require a waterworks owner to replace lead service lines on a shorter schedule than that required by this section, taking into account the number of lead service lines in the waterworks, where such a shorter replacement schedule is feasible. The commissioner shall make this determination in writing and notify the owner of the findings within 6 months after the waterworks is triggered into lead service line replacement based on monitoring referenced in subdivision E 1 of this section.
6. Any waterworks owner may cease replacing lead service lines whenever first draw tap samples collected pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2) (b) meet the lead action level during each of two consecutive monitoring periods and the owner submits the results to the appropriate district engineer. If the first draw tap samples collected in any such waterworks thereafter exceeds the lead action level, the owner shall recommence replacing lead service lines, pursuant to subdivision E 2 of this section.
7. To demonstrate compliance with subdivisions E 1 through E 4 of this section, a waterworks owner shall report to the appropriate field office district engineer the information specified in 12VAC5-590-530 d 5.
F. Lead public education requirements. The owner of a waterworks that exceeds the lead action level based on tap water samples collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a shall deliver the public education materials contained in subdivisions F 1 and 2 of this section in accordance with the requirements in subdivision F 3 of this section.
1. Content of written public education materials. A waterworks owner shall include the following text in all of the printed materials distributed through the lead public education program.
a. Community waterworks. The owner of a community waterworks shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through the lead public education program. Waterworks owners may delete information pertaining to lead service line replacement, upon approval by the commissioner, if no lead service lines exist anywhere in the waterworks service area. Public education language in subdivisions F 1 a (4) (b) (v) and F 1 a (4) (d) (ii) of this section may be modified regarding building permit record availability and consumer access to these records, if approved by the commissioner. Waterworks owners may also continue to utilize pre-printed materials that meet the public education language requirements in 40 CFR 141.85, effective November 6, 1991, and contained in the 40 CFR Parts 100 to 149, edition revised as of July 1, 1991. Any additional information presented by a waterworks owner shall be consistent with the information below and be in plain English that can be understood by lay people.
(1) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and (insert name of waterworks) are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Although most homes have very low levels of lead in their drinking water, some homes in the community have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter of water (mg/L). Under Federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by (insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your waterworks). This program includes corrosion control treatment, source water treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation please give us a call at (insert waterworks phone number). This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect you and your family by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(2) Health effects of lead. Lead is a common metal found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that will not hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination like dirt and dust that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths.
(3) Lead in drinking water.
(a) Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20% or more of a person's total exposure to lead.
(b) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect your house to the water main (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
(c) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon after returning from work or school, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
(4) Steps you can take in the home to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water.
(a) Despite our best efforts mentioned earlier to control water corrosivity and remove lead from the water supply, lead levels in some homes or buildings can be high. To find out whether you need to take action in your own home, have your drinking water tested to determine if it contains excessive concentrations of lead. Testing the water is essential because you cannot see, taste, or smell lead in drinking water. Some local laboratories that can provide this service are listed at the end of this booklet. (The waterworks owners should contact the Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services at (804) 786-3411 for a list of certified laboratories in their area). For more information on having your water tested, please call (insert phone number of waterworks).
(b) If a water test indicates that the drinking water drawn from a tap in your home contains lead above 15 ppb, then you should take the following precautions:
(i) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in your home's plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet until the water gets noticeably colder, usually about 15-30 seconds. If your house has a lead service line to the water main, you may have to flush the water for a longer time, perhaps one minute, before drinking. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of your home's plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your family's health. It usually uses less than one or two gallons of water and costs less than (insert a cost estimate based on flushing two times a day for 30 days) per month. To conserve water, fill a couple of bottles for drinking water after flushing the tap, and whenever possible use the first flush water to wash the dishes or water the plants. If you live in a high-rise building, letting the water flow before using it may not work to lessen your risk from lead. The plumbing systems have more, and sometimes larger pipes than smaller buildings. Ask your landlord for help in locating the source of the lead and for advice on reducing the lead level.
(ii) Try not to cook with, or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and heat it on the stove or microwave.
(iii) Remove loose lead solder and debris from the plumbing materials installed in newly constructed homes, or homes in which the plumbing has recently been replaced, by removing the faucet strainers from all taps and running the water from three to five minutes. Thereafter, periodically remove the strainers and flush out any debris that has accumulated over time.
(iv) If your copper pipes are joined with lead solder that has been installed illegally since it was banned in 1986, notify the plumber who did the work and request that he replace the lead solder with lead-free solder. Lead solder looks dull gray, and when scratched with a key looks shiny. In addition, notify the local building official in your city or county.
(v) Determine whether the service line that connects your home or apartment to the water main is made of lead. The best way to determine if your service line is made of lead is by either hiring a licensed plumber to inspect the line or by contacting the plumbing contractor who installed the line. You can identify the plumbing contractor by checking your localities' record of building permits which should be maintained in the files of the (insert name of department that issues building permits). A licensed plumber can at the same time check to see if your home's plumbing contains lead solder, lead pipes, or pipe fittings that contain lead. The waterworks that delivers water to your home should also maintain records of the materials located in the distribution system. If the service line that connects your dwelling to the water main contributes more than 15 ppb to drinking water, after our comprehensive treatment program is in place, we are required to replace the portion of the line we own. Since the line is only partially owned by the (insert the name of the city, county, or waterworks that owns the line), we are required to provide the owner of the privately-owned portion of the line with information on how to replace the privately-owned portion of the service line, and offer to replace that portion of the line at the line owner's expense. If we replace only the portion of the line that we own, we also are required to notify you in advance and provide you with information on the steps you can take to minimize exposure to any temporary increase in lead levels that may result from the partial replacement, to take a follow-up sample at our expense from the line within 72 hours after the partial replacement, and to mail or otherwise provide you with the results of that sample within three business days of receiving the results. Acceptable replacement alternatives include copper, steel, iron, and plastic pipes and must shall comply with local plumbing codes.
(vi) Have an electrician check your wiring. If grounding wires from the electrical system are attached to your pipes, corrosion may be greater. Check with a licensed electrician or your local electrical code to determine if your wiring can be grounded elsewhere. DO NOT attempt to change the wiring yourself because improper grounding can cause electrical shock and fire hazards.
(c) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if a water test indicates that the drinking water coming from your tap contains lead concentrations in excess of 15 ppb after flushing, or after we have completed our actions to minimize lead levels, then you may want to take the following additional measures.
(i) Purchase or lease a home treatment device. Home treatment devices are limited in that each unit treats only the water that flows from the faucet to which it is connected, and all of the devices require periodic maintenance and replacement. Devices such as reverse osmosis systems or distillers can effectively remove lead from your drinking water. Some activated carbon filters may reduce lead levels at the tap, however all lead reduction claims should be investigated. Be sure to check the actual performance of a specific home treatment device before and after installing the unit.
(ii) Purchase bottled water for drinking and cooking.
(d) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include:
(i) (Insert the name of the waterworks) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about your community's waterworks and a list of local laboratories that have been certified by Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services for testing water quality.
(ii) (Insert the name of city or county department that issues building permits) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about building permit records that should contain the names of plumbing contractors that plumbed your home.
(iii) The Medical Director of (Insert the name of the city or county) Health Department, and the Virginia Department of Health Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Lead Safe Virginia Program Director at 1-877-668-7987 can provide you with information about the health effects of lead and how you can have your child's blood tested.
(e) The following is a list of some state-approved laboratories in your area that you can call to have your water tested for lead. (Insert names and phone numbers of at least two laboratories.)
b. Nontransient noncommunity waterworks. The owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall either include the text specified in subdivision F 1 a of this section or shall include the following text in all of the printed materials it distributes through its lead public education program. The waterworks owner may delete information pertaining to lead service lines upon approval by the commissioner if no lead service lines exist anywhere in the waterworks service area. Any additional information presented by a waterworks owner shall be consistent with the information below and be in plain English that can be understood by lay people.
(1) Introduction. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and (insert name of waterworks) are concerned about lead in your drinking water. Some drinking water samples taken from this facility have lead levels above the EPA action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb), or 0.015 milligrams of lead per liter (mg/L)of water. Under federal law we are required to have a program in place to minimize lead in your drinking water by (insert date when corrosion control will be completed for your waterworks). This program includes corrosion control treatment, water supply treatment, and public education. We are also required to replace the portion of each lead service line that we own if the line contributes lead concentrations of more than 15 ppb after we have completed the comprehensive treatment program. If you have any questions about how we are carrying out the requirements of the lead regulation, please give us a call at (insert waterworks phone number). This brochure explains the simple steps you can take to protect yourself by reducing your exposure to lead in drinking water.
(2) Health effects of lead. Lead is found throughout the environment in lead-based paint, air, soil, household dust, food, certain types of pottery, porcelain and pewter, and water. Lead can pose a significant risk to your health if too much of it enters your body. Lead builds up in the body over many years and can cause damage to the brain, red blood cells and kidneys. The greatest risk is to young children and pregnant women. Amounts of lead that won't hurt adults can slow down normal mental and physical development of growing bodies. In addition, a child at play often comes into contact with sources of lead contamination like dirt and dust that rarely affect an adult. It is important to wash children's hands and toys often, and to try to make sure they only put food in their mouths.
(3) Lead in drinking water.
(a) Lead in drinking water, although rarely the sole cause of lead poisoning, can significantly increase a person's total lead exposure, particularly the exposure of infants who drink baby formulas and concentrated juices that are mixed with water. The EPA estimates that drinking water can make up 20% or more of a person's total exposure to lead.
(b) Lead is unusual among drinking water contaminants in that it seldom occurs naturally in water supplies like rivers and lakes. Lead enters drinking water primarily as a result of the corrosion, or wearing away, of materials containing lead in the water distribution system and household plumbing. These materials include lead-based solder used to join copper pipe, brass and chrome-plated brass faucets, and in some cases, pipes made of lead that connect houses and buildings to water mains (service lines). In 1986, Congress banned the use of lead solder containing greater than 0.2% lead, and restricted the lead content of faucets, pipes and other plumbing materials to 8.0%.
(c) When water stands in lead pipes or plumbing systems containing lead for several hours or more, the lead may dissolve into your drinking water. This means the first water drawn from the tap in the morning, or later in the afternoon if the water has not been used all day, can contain fairly high levels of lead.
(4) Steps you can take to reduce exposure to lead in drinking water.
(a) Let the water run from the tap before using it for drinking or cooking any time the water in a faucet has gone unused for more than six hours. The longer water resides in plumbing the more lead it may contain. Flushing the tap means running the cold water faucet for about 15 to 30 seconds. Although toilet flushing or showering flushes water through a portion of the plumbing system, you still need to flush the water in each faucet before using it for drinking or cooking. Flushing tap water is a simple and inexpensive measure you can take to protect your health. It usually uses less than one gallon of water.
(b) Do not cook with or drink water from the hot water tap. Hot water can dissolve more lead more quickly than cold water. If you need hot water, draw water from the cold tap and then heat it.
(c) The steps described above will reduce the lead concentrations in your drinking water. However, if you are still concerned, you may wish to use bottled water for drinking and cooking.
(d) You can consult a variety of sources for additional information. Your family doctor or pediatrician can perform a blood test for lead and provide you with information about the health effects of lead. State and local government agencies that can be contacted include:
(i) (Insert the name or title of facility official if appropriate) at (insert phone number) can provide you with information about your facility's water supply; and
(ii) The Medical Director of (Insert the name of the city or county Health Department), and the Virginia Department of Health, Division of Child and Adolescent Health, Lead Safe Virginia Program Director at 1-877-668-7987 can provide you with information about the health effects of lead.
2. Content of broadcast materials. A waterworks An owner shall include the following information in all public service announcements submitted under the lead public education program to television and radio stations for broadcasting:
a. Why should everyone want to know the facts about lead and drinking water? Because unhealthy amounts of lead can enter drinking water through the plumbing in your home. That's why I urge you to do what I did. I had my water tested for (insert free or $ per sample). You can contact the (insert the name of the waterworks) for information on testing and on simple ways to reduce your exposure to lead in drinking water.
b. To have your water tested for lead, or to get more information about this public health concern, please call (insert the phone number of the waterworks).
3. Delivery of a public education program.
a. In communities where a significant proportion of the population speaks a language other than English, public education materials shall be communicated in the appropriate language(s).
b. The owner of a community waterworks that exceeds the lead action level on the basis of tap water samples collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a, and that is not already repeating public education tasks pursuant to subdivisions F 3 c, F 3 g, or F 3 h of this section, shall, within 60 days:
(1) Insert notices in each customer's water utility bill containing the information in subdivision F 1 of this section, along with the following alert on the water bill itself in large print: "SOME HOMES IN THIS COMMUNITY HAVE ELEVATED LEAD LEVELS IN THEIR DRINKING WATER. LEAD CAN POSE A SIGNIFICANT RISK TO YOUR HEALTH. PLEASE READ THE ENCLOSED NOTICE FOR FURTHER INFORMATION." The owner of a community waterworks having a billing cycle that does not include a billing within 60 days of exceeding the action level, or that cannot insert information in the water utility bill without making major changes to its billing system, may use a separate mailing to deliver the information in subdivision F 1 a of this section as long as the information is delivered to each customer within 60 days of exceeding the action level. The owner of such waterworks shall also include the "alert" language specified in this paragraph.
(2) Submit the information in subdivision F 1 of this section to the editorial departments of the major daily and weekly newspapers circulated throughout the community.
(3) Deliver pamphlets and/or brochures that contain the public education materials in subdivisions F 1 b and d of this section to facilities and organizations, including the following:
(a) Public schools and/or local school boards;
(b) City or county health department;
(c) Women, Infants, and Children and/or Head Start Program(s) whenever available;
(d) Public and private hospitals and/or clinics;
(e) Pediatricians;
(f) Family planning clinics; and
(g) Local welfare agencies.
(4) Submit the public service announcement in subdivision F 2 of this section to at least five of the radio and television stations with the largest audiences that broadcast to the community served by the waterworks.
c. The owner of a community waterworks shall repeat the tasks contained in subdivisions F 3 b (1), (2), and (3) of this section every 12 months, and the tasks contained in subdivision F 3 b (4) of this section every six months for as long as the waterworks exceeds the lead action level.
d. Within 60 days after it exceeds the lead action level (unless it already is repeating public education tasks pursuant to subdivision F 3 e of this section), the owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall deliver the public education materials contained in subdivisions F 1 a or the public education materials specified by subdivision F 1 b of this section as follows:
(1) Post informational posters on lead in drinking water in a public place or common area in each of the buildings served by the waterworks; and
(2) Distribute informational pamphlets and/or brochures on lead in drinking water to each person served by the nontransient noncommunity waterworks. The commissioner may allow the waterworks owner to utilize electronic transmission in lieu of or combined with printed materials as long as it achieves at least the same coverage.
e. The owner of a nontransient noncommunity waterworks shall repeat the tasks contained in subdivision F 3 d of this section at least once during each calendar year in which the waterworks exceeds the lead action level.
f. A waterworks An owner may discontinue delivery of public education materials if the waterworks has met the lead action level during the most recent six-month monitoring period conducted pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a. The owner shall recommence public education in accordance with this section if the waterworks subsequently exceeds the lead action level during any monitoring period.
g. The owner of a community waterworks may apply to the district engineer, in writing, (unless the commissioner has waived the requirement for prior approval) to use the text specified in subdivision F 1 b of this section in lieu of the text in subdivision F 1 a of this section and to perform the tasks listed in subdivisions F 3 d and F 3 e of this section in lieu of the tasks in subdivisions F 3 b and F 3 c of this section if:
(1) The waterworks serves a facility, such as a prison or a hospital, where the population served is not capable of or is prevented from making improvements to plumbing or installing point of use treatment devices; and
(2) The waterworks owner provides water as part of the cost of services provided and does not separately charge for water consumption.
h. The owner of a community water system serving 3,300 or fewer people may omit the task contained in subdivision F 3 b (4) of this section. As long as the owner distributes notices containing the information contained in subdivision F 1 a of this section to every household served by the waterworks, such waterworks owners may further limit their public education programs as follows:
(1) Waterworks serving 500 or fewer people may forego the task contained in subdivision F 3 b (2) of this section. Such a waterworks an owner may limit the distribution of the public education materials required under subdivision F 3 b (3) of this section to facilities and organizations served by the waterworks that are most likely to be visited regularly by pregnant women and children, unless it is notified by the commissioner in writing that it must make a broader distribution.
(2) If approved by the commissioner in writing, the owner of a waterworks owner serving 501 to 3,300 people may omit the task in subdivision F 3 b (2) of this section and/or limit the distribution of the public education materials required under subdivision F 3 b (3) of this section to facilities and organizations served by the waterworks that are most likely to be visited regularly by pregnant women and children.
i. The owner of a community waterworks serving 3,300 or fewer people that who delivers public education in accordance with subdivision F 3 h of this section shall repeat the required public education tasks at least once during each calendar year in which the waterworks exceeds the lead action level.
4. Supplemental monitoring and notification of results. The owner of a waterworks that fails to meet the lead action level on the basis of tap samples collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a shall offer to sample the tap water of any customer who requests it. The owner is not required to pay for collecting or analyzing the sample, nor is the owner required to collect and analyze the sample itself.
G. Beginning January 1, 1993, each waterworks owner shall certify annually in writing to the commissioner (using third party or manufacturer's certification) that, when polymers containing acrylamide or epichlorohydrin are used by the waterworks in drinking water systems, the combination (or product) of dose and monomer level does not exceed the following specified levels: Acrylamide = 0.05% dosed at 1 ppm (or equivalent) of polymer. Epichlorohydrin = 0.01% dosed at 20 ppm (or equivalent) of polymer. Certifications may rely on manufacturers or third parties, as approved by the commissioner.
H. Treatment technique for control of disinfection byproduct (DBPP) precursors.
1. Applicability.
a. Waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water using conventional filtration treatment must shall operate with enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening to achieve the TOC percent removal levels specified in subdivision H 2 of this section unless the waterworks meets at least one of the alternative compliance criteria listed in subdivision H 1 b or c of this section.
b. Alternative compliance criteria for enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening waterworks. Waterworks Owners of waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water provided with conventional filtration treatment may use the alternative compliance criteria in subdivisions H 1 b (1) through (6) of this section to comply with this section in lieu of complying with subdivision H 2 of this section. Waterworks must Owners shall still comply with monitoring requirements in 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 i.
(1) The waterworks' source water TOC level, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
(2) The waterworks' treated water TOC level, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than 2.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
(3) The waterworks' source water TOC level, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than 4.0 mg/L, calculated quarterly as a running annual average; the source water alkalinity, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is greater than 60 mg/L (as CaCO3), calculated quarterly as a running annual average; and either the TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively; or prior to the effective date for compliance in 12VAC590-370 B 3 a, the waterworks owner has made a clear and irrevocable financial commitment not later than the effective date for compliance in 12VAC590-370 B 3 a to use of technologies that will limit the levels of TTHMs and HAA5 to no more than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively. Waterworks must Owners shall submit evidence of a clear and irrevocable financial commitment, in addition to a schedule containing milestones and periodic progress reports for installation and operation of appropriate technologies, to the commissioner for approval not later than the effective date for compliance in 12VAC590-370 B 3 a. These technologies must shall be installed and operating not later than June 30, 2005. Failure to install and operate these technologies by the date in the approved schedule will constitute a violation of these regulations.
(4) The TTHM and HAA5 running annual averages are no greater than 0.040 mg/L and 0.030 mg/L, respectively, and the waterworks uses only chlorine for primary disinfection and maintenance of a residual in the distribution system.
(5) The waterworks' source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and measured monthly according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
(6) The waterworks' finished water SUVA, measured monthly according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than or equal to 2.0 L/mg-m, calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
c. Additional alternative compliance criteria for softening waterworks. Waterworks practicing enhanced softening that cannot achieve the TOC removals required by subdivision H 2 b of this section may use the alternative compliance criteria in subdivisions H 1 c (1) and (2) of this section in lieu of complying with subdivision H 2 of this section. Waterworks must Owners shall still comply with monitoring requirements in 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 i.
(1) Softening that results in lowering the treated water alkalinity to less than 60 mg/L (as CaCO3), measured monthly according to 12VAC5-590-440 and calculated quarterly as a running annual average.
(2) Softening that results in removing at least 10 mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO3), measured monthly according to 12VAC5-590-440 and calculated quarterly as an a running annual running average.
2. Enhanced coagulation and enhanced softening performance requirements.
a. Waterworks must shall achieve the percent reduction of TOC specified in subdivision H 2 b of this section between the source water and the combined filter effluent, unless the commissioner approves a waterworks' request for alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under subdivision H 2 c of this section.
b. Required Step 1 TOC reductions, indicated in the following table, are based upon specified source water parameters measured in accordance with 12VAC5-590-440. Waterworks practicing softening are required to meet the Step 1 TOC reductions in the far-right column (Source water alkalinity greater than 120 mg/L) for the specified source water TOC:
Step 1 Required Removal of TOC by Enhanced Coagulation and Enhanced Softening for Community or Nontransient Noncommunity Waterworks That Use Surface Water or Groundwater Under the Direct Influence of Surface Water Using Conventional Treatment 1, 2
| Source-water TOC mg/L | Source-water alkalinity, mg/L as CaCO3 |
| 0-60 | > 60-120 greater than 60-120
| >1203 greater than 1203
|
| >2.0-4.0 greater than 2.0 - 4.0
| 35.0% | 25.0% | 15.0% |
| >4.0-8.0 greater than 4.0 - 8.0
| 45.0% | 35.0% | 25.0% |
| >8.0 greater than 8.0
| 50.0% | 40.0% | 30.0% |
1 Waterworks meeting at least one of the conditions in subdivisions H 1 b (1) through (6) of this section are not required to operate with enhanced coagulation.
2 Softening waterworks meeting one of the alternative compliance criteria in subdivision H 1 c of this section are not required to operate with enhanced softening.
3 Waterworks practicing softening must shall meet the TOC removal requirements in this column.
c. Waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water with conventional treatment systems that cannot achieve the Step 1 TOC removals required by subdivision H 2 b of this section due to water quality parameters or operational constraints must shall apply to the commissioner, within three months of failure to achieve the TOC removals required by subdivision H 2 b of this section, for approval of alternative minimum TOC (Step 2) removal requirements submitted by the waterworks. If the commissioner approves the alternative minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the commissioner may make those requirements retroactive for the purposes of determining compliance. Until the commissioner approves the alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements, the waterworks must owner shall meet the Step 1 TOC removals contained in subdivision H 2 b of this section.
d. Alternate minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements. Applications, made to the commissioner by waterworks using enhanced coagulation, for approval of alternative minimum TOC removal (Step 2) requirements under subdivision H 2 c of this section must shall include, at a minimum, results of bench- or pilot-scale testing conducted under subdivision H 2 d (1) of this section. The submitted bench- or pilot-scale testing must shall be used to determine the alternate enhanced coagulation level.
(1) Alternate enhanced coagulation level is defined as coagulation at a coagulant dose and pH as determined by the method described in subdivisions H 2 d (1) through (5) of this section such that an incremental addition of 10 mg/L of alum (or equivalent amount of ferric salt) results in a TOC removal of equal to or less than 0.3 mg/L. The percent removal of TOC at this point on the "TOC removal versus coagulant dose" curve is then defined as the minimum TOC removal required for the waterworks. Once approved by the commissioner, this minimum requirement supersedes the minimum TOC removal required by the table in subdivision H 2 b of this section. This requirement will be effective until such time as the commissioner approves a new value based on the results of a new bench- and pilot-scale test. Failure to achieve the alternative minimum TOC removal levels set by the commissioner is a violation of these regulations.
(2) Bench- or pilot-scale testing of enhanced coagulation must shall be conducted by using representative water samples and adding 10 mg/L increments of alum (or equivalent amounts of ferric salt) until the pH is reduced to a level less than or equal to the enhanced coagulation Step 2 target pH shown in the following table:
Enhanced Coagulation Step 2 Target pH
| Alkalinity (mg/L as CaCO3) | Target pH |
| 0-60 | 5.5 |
| >greater than 60-120
| 6.3 |
| >greater than 120-240
| 7.0 |
| >greater than 240
| 7.5 |
(3) For waters with alkalinities of less than 60 mg/L for which addition of small amounts of alum or equivalent addition of iron coagulant drives the pH below 5.5 before significant TOC removal occurs, the waterworks must owner shall add necessary chemicals to maintain the pH between 5.3 and 5.7 in samples until the TOC removal of 0.3 mg/L per 10 mg/L alum added (or equivalent addition of iron coagulant) is reached.
(4) The waterworks owner may operate at any coagulant dose or pH necessary (consistent with other sections of these regulations) to achieve the minimum TOC percent removal approved under subdivision H 2 c of this section.
(5) If the TOC removal is consistently less than 0.3 mg/L of TOC per 10 mg/L of incremental alum dose at all dosages of alum (or equivalent addition of iron coagulant), the water is deemed to contain TOC not amenable to enhanced coagulation. The waterworks may then apply to the commissioner for a waiver of enhanced coagulation requirements.
3. Compliance calculations.
a. Waterworks Owners of waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water other than those identified in subdivision H 1 b or H 1 c of this section must shall comply with requirements contained in subdivision H 2 b or H 2 c of this section. Waterworks must Owners shall calculate compliance quarterly, beginning after the waterworks has collected 12 months of data, by determining an annual average using the following method:
(1) Determine actual monthly TOC percent removal, equal to:
(1-(treated water TOC/source water TOC))X100
(2) Determine the required monthly TOC percent removal (from either the table in subdivision H 2 b of this section or from subdivision H 2 c of this section).
(3) Divide the value in subdivision H 3 a (1) of this section by the value in subdivision H 3 a (2) of this section.
(4) Add together the results of subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section for the last 12 months and divide by 12.
(5) If the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (4) of this section is less than 1.00, the waterworks is not in compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements.
b. Waterworks Owners may use the provisions in subdivisions H 3 b (1) through (5) of this section in lieu of the calculations in subdivisions H 3 a (1) through (5) of this section to determine compliance with TOC percent removal requirements.
(1) In any month that the waterworks' treated or source water TOC level, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is less than 2.0 mg/L, the waterworks owner may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of subdivision H 3 a of this section.
(2) In any month that a waterworks practicing softening removes at least 10 mg/L of magnesium hardness (as CaCO3), the waterworks may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of subdivision H 3 a of this section.
(3) In any month that the waterworks' source water SUVA, prior to any treatment and measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is equal to or less than 2.0 L/mg-m, the waterworks owner may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of subdivision H 3 a of this section.
(4) In any month that the waterworks' finished water SUVA, measured according to 12VAC5-590-440, is equal to or less than 2.0 L/mg-m, the waterworks owner may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of subdivision H 3 a of this section.
(5) In any month that a waterworks practicing enhanced softening lowers alkalinity below 60 mg/L (as CaCO3), the waterworks owner may assign a monthly value of 1.0 (in lieu of the value calculated in subdivision H 3 a (3) of this section) when calculating compliance under the provisions of subdivision H 3 a of this section.
c. Waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and using conventional treatment may also comply with the requirements of this section by meeting the criteria in subdivision H 1 b or c of this section.
4. Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening is the treatment technique required to control the level of DBP precursors in drinking water treatment and distribution systems for waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and using conventional treatment.
I. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for disinfection byproducts show in Table 2.13 are listed below:
1. Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10, with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant is the best available technology for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for TTHM or HAA5.
2. Control of ozone treatment process to reduce production of bromate is the best available technology for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for bromate.
3. Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels is the best available technology for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant level for chlorite.
1. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for bromate and chlorite:
| Disinfection byproduct | Best available technology |
| Bromate | Control of ozone treatment process to reduce production of bromate. |
| Chlorite | Control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels |
2. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the running annual average maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5:
| Disinfection byproduct | Best available technology |
| Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) | Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening or GAC10, with chlorine as the primary and residual disinfectant |
3. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the locational running annual average maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5 for all systems that disinfect their source water:
| Disinfection byproduct | Best available technology |
| Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) | Enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening, plus GAC10; or nanofiltration with a molecular weight cutoff less than or equal to 1000 Daltons; or GAC20 |
4. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the locational running annual average maximum contaminant levels for TTHM and HAA5 for consecutive systems and applies only to the disinfected water that consecutive systems buy or otherwise receive:
| Disinfection byproduct | Best available technology |
| Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) and Haloacetic acids (five) (HAA5) | Systems serving equal to or greater than 10,000: Improved distribution system and storage tank management to reduce residence time, plus the use of chloramines for disinfectant residual maintenance Systems serving less than 10,000: Improved distribution system and storage tank management to reduce residence time |
J. The best technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum residual disinfectant levels identified in Table 2.12 is the control of treatment processes to reduce disinfectant demand and control of disinfection treatment processes to reduce disinfectant levels.
K. If spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes are recycled, in any waterworks supplied by a surface water source and waterworks supplied by a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water that employ conventional filtration or direct filtration treatment, then they are subject to the recycle treatment technique requirement. Under this requirement recycle flows must shall be returned through all the processes of the treatment system, or an alternative location approved by the state, by June 8, 2004.
L. Waterworks with uncovered finished water storage facilities shall comply with the requirements to cover the facility or treat the discharge from the facility as described in this paragraph.
1. Waterworks using uncovered finished water storage facilities shall comply with the conditions of this section.
2. Owners shall notify the commissioner of the use of each uncovered finished water storage facility no later than April 1, 2008.
3. Owners shall meet the conditions of subdivision L 3 a or b of this section for each uncovered finished water storage facility or be in compliance with a State-approved schedule to meet these conditions no later than April 1, 2009.
a. All uncovered finished water storage facilities shall be covered.
b. Waterworks shall treat the discharge from the uncovered finished water storage facility to the distribution system to achieve inactivation and/or removal of at least 4-log virus, 3-log Giardia lamblia, and 2-log Cryptosporidium using a protocol approved by the commissioner.
4. Failure to comply with the requirements of this section is a violation of the treatment technique requirement.
12VAC5-590-440. Analytical methods.
Analytical methods to determine compliance with the requirements of this chapter shall be those specified in the applicable edition of "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater," published by the American Public Health Association, the American Water Works Association, and the Water Pollution Control Federation; "Methods for Chemical Analysis of Water and Wastes," Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Technology Transfer, Washington, D.C. 20460, 1974; and "Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Finished Drinking Water and Raw Source Water" (Sept 1986), EPA, Environmental Monitoring and Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, OH 45268 or in the case of primary maximum contaminant levels and lead and copper action levels, those methods shall be followed by the Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services and consistent with current U.S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations found at 40 CFR Part 141. All laboratories seeking certification to perform drinking water analyses must shall comply with all appropriate regulations promulgated by the Department of General Services, Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services.
Table 2.2 ― Inorganic Chemicals.
| Substance | Primary Maximum Contaminant Level (mg/L) |
| Antimony | 0.006 |
| Arsenic (As) | 0.010*** |
| Asbestos | 7 Million Fibers/Liter (longer than 10 um) |
| Barium (Ba) | 2 |
| Beryllium | 0.004 |
| Cadium Cadmium (Cd)
| 0.005 |
| Chromium (Cr) | 0.1 |
| Cyanide (as free Cyanide) | 0.2 |
| Fluoride (F) | 4.0 # |
| Mercury (Hg) | 0.002 |
| Nickel | 0.1 |
| Nitrate (as N) | 10 ** |
| Nitrite (as N) | 1 |
| Total Nitrate and Nitrite (as N) | 10 |
| Selenium (Se) | 0.05 |
| Thallium | 0.002 |
| Substance | Secondary Maximum Contaminant Level (mg/L) |
| Chloride (Cl) | 250.0 |
| Corrosivity | Noncorrosive Noncorrosive, See Appendix B
|
| Fluoride | 2.0 |
| Foaming Agents | 0.5 * |
| Iron (Fe) | 0.3 |
| Manganese (Mn) | 0.05 |
| Sodium (Na) | No Limits Designated |
| Sulfate (SO4) | 250.0 |
| Zinc (Zn) | 5.0 |
| Substance | Action Level (mg/L) |
| Lead (Pb) | 0.015 |
| Copper (Cu) | 1.3 |
# Note. For artificially fluoridated waterworks the minimum concentration of fluoride should be 0.8 mg/L and the maximum should be 1.0 mg/L. The optimum control limit is 0.9 mg/L. (See Appendix B)
* Note. Concentration reported in terms of Methylene Blue Active Substances.
** Note. See Appendix B for Exception Regarding Noncommunity Waterworks.
*** Note. The PMCL for arsenic is 0.010 mg/L for community and nontransient noncommunity waterworks effective January 23, 2006. Arsenic sampling results shall be reported to the nearest 0.001 mg/L.
Table 2.3 ― Organic Chemicals.
| Substance | Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels (mg/L) | |
| VOC | |
| 1. Vinyl Chloride | 0.002 | |
| 2. Benzene | 0.005 | |
| 3. Carbon Tetrachloride | 0.005 | |
| 4. 1,2‑Dichloroethane | 0.005 | |
| 5. Trichloroethylene (TCE) | 0.005 | |
| 6. 1,1‑Dichloroethylene | 0.007 | |
| 7. 1,1,1‑Trichloroethane | 0.2 | |
| 8. para‑Dichlorobenzene | 0.075 | |
| 9. cis‑1,2‑Dichloroethylene | 0.07 | |
| 10. 1,2‑Dichloropropane | 0.005 | |
| 11. Ethylbenzene | 0.7 | |
| 12. Monochlorobenzene | 0.1 | |
| 13. o‑Dichlorobenznen | 0.6 | |
| 14. Styrene | 0.1 | |
| 15. Tetrachloroethylene | 0.005 | |
| 16. Toluene | 1 | |
| 17. trans‑1,2‑Dichloroethylene | 0.1 | |
| 18. Xylene (total) | 10 | |
| 19. Dichloromethane | 0.005 | |
| 20. 1,2,4‑Trichlorobenzene | 0.07 | |
| 21. 1,1,2‑Trichloroethane | 0.05 | |
| SOC | |
| 1. Alachlor | 0.002 | |
| 2. Atrazine | 0.003 | |
| 3. Carbofuran | 0.04 | |
| 4. Chlordane | 0.002 | |
| 5. Heptachlor | 0.0004 | |
| 6. Heptachlor epoxide | 0.0002 | |
| 7. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) | 0.0005 | |
| 8. Dibromochloropropane (DBCP) | 0.0002 | |
| 9. Ethylene dibromide (EDB) | 0.00005 | |
| 10. Lindane | 0.0002 | |
| 11. Methoxychlor | 0.04 | |
| 12. Toxaphene | 0.003 | |
| 13.,4‑Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4‑D) | 0.07 | |
| 14. 2,4,5‑Trichlorophenoxypropionic Acid (2,4,5‑TP or Silvex) | 0.05 | |
| 15. Reserved | | |
| 16. Reserved | | |
| 17. Reserved | | |
| 18. Pentachlorophenol | 0.001 | |
| 19. Benzo(a)pyrene | 0.0002 | |
| 20. Dalapon | 0.2 | |
| 21. Di(2‑ethylhexy)adipate | 0.4 | |
| 22. Di(2‑ethylhexy)phthalate | 0.006 | |
| 23. Dinoseb | 0.007 | |
| 24. Diquat | 0.02 | |
| 25. Endothall | 0.1 | |
| 26. Endrin | 0.002 | |
| 27. Glyphosate | 0.7 | |
| 28. Hexachlorobenzene | 0.001 | |
| 29. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene | 0.05 | |
| 30. Oxamyl (Vydate) | 0.2 | |
| 31. Picloram | 0.5 | |
| 32. Simazine | 0.004 | |
| 33. 2,3,7,8‑TCDD (Dioxin) | 3 X 10-8 | |
| | | |
| | | |
Table 2.4 ― Physical Quality.
| Parameter | Maximum Contaminant Level | Concentration |
| Color | Secondary | 15 Color Units |
| Odor | Secondary | 3 Threshold odor numbers |
| pH | Secondary | 6.5‑8.5 |
| Total Dissolved | Secondary | 500 mg/L Solids (TDS) |
| Turbidity | Primary | *1 Turbidity Unit |
* See Appendix B for operational requirements.
Table 2.5 ― Radiological Quality.
| A. Maximum Contaminant Level Goals for Radionuclides |
| SUBSTANCE | MCLG |
| 1. Combined radium-226 and radium-228. | zero Zero
|
| 2. Gross alpha particle activity (excluding Radon and uranium) | zero Zero
|
| 3. Beta particle and photon radioactivity. | zero Zero
|
| 4. Uranium | zero Zero
|
| B. Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels for Radionuclides |
| SUBSTANCE | Primary Maximum Contaminant Level |
| 1. Combined radium‑226 and radium‑228 | 5 pCi/L |
| 2. Gross Alpha Activity (excluding Radon and Uranium) | 15 pCi/L |
| 3. Uranium | 30 μg/L |
| Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels for Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity from Man-Made Radionuclides |
| 1. The average annual concentration of Beta particle and Photon radioactivity from man-made radionuclides in drinking water shall not produce an annual dose equivalent to the total body or any internal organ greater than 4 millirem/year. |
| 2. Except for the radionuclides listed in Schedule I, the concentration of man-made radionuclides causing 4 MREM total body or organ dose equivalents shall be calculated on the basis of a 2 liter per day drinking water intake using the 168-hour data listed in "Maximum Permissible Body Burdens and Maximum Permissible Concentrations of Radionuclides in Air and Water for Occupational Exposure,' MBS Handbook 69 as amended August 1963, U.S. Department of Commerce. If two or more radionuclides are present, the sum of their annual dose equivalent to the total body or to any organ exceed 4 millirem/year. |
| Schedule 1 |
| Average annual concentrations assumed to produce a total body organ dose of 4 mrem/year. |
| Radionuclide | Critical Organ | pCi/liter |
| Tritium | Total Body | 20,000 |
| Strontium‑90 | Bone Marrow | 8 |
| | | |
* See Appendix B.
Table 2.6 ― Unregulated Contaminant Organics to be Monitored.
| Group A |
| 1. Chloroform | 12. Chloromethane |
| 2. Bromodichloromethane | 13. Bromoethane |
| 3. Chlorodibromomethane | 14. 1,2,3‑Trichloropropane |
| 4. Bromoform | 15. 1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane |
| 5. Chlorobenzene | 16. Chloroethane |
| 6. m‑Dichlorobenzene | 17. 2,2‑Dichloropropane |
| 7. Dibromomethane | 18. o‑Chlorotoluene |
| 8. 1,1‑Dichloropropene | 19. p‑Chlorotoluene |
| 9. 1,1‑Dichloroethane | 20. Bromobenzene |
| 10. 1,1,2,2‑Tetrachloroethane | 21. 1,3‑Dichloropropene |
| 11. 1,3‑Dichloropropane | |
| Group B |
| 1. Aldrin | 8. Metoachlor |
| 2. Butachlor | 9. Metribuzin |
| 3. Carbaryl | 10. Propachlor |
| 4. Dicamba | 11. Aldicarb |
| 5. Dieldrin | 12. Aldicarb sulfone |
| 6. Methomyl | 13. Aldicarb sulfoxide |
| 7. 3‑Hyposycarbofuran | |
Table 2.7 ― Organic Chemical Monitoring Implementation Schedule Inorganics to be Monitored. Reserved
Table 2.8 ― Organic Chemical Monitoring Implementation Schedule.
| Number of Persons Served | Monitoring to Begin During the Quarter that Begins |
| over Over 10,000
| January 1,1988 |
| 3,300 to 10,000 | January 1,1989 |
| less than 3,300 | January 1,1991 |
Table 2.9 ― PMCL Effective Dates.
| Table 2.3, Organics Chemicals, VOC 1 through 8 (Phase I) | January 9, 1989 |
| Total Trihalomethanes and Fluoride | July 1, 1991 |
| Table 2.3, Organics Chemicals, VOC 9 through 18 and SOC 1 through 14 (Phase II VOCs and SOCs) | July 30, 1992 |
| Asbestos, Cadmium, Chromium, Mercury, Nitrate, Nitrite, Total Nitrate+Nitrite, Selenium (Phase II IOCs) | July 30, 1992 |
| Table 2.3, Organics Chemicals, SOC 15 through 18 and Table 2.2, Inorganic Chemicals, Barium (Phase II SOCs and IOCs) | January 1, 1993 |
| Table 2.3, Organics Chemicals, VOC 19 through 21, SOC 19 through 33 and Table 2.2, Inorganic Chemicals; antimony, beryllium, cyanide (as free cyanide), nickel, and thallium | January 17, 1994 |
| Uranium | December 8, 2003 |
Table 2.10 ― Maximum Contaminant Level Goals for Microbiological Contaminants.
| Contaminant | MCLG |
| Giardia lamblia | zero Zero
|
| Viruses | zero Zero
|
| Legionella | zero Zero
|
| Total coliforms (including fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli) | zeroZero
|
| Cryptosporidium | zero Zero
|
Table 2.11 ― Maximum Contaminant Level Goals for Disinfection Byproducts.
| Disinfection byproduct | MCLG (mg/L) |
| Chloroform Bromate
| zero Zero
|
| Bromodichloromethane | zero Zero
|
| Bromoform | zero Zero
|
| Bromate Chlorite
| zero 0.8
|
| Dichloroacetic acid Chloroform
| zero Zero
|
| Trichloroacetic acid Dibromochloromethane
| 0.3 0.06
|
| Chlorite Dichloroacetic acid
| 0.8 Zero
|
| Monochloroacetic acid | 0.07 |
| Dibromochloromethane Trichloroacetic acid
| 0.06 0.02
|
Table 2.12 ― Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goals (MRDLG) and Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels (MRDL) for Disinfectants
| Disinfectant residual | MRDLG(mg/L) | MRDL (mg/L) |
| Chlorine | 4 (as Cl2) | 4.0 (as Cl2) |
| Chloramines | 4 (as Cl2) | 4.0 (as Cl2) |
| Chlorine dioxide | 0.8 (as ClO2) | 0.8 (as ClO2) |
Notwithstanding the MRDLs in Table 2.12, waterworks owners may increase residual disinfectant levels in the distribution system of chlorine or chloramines (but not chlorine dioxide) to a level and for a time necessary to protect public health, to address specific microbiological contamination problems caused by circumstances such as, but not limited to, distribution line breaks, storm run-off events, source water contamination events, or cross-connection events.
Table 2.13 ― Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels (PMCL) for Disinfection Byproducts
| Disinfection byproduct | Current PMCL1 (mg/L)
| Future PMCL2 (mg/L)
|
| Total trihalomethanes (TTHM) | 0.10
| 0.080 |
| Haloacetic acids Acids (five) (HAA5) | | 0.060 |
| Bromate | | 0.010 |
| Chlorite | | 1.0 |
1 The primary maximum contaminant level (PMCL) of 0.10 mg/L for total trihalomethanes (the sum of the concentrations of bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, tribromomethane (bromoform), and trichloromethane (chloroform)) applies to community waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water that serve a population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2001. This level applies to community waterworks that use only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water and that serve a population of 10,000 people or more until December 31, 2003. Compliance with the primary maximum contaminant level for total trihalomethanes is calculated pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 C 2 b (2) (a) (i). After December 31, 2003, this PMCL is no longer applicable.
2 Community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water and serving 10,000 or more persons, must comply with this PMCL beginning January 1, 2002. Community or nontransient noncommunity waterworks that use surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water serving fewer than 10,000 persons and waterworks using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water must comply with this PMCL beginning January 1, 2004.
12VAC5-590-500. Disinfection by chlorination.
A. All water supplies derived from surface water sources in whole or in part shall be disinfected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-1000 until June 29, 1993. It is recommended that a chlorine residual be maintained. Beginning June 29, 1993, every owner of a waterworks shall comply with the disinfection requirements of 12VAC5-590-420.
B. Waterworks Owners of waterworks utilizing surface waters as a water supply shall practice prechlorination. The requirement for prechlorination may be waived by the division when warranted.
C. Waterworks Owners of waterworks utilizing groundwater as a water supply that has been determined by the division to be under the direct influence of surface water, as provided in 12VAC5-590-430, will be required to disinfect. If the division commissioner determines that the groundwater supply is surface influenced, the waterworks owner shall provide disinfection during the interim before filtration is installed in accordance with 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 f. If filtration is installed prior to June 29, 1993, the owner shall comply with the disinfection requirements of 12VAC5-590-1000 until June 29, 1993. By June 29, 1993, all waterworks owners of waterworks using a groundwater source determined to be under the direct influence of surface water must shall comply with the disinfection requirements of 12VAC5-590-420.
D. Any The owner of any waterworks utilizing groundwater as a water supply that is not governed by 12VAC5-590-500 will be required to disinfect in accordance with 12VAC5-590-1000 if a sanitary survey reveals a potential source of contamination or if the water fails to meet the bacteriological quality standards set forth in Article 1 (12VAC5-590-340 et seq.) of Part II of this chapter.
E. Disinfection profile data and disinfection benchmark data.
1. Any The owner of any waterworks that has disinfection profile data must shall retain this data in graphic form, as a spreadsheet, or in some other format acceptable to the commissioner for review as part of sanitary surveys conducted by the commissioner. Appendix L lists the procedure for developing a disinfection profile.
2. Disinfection benchmarking.
a. Any The owner of any waterworks that has developed a disinfection profile and that decides to make a significant change to its disinfection practice must shall consult with the commissioner prior to making such change. Significant changes to disinfection practice are:
(1) Changes to the point of disinfection;
(2) Changes to the disinfectants used in the treatment plant;
(3) Changes to the disinfection process; and
(4) Any other modification identified by the commissioner.
b. Any The owner of any waterworks that is modifying its disinfection practice must shall calculate its disinfection benchmark using the following procedure:
(1) For each year of profiling data collected, the waterworks must owner shall determine the lowest average monthly Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling data. The waterworks must owner shall determine the average Giardia lamblia inactivation for each calendar month for each year of profiling data by dividing the sum of daily (or weekly) Giardia lamblia inactivation by the number of values calculated for that month.
(2) The disinfection benchmark is the lowest monthly average value (for waterworks with one year of profiling data) or average of lowest monthly average values (for waterworks with more than one year of profiling data) of the monthly logs of Giardia lamblia inactivation in each year of profiling data.
(3) A The owner of a waterworks that uses either chloramines or ozone for primary disinfection must shall also calculate the disinfection benchmark for viruses using a method approved by the commissioner.
c. The waterworks must owner shall submit the following information to the commissioner as part of the waterworks' consultation process.
(1) A description of the proposed change;
(2) The disinfection profile for Giardia lamblia (and, if necessary, viruses) and benchmark listed in subdivision E 2 b of this section;
(3) An analysis of how the proposed change will affect the current levels of disinfection; and
(4) Any additional information to justify the change.
12VAC5-590-530. Reporting.
A. The results of any required monitoring activity shall be reported by the waterworks owner (or their authorized agent) to the appropriate field office ODW no later than the 10th day of the month following the month during which the tests were taken. The results of any required monitoring activity shall be reported by the owner in a format prescribed by the commissioner.
1. Waterworks Owners of waterworks required to sample quarterly must shall report to the appropriate field office ODW within 10 days after the end of each quarter in which samples were collected.
2. Waterworks Owners of waterworks required to sample less frequently than quarterly must shall report to the appropriate field office district engineer within 10 days after the end of each monitoring period in which samples were collected.
B. It shall be the duty and responsibility of an owner to report to the appropriate field office ODW in the most expeditious manner (usually by telephone) under the following circumstances. If it is done by telephone a confirming report shall be mailed as soon as practical.
1. When a bacteriological examination shows a repeat sample is required (see 12VAC5-590-380 D), a report shall be made within 48 hours. A waterworks owner must An owner shall report a total coliform PMCL violation to the appropriate field office district engineer no later than the end of the next business day.
2. When the daily average of turbidity testing exceeds 5 NTU a report shall be made within 48 hours.
3. When a Primary Maximum Contaminant Level PMCL of an inorganic or organic chemical is exceeded for a single sample the owner shall report same within seven days. If any one sample result would cause the compliance average to be exceeded the owner shall report same in 48 hours.
4. When the average value of samples collected pursuant to 12VAC5-590-410 exceeds the Primary Maximum Contaminant Level PMCL of any organic or inorganic chemical the owner shall report same within 48 hours.
5. When the maximum contaminant level for radionuclides has been exceeded as determined by Table 2.5 the results shall be reported within 48 hours.
6. The waterworks owner shall report to the appropriate field office district engineer within 48 hours the failure to comply with the monitoring and sanitary survey requirements of this chapter.
7. The waterworks owner shall report to the appropriate field office district engineer within 48 hours the failure to comply with the requirements of any schedule prescribed pursuant to a variance or exemption.
8. The waterworks owner shall report a Tier 1 violation or situation, as described in 12VAC5-590-540 A 1, to the appropriate field office district engineer as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the waterworks owner learns of the Tier 1 violation or situation. At the same time the report is made, the owner shall consult with the field office to determine the need for any additional actions to address the violation or situation.
9. The waterworks owner shall report a violation of treatment technique requirement resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit, as described in 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 a (2), B 2 a (3) (b), B 2 b (2), B 2 c (2), and B 2 d, to the appropriate field office district engineer as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the waterworks owner learns of the violation. At the same time the report is made, the owner shall consult with the field office to determine the need for any additional actions to address the violation or situation.
C. Reporting requirements for filtration treatment and disinfection treatment.
1. The owner of a waterworks that provides filtration treatment shall report monthly to the division commissioner the following specified information beginning June 29, 1993, or when filtration is installed, whichever is later.
a. Turbidity measurements as required by 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 a shall be reported within 10 days after the end of each month the waterworks serves water to the public. Information that shall be reported includes:
(1) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month.
(2) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month which are less than or equal to the turbidity limits specified in 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 for the filtration technology being used.
(3) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month which exceed 5 NTU.
b. A waterworks The owner of a waterworks using surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water that provides conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration must shall report monthly to the commissioner the information specified in subdivisions C 1 a (1) and (2) of this section beginning January 1, 2002, for waterworks serving at least 10,000 people or January 1, 2005, for waterworks serving less than 10,000 people. Also, the owner of a waterworks that provides filtration approved under 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 d must shall report monthly to the commissioner the information specified in subdivision C 1 a (1) of this section beginning January 1, 2002, for waterworks serving at least 10,000 people or January 1, 2005, for waterworks serving less than 10,000 people.
(1) Turbidity measurements as required by 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 a (3) must shall be reported within 10 days after the end of each month the system serves water to the public. Information that must shall be reported includes:
(a) The total number of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month.
(b) The number and percentage of filtered water turbidity measurements taken during the month that are less than or equal to the turbidity limits specified in 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 a (3) or 12VAC5-590-420 B 2 d.
(c) The date and value of any turbidity measurements taken during the month that exceed 1 NTU for systems using conventional filtration treatment or direct filtration, or that exceed the maximum level set by the commissioner under 12VAC590-420 B 2 d.
(2) Waterworks must The owner shall maintain the results of individual filter monitoring taken under 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 b (1) for at least three years. Waterworks must The owner shall report that they have he has conducted individual filter turbidity monitoring under 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 b (1) within 10 days after the end of each month the waterworks system serves water to the public. Waterworks must Owners shall report individual filter turbidity measurement results taken under 12VAC5-590-370 B 7 b (1) within 10 days after the end of each month the waterworks serves water to the public only if measurements demonstrate one or more of the conditions in subdivisions C 1 b (2) (a) or (b) of this section. Waterworks The owners of waterworks that use lime softening may apply to the commissioner for alternative exceedance levels for the levels specified in subdivisions C 1 b (2) (a) or (b) of this section if they can demonstrate that higher turbidity levels in individual filters are due to lime carryover only and not due to degraded filter performance.
(a) For waterworks serving 10,000 or more people:
(i) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart, the waterworks must owner shall report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date, or dates, on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the waterworks must owner shall either produce a filter profile for the filter within seven days of the exceedance (if the waterworks owner is not able to identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the exceedance.
(ii) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 0.5 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at the end of the first four hours of continuous filter operation after the filter has been backwashed or otherwise taken offline, the waterworks must owner shall report the filter number, the turbidity, and the date, or dates, on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the waterworks must owner shall either produce a filter profile for the filter within seven days of the exceedance (if the waterworks owner is not able to identify an obvious reason for the abnormal filter performance) and report that the profile has been produced or report the obvious reason for the exceedance.
(iii) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of three consecutive months, the waterworks must owner shall report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date, or dates, on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the waterworks must owner shall conduct a self-assessment of the filter within 14 days of the exceedance and report that the self-assessment was conducted. The self-assessment must shall consist of at least the following components: assessment of filter performance; development of a filter profile; identification and prioritization of factors limiting filter performance; assessment of the applicability of corrections; and preparation of a filter self-assessment report.
(iv) For any individual filter that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of two consecutive months, the waterworks must owner shall report the filter number, the turbidity measurement, and the date, or dates, on which the exceedance occurred. In addition, the waterworks must owner shall arrange for the conduct of a comprehensive performance evaluation by the commissioner or a third party approved by the commissioner no later than 30 days following the exceedance and have the evaluation completed and submitted to the commissioner no later than 90 days following the exceedance.
(b) For waterworks serving less than 10,000 people:
(i) For any individual filter (or the turbidity of combined filter effluent for systems with two filters that monitor combined filter effluent in lieu of individual filters) that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart, the waterworks must owner shall report the filter number(s), the turbidity measurement(s), and the date, or dates, on which the exceedance occurred and the cause (if known) for the exceedance(s).
(ii) For any individual filter (or the turbidity of combined filter effluent for systems with two filters that monitor combined filter effluent in lieu of individual filters) that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 1.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of three consecutive months, the waterworks must owner shall conduct a self-assessment of the filter(s) within 14 days of the day the filter exceeded 1.0 NTU unless a comprehensive performance evaluation as specified in paragraph (iii) of this section was required. Waterworks Owners of waterworks with two filters that monitor the combined filter effluent in lieu of individual filters must shall conduct a self assessment on both filters. The self-assessment must shall be reported to the commissioner and consist of at least the following components: date self-assessment was triggered,; date the self-assessment was completed,; assessment of filter performance; development of a filter profile; identification and prioritization of factors limiting filter performance; assessment of the applicability of corrections; and preparation of a filter self-assessment report. The self assessment must shall be submitted within 10 days after the end of the month or 14 days after the self assessment was triggered only if it was triggered during the last four days of the month.
(iii) For any individual filter (or the turbidity of combined filter effluent for systems with two filters that monitor combined filter effluent in lieu of individual filters) that has a measured turbidity level of greater than 2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements taken 15 minutes apart at any time in each of two consecutive months, the waterworks must owner shall arrange for a comprehensive performance evaluation by the commissioner or a third party approved by the commissioner no later than 60 days following the day the filter exceeded 2.0 NTU in two consecutive months. The waterworks must owner shall report within 10 days after the end of the month that a comprehensive performance evaluation is required and the date that it was triggered. If a comprehensive performance evaluation has been completed by the commissioner or a third party approved by the commissioner within the 12 prior months or the waterworks owner and the commissioner are jointly participating in an ongoing Comprehensive Technical Assistance project at the waterworks, a new comprehensive performance evaluation is not required. If conducted, a comprehensive performance evaluation must shall be completed and submitted to the commissioner no later than 120 days following the day the filter exceeded 2.0 NTU in two consecutive measurements for the second straight month.
c. Reporting source water monitoring results.
(1) Owners shall report results from the source water monitoring required in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a no later than 10 days after the end of the first month following the month when the sample is collected.
(2) Owners shall report the applicable information in (a) and (b) as follows for the source water monitoring required in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a.
(a) Owners shall report the following data elements for each Cryptosporidium analysis:
| Data element |
| PWS ID |
| Facility ID |
| Sample collection date |
| Sample type (field or matrix spike) |
| Sample volume filtered (L), to nearest ¼ L |
| Was 100% of filtered volume examined |
| Number of oocysts counted |
(i) For matrix spike samples, the owner shall also report the sample volume spiked and estimated number of oocysts spiked. These data are not required for field samples.
(ii) For samples in which less than 10 L is filtered or less than 100% of the sample volume is examined, the owner shall also report the number of filters used and the packed pellet volume.
(iii) For samples in which less than 100% of sample volume is examined, the owner shall also report the volume of resuspended concentrate and volume of this resuspension processed through immunomagnetic separation.
(b) Owners shall report the following data elements for each E. coli analysis:
| Data element |
| 1. PWS ID |
| 2. Facility ID |
| 3. Sample collection date |
| 4. Analytical method number |
| 5. Method type |
| 6. Source type (flowing stream, lake/reservoir, GUDI) |
| 7. E. coli/100 mL |
| 8. Turbiditya |
FNa Owners of waterworks serving fewer than 10,000 people that are not required to monitor for turbidity under in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a are not required to report turbidity with their E. coli results.
2. Disinfection information specified below shall be reported to the division district engineer within 10 days after the end of each month the waterworks serves water to the public. Information that shall be reported includes:
a. For each day, the lowest measurement of residual disinfectant concentration in mg/l mg/L in water entering the distribution system.
b. The date and duration of each period when the residual disinfectant concentration in water entering the distribution system fell below 0.2 mg/l mg/L and when the division district engineer was notified of the occurrence.
c. The following information on the samples taken in the distribution system in conjunction with total coliform monitoring pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 B.
(1) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured;
(2) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured but HPC is measured;
(3) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is measured but not detected and no HPC is measured;
(4) Number of instances where no residual disinfectant concentration is detected and where HPC is greater than 500/mL;
(5) Number of instances where the residual disinfectant concentration is not measured and HPC is greater than 500/mL;
(6) For the current and previous month the system serves water to the public, the value of "V" in percent in the following formula:
| | V = | c + d + e | X 100 |
| a + b |
a = the value in subdivision C 2 c (1) of this section
b = the value in subdivision C 2 c (2) of this section
c = the value in subdivision C 2 c (3) of this section
d = the value in subdivision C 2 c (4) of this section
e = the value in subdivision C 2 c (5) of this section
(7) If the division determines, based on site specific considerations, that a waterworks owner has no means for having a sample transported and analyzed for HPC by a certified laboratory within the requisite time and temperature conditions and that the waterworks is providing adequate disinfection in the distribution system, the requirements of subdivision C 2 c (1) through (6) of this section do not apply.
d. A waterworks An owner need not report the data listed in subdivision C 2 a of this section if all data listed in subdivisions C 2 a through c of this section remain on file at the waterworks and the division commissioner determines that the waterworks owner has submitted all of the information required by subdivisions C 2 a through c of this section for the last 12 months.
3. If at any time the chlorine residual falls below 0.2 mg/l mg/L in the water entering the distribution system, the waterworks owner shall notify the division district engineer as soon as possible, but no later than by the end of the next business day. The waterworks owner also shall notify the division district engineer by the end of the next business day whether or not the residual was restored to at least 0.2 mg/l mg/L within four hours.
D. Reporting requirements for lead and copper. All waterworks owners shall report all of the following information to the appropriate field office district engineer in accordance with this section.
1. Reporting requirements for tap water monitoring for lead and copper and for water quality parameter monitoring.
a. A waterworks An owner shall report the information specified below for all tap water samples within the first 10 days following the end of each applicable monitoring period specified in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a, b and c (i.e., every six months, annually, or every three years).
(1) The results of all tap samples for lead and copper including location or a location site code and the criteria under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (c), (d), (e), (f) and/or (g) under which the site was selected for the waterworks' sampling pool;
(2) A certification that each first draw sample collected by the waterworks is one-liter in volume and, to the best of their knowledge, has stood motionless in the service line, or in the interior plumbing of a sampling site, for at least six hours;
(3) Where residents collected samples, a certification that each tap sample collected by the residents was taken after the waterworks owner informed them of proper sampling procedures specified in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (2) (b);
(4) The 90th percentile lead and copper concentrations measured from among all lead and copper tap water samples collected during each monitoring period (calculated in accordance with 12VAC5-590-410 E 3);
(5) With the exception of initial tap sampling conducted pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a), the waterworks owner shall designate any site which that was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why sampling sites have changed;
(6) The results of all tap samples for pH, and where applicable, alkalinity, calcium, conductivity, temperature, and orthophosphate or silica collected under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (2) through (5);
(7) The results of all samples collected at the entry point(s) to the distribution system for applicable water quality parameters under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 b (2) through (5).
b. By the applicable date in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a) for commencement of monitoring, the owner of each community waterworks which that does not complete the targeted sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (c) shall send a letter to the appropriate field office district engineer justifying the selection of tier 2 and/or tier 3 sampling sites under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (d) and/or (e).
c. By the applicable date in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a) for commencement of monitoring, the owner of each nontransient, noncommunity waterworks which that does not complete the sampling pool with tier 1 sampling sites meeting the criteria in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (f) shall send a letter to the appropriate field office justifying the selection of sampling sites under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (g).
d. By the applicable date in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (a) for commencement of monitoring, the owner of each waterworks with lead service lines that is not able to locate the number of sites served by such lines required under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (b) (i) shall send a letter to the appropriate field office district engineer demonstrating why the owner was unable to locate a sufficient number of such sites based upon the information listed in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1) (b).
e. Each waterworks owner who requests that the commissioner reduce the number and frequency of sampling shall provide the information required under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (4) (d).
2. Water supply (source water) monitoring reporting requirements.
a. A waterworks An owner shall report the sampling results for all source water samples collected in accordance with 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c within the first 10 days following the end of each source water monitoring period (i.e., annually, per compliance period, per compliance cycle) specified in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c.
b. With the exception of the first round of source water sampling conducted pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 c (2), the waterworks owner shall specify any site which was not sampled during previous monitoring periods, and include an explanation of why the sampling point has changed.
3. Corrosion control treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable dates under 12VAC5-590-420 C 2, waterworks owners shall report the following information:
a. For waterworks demonstrating that they have already optimized corrosion control, information required in 12VAC5-590-420 C 2 b (2) or (3).
b. For waterworks required to optimize corrosion control, the owner's recommendation regarding optimal corrosion control treatment under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 a.
c. For waterworks required to evaluate the effectiveness of corrosion control treatments under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 c, the information required by that subdivision.
d. For waterworks required to install optimal corrosion control designated by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 d (1), a letter certifying that the owner has completed installing that treatment.
4. Water supply source water treatment reporting requirements. By the applicable dates in 12VAC5-590-420 D, waterworks owners shall provide the following information to the appropriate field office district engineer:
a. If required under 12VAC5-590-420 D 2 a, the owner's recommendation regarding source water treatment;
b. For waterworks required to install source water treatment under 12VAC5-590-420 D 2 b, a letter certifying that the waterworks owner has completed installing the treatment designated by the commissioner within 24 months after the commissioner designated the treatment.
5. Lead service line replacement reporting requirements. Waterworks owners Owners shall report the following information to the appropriate field office district engineer to demonstrate compliance with the requirements of 12VAC5-590-420 E:
a. Within 12 months after a waterworks exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 12VAC5-590-420 E 1, the owner shall demonstrate in writing to the appropriate field office district engineer that the owner has conducted a materials evaluation, including the evaluation in 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (1), to identify the initial number of lead service lines in the distribution system, and shall provide the appropriate field office district engineer with the waterworks' schedule for replacing annually at least 7.0% of the initial number of lead service lines in its distribution system.
b. Within 12 months after a waterworks exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 12VAC5-590-420 E 1, and every 12 months thereafter, the waterworks owner shall demonstrate to the appropriate field office district engineer in writing that the waterworks owner has either:
(1) Replaced in the previous 12 months at least 7.0% of the initial lead service lines (or a greater number of lines specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 E 6) in the distribution system, or
(2) Conducted sampling which that demonstrates that the lead concentration in all service line samples from an individual line(s), taken pursuant to 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a (7) (c), is less than or equal to 0.015 mg/l mg/L. In such cases, the total number of lines replaced and/or which meet the criteria in 12VAC5-590-420 E 3 shall equal at least 7.0% of the initial number of lead lines identified under subdivision D 5 a of this section (or the percentage specified by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-420 E 6).
c. The annual letter submitted to the appropriate field office district engineer under subdivision D 5 b of this section shall contain the following information:
(1) The number of lead service lines scheduled to be replaced during the previous year of the waterworks' replacement schedule;
(2) The number and location of each lead service line replaced during the previous year of the waterworks' replacement schedule;
(3) If measured, the water lead concentration and location of each lead service line sampled, the sampling method, and the date of sampling.
d. As soon as practicable, but in no case later than three months after a waterworks exceeds the lead action level in sampling referred to in 12VAC5-590-420 E 1, any waterworks owner seeking to rebut the presumption that it has control over the entire lead service line pursuant to 12VAC5-590-420 E 4 shall submit a letter to the appropriate field office district engineer describing the legal authority (e.g., state statutes, municipal ordinances, public service contracts or other applicable legal authority) which limits the waterworks owner's control over the service lines and the extent of the waterworks owner's control.
6. Public education program reporting requirements. By December 31 of each year, the owner of any waterworks that is subject to the public education requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 F shall submit a letter to the appropriate field office district engineer demonstrating that the waterworks owner has delivered the public education materials that meet the content requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 F 1 and 2 and the delivery requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 F 3. This information shall include a list of all the newspapers, radio stations, television stations, facilities and organizations to which the owner delivered public education materials during the previous year. The owner shall submit the letter required by this subdivision annually for as long as it exceeds the lead action level.
7. Reporting of additional monitoring data. The owner of any waterworks which collects sampling data in addition to that required by this subpart shall report the results to the appropriate field office district engineer within the first 10 days following the end of the applicable monitoring period under 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a, b and c during which the samples are collected.
E. Reporting requirements for disinfection byproducts. Waterworks must Owners shall report the following information in accordance with subsection A of this section. (The field office district engineer may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the PMCL was violated, in lieu of having the waterworks owner report that information):
1. A waterworks monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 a on a quarterly or more frequent basis must report:
1. Running Annual Average Reporting:
a. The owner of a waterworks monitoring for TTHM and HAA5 under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (1) on a quarterly or more frequent basis shall report:
a.(1) The number of samples taken during the last quarter.
b.(2) The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter.
c.(3) The arithmetic average of all samples taken in the last quarter.
d.(4) The annual arithmetic average of the quarterly arithmetic averages of this section for the last four quarters.
e.(5) Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b (1) (a), the PMCL was violated.
2 A waterworks b. The owner of a waterworks monitoring for TTHMs and HAA5 under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 a e (1) less frequently than quarterly (but at least annually) must shall report:
a.(1) The number of samples taken during the last year.
b.(2) The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last monitoring period.
c.(3) The arithmetic average of all samples taken over the last year.
d.(4) Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b (1) (a) the PMCL was violated.
3 A c. The owner of a waterworks monitoring for TTHMs and HAA5 under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 a e (1) less frequently than annually must shall report:
a.(1) The location, date, and result of the last sample taken.
b. (2) Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b (1) (a), the PMCL was violated.
2. Locational Running Annual Average (LRAA) Reporting:
a. Owners shall report the following information for each monitoring location to the commissioner:
(1) Number of samples taken during the last quarter.
(2) Date and results of each sample taken during the last quarter.
(3) Arithmetic average of quarterly results for the last four quarters for each LRAA, beginning at the end of the fourth calendar quarter that follows the compliance date and at the end of each subsequent quarter. If the LRAA calculated based on fewer than four quarters of data would cause the PMCL to be exceeded regardless of the monitoring results of subsequent quarters, the owner shall report this information to the commissioner as part of the first report due following the compliance date or anytime thereafter that this determination is made. If the owner is required to conduct monitoring at a frequency that is less than quarterly, the owner shall make compliance calculations beginning with the first compliance sample taken after the compliance date, unless the owner is required to conduct increased monitoring under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (3) (g).
(4) Whether, based on Table 2.13, the PMCL was violated at any monitoring location.
(5) Any operational evaluation levels, under 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b(1) (b) (iv), that were exceeded during the quarter and, if so, the location and date, and the calculated TTHM and HAA5 levels.
b. Owners of waterworks using surface water or GUDI seeking to qualify for or remain on reduced TTHM/HAA5 monitoring shall report the following source water TOC information for each treatment plant that treats surface water or ground water under the direct influence of surface water to the commissioner within 10 days of the end of any quarter in which monitoring is required:
(1) The number of source water TOC samples taken each month during last quarter.
(2) The date and result of each sample taken during last quarter.
(3) The quarterly average of monthly samples taken during last quarter or the result of the quarterly sample.
(4) The running annual average (RAA) of quarterly averages from the past four quarters.
(5) Whether the RAA exceeded 4.0 mg/L.
4. A 3. The owner of a waterworks monitoring for chlorite under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 f must shall report:
a. The number of entry point samples taken each month for the last three months.
b. The location, date, and result of each sample (both entry point and distribution system) taken during the last quarter.
c. For each month in the reporting period, the arithmetic average of all samples taken in each three sample set taken in the distribution system.
d. Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b, the PMCL was violated, in which month and how many times it was violated each month.
5. A 4. The owner of a waterworks monitoring for bromate under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 g must shall report:
a. The number of samples taken during the last quarter.
b. The location, date, and result of each sample taken during the last quarter.
c. The arithmetic average of the monthly arithmetic averages of all samples taken in the last year.
d. Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 b, the PMCL was violated.
F. Reporting requirements for disinfectants. Waterworks must Owners shall report the information specified below in accordance with subsection A of this section. (The field office district engineer may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the MRDL was violated, in lieu of having the waterworks owner report that information):
1. A The owner of a waterworks monitoring for chlorine or chloramines under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 h must shall report:
a. The number of samples taken during each month of the last quarter.
b. The monthly arithmetic average of all samples taken in each month for the last 12 months.
c. The arithmetic average of all monthly averages for the last 12 months.
d. Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 c, the MRDL was violated.
2. A The owner of a waterworks monitoring for chlorine dioxide under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 h must shall report:
a. The dates, results, and locations of samples taken during the last quarter.
b. Whether, based on 12VAC5-590-410 C 2 c, the MRDL was violated.
c. Whether the MRDL was exceeded in any two consecutive daily samples and whether the resulting violation was acute or nonacute.
G. Reporting requirements for disinfection byproduct precursors and enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening. Waterworks must Owners shall report the following information in accordance with subsection A of this section. (The field office district engineer may choose to perform calculations and determine whether the treatment technique was met, in lieu of having the waterworks owner report that information):
1. A The owner of a waterworks monitoring monthly or quarterly for TOC under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 i and required to meet the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 H 2 b or c must shall report:
a. The number of paired (source water and treated water) samples taken during the last quarter.
b. The location, date, and results of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
c. For each month in the reporting period that paired samples were taken, the arithmetic average of the percent reduction of TOC for each paired sample and the required TOC percent removal.
d. Calculations for determining compliance with the TOC percent removal requirements, as provided in 12VAC5-590-420 H 3 a.
e. Whether the system is in compliance with the enhanced coagulation or enhanced softening percent removal requirements in 12VAC5-590-420 H 2 a for the last four quarters.
2. A The owner of a waterworks monitoring monthly or quarterly for TOC under the requirements of 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 i and meeting one or more of the alternative compliance criteria in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b or c must shall report:
a. The alternative compliance criterion that the system is using.
b. The number of paired samples taken during the last quarter.
c. The location, date, and result of each paired sample and associated alkalinity taken during the last quarter.
d. The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water TOC for systems meeting a criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (1) or (3) or of treated water TOC for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (2).
e. The running annual arithmetic average based on monthly averages (or quarterly samples) of source water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (5) or of treated water SUVA for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (6).
f. The running annual average of source water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (3) and of treated water alkalinity for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 c (1).
g. The running annual average for both TTHM and HAA5 for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b (3) or (4).
h. The running annual average of the amount of magnesium hardness removal (as CaCO3, in mg/l mg/L) for systems meeting the criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 c (2).
i. Whether the system is in compliance with the particular alternative compliance criterion in 12VAC5-590-420 H 1 b or c.
H. Reporting of analytical results to the appropriate field office district engineer will not be required in instances where the state laboratory performs the analysis and reports same to that office the district engineer.
I. Recycle flow reporting requirements. Any The owner of any waterworks supplied by a surface water source and waterworks supplied by a groundwater source under the direct influence of surface water that employs conventional filtration or direct filtration treatment must shall notify the state commissioner in writing by December 8, 2003, if the system recycles spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, or liquids from dewatering processes. This notification must shall include, as a minimum:
1. A plant schematic showing the origin of all flows that are recycled, including but not limited to spent filter backwash water, thickener supernatant, and liquids from dewatering processes. The schematic shall also specify the hydraulic conveyance used to transport all recycle flows and the location where recycle flows are reintroduced back into the treatment plant.
2. Typical recycle flow in gallons per minute (gpm), the highest observed plant flow experienced in the previous year (gpm), design flow for the treatment plant (gpm), and state-approved operating capacity for the plant.
J. Reporting of requirements for enhanced treatment for cryptosporidium.
1. Owners shall report sampling schedules under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a (5) and source water monitoring results under 12VAC5-590-530 C 1 c unless they notify the commissioner that they will not conduct source water monitoring due to meeting the criteria of 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a (4).
2. Owners shall report the use of uncovered finished water storage facilities to the commissioner as described in 12VAC5-590-420 L.
3. Owners of waterworks that provide filtration shall report their Cryptosporidium bin classification as described in 12VAC-590-420 B 3 c.
4. Owners shall report disinfection profiles and benchmarks to the commissioner as described in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 b (1) through (2) prior to making a significant change in disinfection practice.
5. Owners shall report to the commissioner in accordance with the following table for any microbial toolbox options used to comply with treatment requirements under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (2). Alternatively, the commissioner may approve a waterworks to certify operation within required parameters for treatment credit rather than reporting monthly operational data for toolbox options.
Microbial Toolbox Reporting Requirements
| Toolbox option | Owners shall submit the following information | On the following schedule |
| Watershed control program (WCP) | Notice of intention to develop a new or continue an existing watershed control program | No later than two years before the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Watershed control plan | No later than one year before the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Annual watershed control program status report | Every 12 months, beginning one year after the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Watershed sanitary survey report | For community waterworks, every three years beginning three years after the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). For noncommunity waterworks, every five years beginning five years after the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Alternative source/intake management | Verification that waterworks has relocated the intake or adopted the intake withdrawal procedure reflected in monitoring results | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Presedimentation | Monthly verification of the following: (i) Continuous basin operation (ii) Treatment of 100% of the flow (iii) Continuous addition of a coagulant (iv) At least 0.5-log mean reduction of influent turbidity or compliance with alternative performance criteria approved by the commissioner. | Monthly reporting within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Two-stage lime softening | Monthly verification of the following: (i) Chemical addition and hardness precipitation occurred in two separate and sequential softening stages prior to filtration (ii) Both stages treated 100% of the plant flow | Monthly reporting within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Bank filtration | Initial demonstration of the following: (i) Unconsolidated, predominantly sandy aquifer (ii) Setback distance of at least 25 ft. (0.5-log credit) or 50 ft. (1.0-log credit) | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| If monthly average of daily max turbidity is greater than 1 NTU then system shall report result and submit an assessment of the cause. | Report within 30 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Combined filter performance | Monthly verification of combined filter effluent (CFE) turbidity levels less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of the four-hour CFE measurements taken each month | Monthly reporting within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Individual filter performance | Monthly verification of the following: (i) Individual filter effluent (IFE) turbidity levels less than or equal to 0.15 NTU in at least 95% of samples each month in each filter (ii) No individual filter greater than 0.3 NTU in two consecutive readings 15 minutes apart | Monthly reporting within 10 days following the month in which the monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Demonstration of performance | Results from testing following a protocol approved by the commissioner. | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| (ii) As required by the commissioner, monthly verification of operation within conditions of commissioner approval for demonstration of performance credit | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Bag filters and cartridge filters | Demonstration that the following criteria are met : (i) Process meets the definition of bag or cartridge filtration (ii) Removal efficiency established through challenge testing that meets criteria in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 d (6) (a). | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Monthly verification that 100% of plant flow was filtered | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Membrane filtration | Results of verification testing demonstrating the following: (i) Removal efficiency established through challenge testing that meets criteria in this subpart (ii) Integrity test method and parameters, including resolution, sensitivity, test frequency, control limits, and associated baseline | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Monthly report summarizing the following: (i) All direct integrity tests above the control limit; (ii) If applicable, any turbidity or alternative indirect integrity monitoring approved by the commissioner results triggering direct integrity testing and the corrective action that was taken | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Second stage filtration | Monthly verification that 100% of flow was filtered through both stages and that first stage was preceded by a coagulation step | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Slow sand filtration (as secondary filter) | Monthly verification that both a slow sand filter and a preceding separate stage of filtration treated 100% of flow from surface water or groundwater under the direct influence of surface water sources. | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Chlorine dioxide | Summary of CT values for each day as described in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 d (7)(b)(i). | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Ozone | Summary of CT values for each day as described in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 d (7)(b)(ii). | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| UV | Validation test results demonstrating operating conditions that achieve required UV dose | No later than the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
| Monthly report summarizing the percentage of water entering the distribution system that was not treated by UV reactors operating within validated conditions for the required dose as specified in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 d (7) (c). | Within 10 days following the month in which monitoring was conducted, beginning on the applicable treatment compliance date in 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (3). |
J. K. Information to be included on the operation monthly report shall be determined by the division commissioner for each waterworks on an individual basis. Appendix G contains suggested monthly operation report requirements.
12VAC5-590-540. Public notices.
A. All community and noncommunity waterworks owners shall give public notice to (i) persons served by the waterworks and (ii) the owner of any consecutive waterworks to which it sells or otherwise provides water under the following circumstances:
1. Tier 1.
a. Violation of the PMCL for total coliforms when fecal coliform or E. coli are present in the distribution system;
b. Failure to test for fecal coliforms or E. coli when any repeat sample tests positive for coliform;
c. Violation of the PMCL for nitrate, nitrate, nitrite, or total nitrate and nitrite;
d. Failure to take a confirmation sample within 24 hours of the waterworks receipt of the first sample showing an exceedance of the nitrate or nitrite PMCL;
e. Exceedance of the nitrate PMCL by noncommunity waterworks, where permitted to exceed the PMCL by the commissioner;
f. Violation of the MRDL for chlorine dioxide when one or more samples taken in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the MRDL at the entry point of the distribution system exceed the MRDL;
g. Failure to monitor chlorine dioxide residuals in the distribution system the day following an exceedance of the chlorine dioxide MRDL at the entrance to the distribution system;
h. Violation of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit, where the commissioner determines after consultation that a Tier 1 notice is required;
i. Failure to consult with the commissioner within 24 hours after the owner learns of the violation of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit;
j. Occurrence of a waterborne disease outbreak or other waterborne emergency (such as a failure or significant interruption in key water treatment processes, a natural disaster that disrupts the water supply or distribution system, or a chemical spill or unexpected loading of possible pathogens into the source water that significantly increases the potential for drinking water contamination);
k. Detection of E. coli, enterococci, or coliphage in groundwater source samples;
k. l. Other violations or situations with significant potential to have serious adverse effects on human health as a result of short-term exposure, as determined by the commissioner on a case-by-case basis.
2. Tier 2.
a. All violations of the PMCL, MRDL, and treatment technique requirements, except where a Tier 1 public notice is required or where the commissioner determines that a Tier 1 notice is required per subdivision A 1 k l of this subsection;
b. Violations of the monitoring and testing procedure requirements, where the commissioner determines that a Tier 2 rather than a Tier 3 public notice is required, taking into account potential health impacts and persistence of the violation; and
c. Failure to comply with the terms and conditions of any variance or exemption in place.;
d. Failure to take corrective action or failure to maintain at least four-log treatment of viruses (using inactivation, removal, or an approved combination of four-log virus inactivation and removal) before or at the first customer under the treatment technique requirements for waterworks with groundwater sources.
3. Tier 3.
a. Monitoring violations, except where a Tier 1 public notice is required per subdivisions 1 d and 1 g of this subsection, or where the commissioner determines that a Tier 2 public notice is required per subdivision 2 b of this subsection;
b. Failure to comply with a testing procedure, except where a Tier 1 notice is required per subdivision 1 b of this subsection or where the commissioner determines that a Tier 2 notice is required per subdivision 2 b of this subsection;
c. Operation under a variance or an exemption to a PMCL or treatment technique requirement;
d. Availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results; and
e. Exceedance of the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL).
B. If a waterworks has a violation, failure, exceedance, or situation in a portion of the distribution system that is physically or hydraulically isolated from other parts of the distribution system, the commissioner may allow the owner to limit distribution of the public notice to only those persons served by that portion of the waterworks which is out of compliance. The decision granting limited distribution of the public notice shall be issued in writing.
C. Public notice distribution requirements.
1. For Tier 1 violations, exceedances, or situations, the owner shall:
a. Provide a public notice as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the waterworks owner learns of the violation, exceedance, or situation;
b. Initiate consultation with the commissioner as soon as practical, but no later than 24 hours after the waterworks owner learns of the violation or situation, to determine additional public notice requirements;
c. Comply with any additional public notice requirements, including any repeat notices or direction on the duration of the posted notices, that are established as a result of the consultation with the commissioner. Such requirements may include the timing, form, manner, frequency, and content of repeat notices (if any) and other actions designed to reach all persons served; and
d. Provide the public notice in a form and manner reasonably calculated to reach all persons served. The form and manner shall fit the specific situation, and shall be designed to reach residential, transient, and non-transient users of the waterworks. In order to reach all persons served, owners shall use, at a minimum, one or more of the following forms of delivery:
(1) Appropriate broadcast media (such as radio and television);
(2) Posting of the public notice in conspicuous locations throughout the area served by the waterworks;
(3) Hand delivery of the public notice to persons served by the water system; or
(4) Another delivery method approved in writing by the commissioner.
2. For Tier 2 violations, exceedances, or situations the owner shall:
a. Provide the public notice as soon as practical, but no later than 30 days after the waterworks owner learns of the violation, exceedance, or situation. The commissioner may allow, on a case-by-case determination, additional time for the initial notice of up to three months from the date the waterworks owner learns of the violation, exceedance, or situation; however, the commissioner shall not grant an extension to the 30-day deadline for any unresolved violation.
b. Repeat the public notice every three months as long as the violation, exceedance, or situation persists, unless the commissioner determines that appropriate circumstances warrant a different repeat notice frequency. In no circumstance shall the repeat notice be given less frequently than once per year. Repeat notice frequency less than every three months shall not be allowed for (i) a PMCL violation total coliforms; (ii) a treatment technique violation for filtration and disinfection; and (iii) other ongoing violations, exceedances, or situations.
c. Consult with the commissioner as soon as practical but no later than 24 hours after the waterworks owner learns of a violation of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection resulting from a single exceedance of the maximum allowable turbidity limit to determine whether a Tier 1 public notice is required to protect public health. If consultation does not take place within the 24-hour period, the waterworks owner shall distribute a Tier 1 public notice of the violation within the next 24 hours (i.e., no later than 48 hours after the waterworks owner learns of the violation).
d. Provide the initial public notice and any repeat notices in a form and manner that is reasonably calculated to reach persons served in the required time period.
(1) For community waterworks, the owner shall:
(a) Mail or otherwise directly deliver the public notice to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the waterworks; and
(b) Use any other distribution method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the waterworks, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in subdivision 2 d (1) (a) of this subsection. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper; delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers); posting in public places served by the system or on the Internet; or delivery to community organizations.
(2) For noncommunity waterworks, the owner shall:
(a) Post the public notice in conspicuous locations throughout The the distribution system frequented by persons served by the waterworks, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and
(b) Use any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in subdivision 2 d (2) (a) of this subsection. Such persons may include those served who may not see a posted notice because the posted notice is not in a location they routinely pass by.
Other methods may include publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers, use of e-mail to notify employees or students, or delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).
e. Maintain a posted public notice in place for as long as the violation, exceedance, or situation persists, but in no case for less than seven days, even if the violation, exceedance, or situation is resolved.
3. For Tier 3 violations, exceedances, or situations the owner shall:
a. Provide the public notice not later than one year after the waterworks owner learns of the violation, exceedance, or situation or begins operating under a variance or exemption.
b. Repeat the public notice annually for as long as the violation, exceedance, variance, exemption, or other situation persists.
c. Maintain a posted public notice in place for as long as the violation, exceedance, variance, exemption, or other situation persists, but in no case less than seven days even if the violation or situation is resolved.
d. Instead of individual Tier 3 public notices, the owner may use an annual report detailing all violations, exceedances, and situations that occurred during the previous twelve months, as long as the timing requirements of subdivision 3 a of this subsection are met. For community waterworks the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) may be used as a vehicle for the initial Tier 3 public notice and all required repeat notices, provided:
(1) The CCR is provided to persons served by the waterworks no later than 12 months after the waterworks owner learns of the violation, exceedance, or other situation;
(2) The Tier 3 public notice contained in the CCR meets the content requirements in subsection E of this section.
(3)The CCR is distributed in a manner meeting the delivery requirements in subdivision D 3 e of this section.
e. For community waterworks the owner shall:
(1) Mail or otherwise directly deliver the public notice to each customer receiving a bill and to other service connections to which water is delivered by the waterworks; and
(2) Use any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons regularly served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in subdivision 3 e (1) of this subsection. Such persons may include those who do not pay water bills or do not have service connection addresses (e.g., house renters, apartment dwellers, university students, nursing home patients, prison inmates, etc.). Other methods may include publication in a local newspaper, delivery of multiple copies for distribution by customers that provide their drinking water to others (e.g., apartment building owners or large private employers), posting in public places or on the Internet, or delivery to community organizations.
f. For noncommunity waterworks the owner shall:
(1) Post the public notice in conspicuous locations throughout the distribution system frequented by persons served by the waterworks, or by mail or direct delivery to each customer and service connection (where known); and
(2) Use any other method reasonably calculated to reach other persons served by the system, if they would not normally be reached by the notice required in subdivision 3 f (1) of this subsection. Such persons may include those who may not see a posted notice because the notice is not in a location they routinely pass by. Other methods may include: Publication in a local newspaper or newsletter distributed to customers; use of E-mail to notify employees or students; or, delivery of multiple copies in central locations (e.g., community centers).
D. Public notice contents.
1. Each public notice for PMCL, MRDL, and TT violations and other situations requiring a public notice shall include the following elements:
a. A description of the violation, exceedance, or situation, including the contaminant(s) of concern, and (as applicable) the contaminant level(s);
b. When the violation or situation occurred;
c. Any potential adverse health effects from the violation, exceedance, or situation, including the standard language under subdivision 5 a or 5 b of this subsection, whichever is applicable;
d. The population at risk, including subpopulations particularly vulnerable if exposed to the contaminant in their drinking water;
e. Whether alternative water supplies should be used;
f. What actions consumers should take, including when they should seek medical help, if known;
g. What the waterworks owner is doing to correct the violation, exceedance, or situation;
h. When the waterworks owner expects the waterworks to return to compliance or resolve the situation;
i. The name, business address, and phone number of the waterworks owner, operator, or designee as a source of additional information concerning the notice; and
j. A statement to encourage the notice recipient to distribute the public notice to other persons served, using the standard language under subdivision 5 c of this subsection, where applicable.
2. Each public notice for a waterworks that has been granted a variance or exemption shall include the following elements:
a. An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption;
b. The date on which the variance or exemption was issued;
c. A brief status report on the steps the waterworks owner is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and
d. A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review of the variance or exemption.
3. Each public notice for a waterworks that violates the conditions of a variance or exemption shall contain the ten elements listed in subdivision 1 of this subsection.
4. Each public notice shall:
a. Be displayed in a conspicuous way when printed or posted;
b. Not contain overly technical language or very small print;
c. Not be formatted in a way that defeats the purpose of the notice;
d. Not contain language which nullifies the purpose of the notice.
e. Contain information in the appropriate language(s), for waterworks serving a large proportion of non-English speaking consumers, regarding the importance of the notice or contain a telephone number or address where persons served may contact the waterworks owner to obtain a translated copy of the notice or to request assistance in the appropriate language.
5. The public notice shall include the following standard language:
a. For PMCL or MRDL violations, treatment technique violations, and violations of the condition of a variance or exemption--standard health effects language as specified in Appendix O corresponding to each PMCL, MRDL, and treatment technique violation and for each violation of a condition of a variance or exemption.
b. For monitoring and testing procedure violations --standard language as specified below, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks:
We are required to monitor your drinking water for specific contaminants on a regular basis. Results of regular monitoring are an indicator of whether or not your drinking water meets health standards. During (compliance period), we (did not monitor or test or did not complete all monitoring or testing) for (contaminant(s)), and therefore cannot be sure of the quality of your drinking water during that time.
c. For all public notices--standard language (where applicable), as specified below:
Please share this information with all the other people who drink this water, especially those who may not have received this notice directly (for example, people in apartments, nursing homes, schools, and businesses). You can do this by posting this notice in a public place or distributing copies by hand or mail.
E. Public notice to new billing units or customers.
1. For community waterworks the owner shall give a copy of the most recent public notice for any continuing violation, variance or exemption, or other ongoing situations requiring a public notice to all new billing units or new customers prior to or at the time service begins.
2. For noncommunity waterworks the owner shall continuously post the public notice in conspicuous locations in order to inform new consumers of any continuing violation, variance or exemption, or other situation requiring a public notice for as long as the violation, variance, exemption, or other situation persists.
F. Special notice of the availability of unregulated contaminant monitoring results.
1. The owner of a community waterworks or non-transient, noncommunity waterworks shall notify persons served by the system of the availability of the results of such sampling no later than 12 months after the monitoring results are known.
2. The special notice shall meet the requirements for a Tier 3 public notice and shall identify a person and telephone number to contact for information on the monitoring results.
G. Special notice for exceedance of the SMCL for fluoride.
1. Community waterworks that exceed the fluoride secondary maximum contaminant level (SMCL) SMCL of 2 mg/l mg/L, but do not exceed the primary maximum contaminant level (PMCL) PMCL of 4 mg/l mg/L for fluoride, shall provide public notice to persons served as soon as practical but no later than 12 months from the day the waterworks owner learns of the exceedance.
2. A copy of the notice shall be sent to all new billing units and new customers at the time service begins and to the engineering field office district dngineer.
3. The owner shall repeat the notice at least annually for as long as the SMCL is exceeded.
4. If the public notice is posted, the notice shall remain in place for as long as the SMCL is exceeded, but in no case less than seven days even if the exceedance is eliminated.
5. On a case-by-case basis, the commissioner may require an initial notice sooner than 12 months and repeat notices more frequently than annually.
6. The form and manner of the public notice (including repeat notices) shall meet the requirements for a Tier 3 public notice.
7. The public notice shall contain the following language, including the language necessary to fill in the blanks:
This is an alert about your drinking water and a cosmetic dental problem that might affect children under nine years of age. At low levels, fluoride can help prevent cavities, but children drinking water containing more than 2 milligrams per liter (mg/l) (mg/L) of fluoride may develop cosmetic discoloration of their permanent teeth (dental fluorosis). The drinking water provided by your community waterworks (name) has a fluoride concentration of (insert value) mg/l mg/L. Dental fluorosis, in its moderate or severe forms, may result in a brown staining and/or pitting of the permanent teeth. This problem occurs only in developing teeth, before they erupt from the gums. Children under nine should be provided with alternative sources of drinking water or water that has been treated to remove the excess fluoride to avoid the possibility of staining and pitting of their permanent teeth. You may also want to contact your dentist about proper use by young children of fluoride-containing products by young children. Older children and adults may safely drink the water. Drinking water containing more than 4 mg/l mg/L of fluoride (the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's drinking water standard) can increase your risk of developing bone disease. Your drinking water does not contain more than 4 mg/l mg/L of fluoride, but we are required to notify you when we discover that the fluoride levels in your drinking water exceed 2 mg/l mg/L because of this cosmetic dental problem. For more information, please call (name of water system contact) of (name of community waterworks) at (phone number). Some home water treatment units are also available to remove fluoride from drinking water. To learn more about available home water treatment units, you may call NSF International at 1-877-NSF-HELP.
H. Special notice for nitrate exceedances above PMCL by noncommunity waterworks.
1. The owner of a noncommunity waterworks granted permission by the commissioner to exceed the nitrate PMCL shall provide public notice to persons served meeting the requirements for a Tier 1 notice.
2. The public notice shall be posted continuously and shall indicate the fact that nitrate levels exceed 10 mg/l mg/L and the potential health effects of exposure, meeting the requirements for Tier 1 public notice delivery and content.
I. Special notice for repeated failure to conduct sampling of the source water for Cryptosporidium.
1. An owner who is required to sample source water shall provide public notice to persons served when he has failed to collect any three months of required samples. The form and manner of the public notice shall satisfy the requirements of a Tier 2 notice, and the notice shall be repeated in accordance with the requirements of a Tier 2 notice.
2. The notice shall contain the following language, including the language to fill in the blanks:
We are required to monitor the source of your drinking water for Cryptosporidium. Results of the monitoring are to be used to determine whether water treatment at the [blank – fill in treatment plant name] is sufficient to adequately remove Cryptosporidium from your drinking water. We are required to complete this monitoring and make this determination by [blank – fill in required bin determination date]. We "did not monitor" or "did not complete all monitoring or testing" on schedule and, therefore , we may not be able to determine by the required date what treatment modifications, if any, shall be made to ensure adequate Cryptosporidium removal. Missing this deadline may, in turn, jeopardize our ability to have the required treatment modifications, if any, completed by the deadline required, [blank – fill in date].
For more information, please call [blank – fill in name of waterworks contact] of [blank – fill in name of waterworks] at [blank – fill in phone number].
3. The notice shall contain a description of what the owner is doing to correct the violation and when the owner expects the waterworks to return to compliance or resolve the situation.
J. Special notice for failure to determine bin classification or mean Cryptosporidium level.
1. An owner who is required to determine a bin classification or to determine mean Cryptosporidium level shall provide public notice to persons served when the determination has not been made as required. The form and manner of the public notice shall satisfy the requirements of a Tier 2 notice, and the notice shall be repeated in accordance with the requirements of a Tier 2 notice. However, a public notice is not required if the owner is complying with a schedule to address the violation approved by the ODW.
2. The notice shall contain the following language, including the language to fill in the blanks:
We are required to monitor the source of your drinking water for Cryptosporidium in order to determine by [blank – fill in date] whether water treatment at the [blank – fill in treatment plant name] is sufficient to adequately remove Cryptosporidium from you drinking water. We have not made this determination by the required date. Our failure to do this may jeopardize our ability to have the required treatment modifications, if any, completed by the required deadline of [blank – fill in date]. For more information, please call [blank – fill in name of waterworks contact] of [blank – fill in name of waterworks] at [blank – fill in telephone number].
3. The notice shall contain a description of what the owner is doing to correct the violation and when the owner expects the waterworks to return to compliance or resolve the situation.
K. The office district engineer may give notice to the public required by this section on behalf of the owner of the waterworks if the office district engineer complies with the requirements of this section. However, the owner of the waterworks remains legally responsible for ensuring that the requirements of this section are met.
J L. Within 10 days of completion of each initial and repeat public notice, the waterworks owner shall provide the appropriate field office district engineer:
1. A certification that he has fully complied with the public notice requirements; and
2. A representative copy of each type of notice distributed, published, posted and made available to the persons served by the waterworks and to the media.
K M. The owner shall maintain copies of each public notice and certification for at least three years after issuance.
12VAC5-590-545. Consumer confidence reports.
A. Purpose and applicability.
1. Each community waterworks owner shall deliver to his customers an annual report that contains information on the quality of the water delivered by the waterworks and characterizes the risks, if any, from exposure to contaminants detected in the drinking water.
2. For the purpose of this section, customers are defined as billing units or service connections to which water is delivered by a community waterworks.
3. For the purpose of this section, a contaminant is detected when the laboratory reports the contaminant level as a measured level and not as nondetected (ND) or less than (<) (<) a certain level. The owner shall utilize a laboratory that complies with 12VAC5-590-340, and the laboratory's analytical and reporting procedures shall have been in accordance with 12 VAC 5-590-440; laboratory certification requirements of the Commonwealth of Virginia, Department of General Services, Division of Consolidated Laboratory Services; and consistent with current U. S. Environmental Protection Agency regulations found at 40 CFR Part 141.
B. Effective dates.
1. Each existing community waterworks owner shall deliver his report by July 1 annually.
2. The owner of a new community waterworks shall deliver his first report by July 1 of the year after its first full calendar year in operation and annually thereafter.
3. The owner of a community waterworks that sells water to a consecutive waterworks shall deliver the applicable information necessary to comply with the requirements contained in this section to the consecutive waterworks by April 1 annually, or on a date mutually agreed upon by the seller and the purchaser and specifically included in a contract between the parties.
C. Content.
1. Each community waterworks owner shall provide his customers an annual report that contains the information on the source of the water delivered as follows:
a. Each report shall identify the source or sources of the water delivered by the community waterworks by providing information on:
(1) The type of the water (e.g., surface water, ground water); and
(2) The commonly used name, if any, and location of the body or bodies of water.
b. Where a source water assessment has been completed, the report shall:
(1) Notify consumers of the availability of the assessment;
(2) Describe the means to obtain the assessment; and
(3) Include a brief summary of the waterworks' susceptibility to potential sources of contamination.
c. The waterworks owner should highlight in the report significant sources of contamination in the source water area if such information is readily available.
2. For the purpose of compliance with this section, each report shall include the following definitions:
a. "Maximum contaminant level goal" or "MCLG" (See 12VAC5-590-10).
b. "Maximum contaminant level" or "MCL" (See 12VAC5-590-10).
c. A report for a community water system operating under a variance or an exemption issued by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-140 and 12VAC5-590-150 shall include the following definition: "Variances and exemptions" means state or EPA permission not to meet an MCL or a treatment technique under certain conditions.
d. A report that contains data on contaminants that EPA regulates using any of the following terms shall include the applicable definitions:
(1) "Treatment technique" means a required process intended to reduce the level of a contaminant in drinking water.
(2) "Action level" means the concentration of a contaminant that, if exceeded, triggers treatment or other requirements that a water system must an owner shall follow.
(3) "Maximum residual disinfectant level goal" or "MRDLG" means the level of a drinking water disinfectant below which there is no known or expected risk to health. MRDLGs do not reflect the benefits of the use of disinfectants to control microbial contaminants.
(4) "Maximum residual disinfectant level" or "MRDL" means the highest level of a disinfectant allowed in drinking water. There is convincing evidence that addition of a disinfectant is necessary for control of microbial contaminants.
3. Information on detected contaminants.
a. This section specifies the requirements for information to be included in each report for the following contaminants:
(1) Contaminants subject to a PMCL, action level, maximum residual disinfectant level, or treatment technique as specified in 12VAC5-590-370;
(2) Unregulated contaminants subject to monitoring as specified in 12VAC5-590-370; and
(3) Disinfection byproducts or microbial contaminants, except Cryptosporidium, for which monitoring is required by Information Collection Rule (40 CFR 141.142 and 141.143 (7-1-97 Edition)), except as provided under subdivision 5 a of this subsection, and which are detected in the finished water.
b. The data relating to these contaminants shall be displayed in one table or in several adjacent tables. Any additional monitoring results that a community waterworks owner chooses to include in the report shall be displayed separately.
c. The data shall be derived from data collected to comply with EPA and state monitoring and analytical requirements during the calendar year preceding the year the report is due, except that:
(1) Where a waterworks an owner is allowed to monitor for contaminants specified in subdivision 3 a (1) and (3) of this subsection less often than once a year, the table or tables shall include the date and results of the most recent sampling, and the report shall include a brief statement indicating that the data presented in the report are from the most recent testing done in accordance with the regulations. No data older than five years need be included.
(2) Results of monitoring in compliance with the Information Collection Rule (40 CFR 141.142 and 141.143 (7-1-97 Edition)) need only be included for five years from the date of last sample or until any of the detected contaminants becomes regulated and subject to routine monitoring requirements, whichever comes first.
d. For detected contaminants subject to a PMCL, action level, or treatment technique as specified in 12VAC5-590-370 and listed in Tables 2.1, 2.2 (Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels only), 2.3, 2.4 (Primary Maximum Contaminant Levels only), and 2.5, the table or tables must shall contain:
(1) The PMCL for that contaminant expressed as a number equal to or greater than 1.0 as provided in Appendix O, with an exception for beta/photon emitters. When the detected level of beta/photon emitters has been reported in the units of pCi/L and does not exceed 50 pCi/L, the report may list the PMCL as 50 pCi/L. In this case, the waterworks owner shall include in the report the following footnote: The PMCL for beta particles is 4 mrem/year. EPA considers 50 pCi/L to be the level of concern for beta particles;
(2) The MCLG for that contaminant expressed in the same units as the PMCL as provided in Appendix O;
(3) If there is no PMCL for a detected contaminant, the table must shall indicate that there is a treatment technique, or specify the action level, applicable to that contaminant, and the report shall include the definitions for treatment technique and/or action level, as appropriate, specified in subdivision 3 d of this subsection;
(4) For contaminants subject to a PMCL, except turbidity and total coliforms, the highest contaminant level used to determine compliance and the range of detected levels is as follows:
(a) When compliance with the PMCL is determined annually or less frequently, the highest detected level at any sampling point and the range of detected levels expressed in the same units as the PMCL.
(b) When compliance with the PMCL is determined by calculating a running annual average of all samples taken at a sampling point, the highest average of any of the sampling points and the range of all sampling points expressed in the same units as the PMCL. For the PMCLs for TTHM and HAA5, owner shall include the highest locational running annual average and the range of individual sample results for all sampling points expressed in the same units as the PMCL. If more than one location exceeds the TTHM or HAA5 PMCL, the owner shall include the locational running annual averages for all locations that exceed the PMCL.
(c) When compliance with the PMCL is determined on a systemwide basis by calculating a running annual average of all samples at all sampling points, the average and range of detection expressed in the same units as the PMCL. The range of detection for TTHM and HAA5 shall include individual sample results for the IDSE conducted under 12VAC5-590-370 B 3 e (2) for the calendar year that the IDSE samples were taken.
(5) For turbidity, the highest single measurement and the lowest monthly percentage of samples meeting the turbidity limits specified in 12VAC5-590-420 for the filtration technology being used. The report should include an explanation of the reasons for measuring turbidity;
(6) For lead and copper, the 90th percentile value of the most recent round of sampling and the number of sampling sites exceeding the action level;
(7) For total coliform:
(a) The highest monthly number of positive samples for waterworks collecting fewer than 40 samples per month;
(b) The highest monthly percentage of positive samples for systems waterworks collecting at least 40 samples per month;
(8) For fecal coliform, the total number of positive samples;
(9) The likely source or sources of detected contaminants. Specific information regarding contaminants may be available in sanitary surveys and source water assessments, and should be used when available to the waterworks owner. If the waterworks owner lacks specific information on the likely source, the report shall include one or more of the typical sources for that contaminant listed in Appendix O that are most applicable to the system.
e. If a community waterworks owner distributes water to his customers from multiple hydraulically independent distribution systems that are fed by different raw water sources:
(1) The table shall contain a separate column for each service area and the report shall identify each separate distribution system; or
(2) Waterworks The owner shall produce a separate report tailored to include data for each service area.
f. The table or tables shall clearly identify any data indicating violations of PMCLs, MRDLs, or treatment techniques and the report shall contain a clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation including:
(1) The length of the violation;
(2) The potential adverse health effects using the relevant language of Appendix O; and
(3) Actions taken by the waterworks owner to address the violation.
g. For detected unregulated contaminants subject to monitoring as specified in 12VAC5-590-370 and listed in Tables 2.6 and 2.7, for which monitoring is required, the table or tables shall contain the average and range at which the contaminant was detected. The report may include a brief explanation of the reasons for monitoring for unregulated contaminants.
4. Information on Cryptosporidium, radon, and other contaminants:
a. If the waterworks owner has performed any monitoring for Cryptosporidium, including monitoring performed to satisfy the requirements of the Informational Collection Rule (40 CFR 141.143 (7-1-97 Edition)), which indicates that Cryptosporidium may be present in the source water or the finished water, the report shall include:
(1) A summary of the results of the monitoring; and
(2) An explanation of the significance of the results.
b. If the waterworks owner has performed any monitoring for radon which indicates that radon may be present in the finished water, the report shall include:
(1) The results of the monitoring; and
(2) An explanation of the significance of the results.
c. If the waterworks owner has performed additional monitoring that indicates the presence of other contaminants in the finished water, the report should include any results that may indicate a health concern, as determined by the commissioner. Detections above a proposed MCL or health advisory level may indicate possible health concerns. For such contaminants, the report should include:
(1) The results of the monitoring; and
(2) An explanation of the significance of the results noting the existence of a health advisory or a proposed regulation.
5. Compliance with other regulations.
a. In addition to the requirements of subdivision 3 f of this subsection the report shall note any violation that occurred during the year covered by the report of a requirement listed below.
(1) Monitoring and reporting of compliance data;
(2) Filtration and disinfection prescribed by 12VAC5-590-420. For waterworks owners who have failed to install adequate filtration or disinfection equipment or processes, or have had a failure of such equipment or processes which constitutes a violation, the report shall include the following language as part of the explanation of potential adverse health effects: Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites, which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches;
(3) Lead and copper control requirements prescribed by 12VAC5-590-370. For waterworks owners who fail to take one or more of the prescribed actions, the report shall include the applicable language of Appendix O for lead, copper, or both;
(4) Treatment techniques for Acrylamide and Epichlorohydrin prescribed by 12VAC5-590-420 G. For waterworks owners who violate the requirements of that section, the report shall include the relevant language from Appendix O;
(5) Recordkeeping of compliance data;
(6) Special monitoring requirements for unregulated contaminants prescribed by 12VAC5-590-370 B 4 and for sodium;
(7) Violation of the terms of a variance, an exemption, or an administrative or judicial order.
b. The report shall contain:
(1) A clear and readily understandable explanation of the violation;
(2) Any potential adverse health effects; and
(3) The steps the waterworks owner has taken to correct the violation.
6. Variances and exemptions. If a system is operating under the terms of a variance or an exemption issued by the commissioner under 12VAC5-590-140 and 12VAC5-590-150, the report shall contain:
a. An explanation of the reasons for the variance or exemption;
b. The date on which the variance or exemption was issued;
c. A brief status report on the steps the waterworks owner is taking to install treatment, find alternative sources of water, or otherwise comply with the terms and schedules of the variance or exemption; and
d. A notice of any opportunity for public input in the review or renewal of the variance or exemption.
7. Additional information.
a. The report shall contain a brief explanation regarding contaminants, which may reasonably be expected to be found in drinking water including bottled water. This explanation shall include the exact language of subdivisions 8 a (1), (2) and (3) of this subsection or the waterworks owner shall use his own comparable language following approval by the commissioner. The report also shall include the exact language of subdivision 8 a (4) of this subsection.
(1) The sources of drinking water (both tap water and bottled water) include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, reservoirs, springs, and wells. As water travels over the surface of the land or through the ground, it dissolves naturally occurring minerals and, in some cases, radioactive material, and can pick up substances resulting from the presence of animals or from human activity.
(2) Contaminants that may be present in source water include: (i) microbial contaminants, such as viruses and bacteria, which may come from sewage treatment plants, septic systems, agricultural livestock operations, and wildlife; (ii) inorganic contaminants, such as salts and metals, which can be naturally occurring or result from urban stormwater runoff, industrial or domestic wastewater discharges, oil and gas production, mining, or farming; (iii) pesticides and herbicides, which may come from a variety of sources such as agriculture, urban stormwater runoff, and residential uses; (iv) organic chemical contaminants, including synthetic and volatile organic chemicals, which are byproducts of industrial processes and petroleum production, and can also come from gas stations, urban stormwater runoff, and septic systems; (v) radioactive contaminants, which can be naturally occurring or be the result of oil and gas production and mining activities.
(3) In order to ensure that tap water is safe to drink, EPA prescribes regulations that limit the amount of certain contaminants in water provided by public water systems. FDA regulations establish limits for contaminants in bottled water which must provide the same protection for public health.
(4) Drinking water, including bottled water, may reasonably be expected to contain at least small amounts of some contaminants. The presence of contaminants does not necessarily indicate that water poses a health risk. More information about contaminants and potential health effects can be obtained by calling the Environmental Protection Agency's Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
b. The report shall include the telephone number of the waterworks owner, operator, or designee of the community waterworks as a source of additional information concerning the report.
c. In communities with a large proportion of non-English speaking residents, as determined by the commissioner, the report shall contain information in the appropriate language or languages regarding the importance of the report or contain a telephone number or address where such residents may contact the system to obtain a translated copy of the report or assistance in the appropriate language.
d. The report shall include the following information about opportunities for public participation in decisions that may affect the quality of the water. The waterworks owner should consider including the following additional relevant information:
(1) The time and place of regularly scheduled board meetings of the governing body which has authority over the waterworks.
(2) If regularly scheduled board meetings are not held, the name and telephone number of a waterworks representative who has operational or managerial authority over the waterworks.
e. The waterworks owner may include such additional information as he deems necessary for public education consistent with, and not detracting from, the purpose of the report.
D. Additional health information.
1. All reports shall prominently display the following language: Some people may be more vulnerable to contaminants in drinking water than the general population. Immuno-compromised persons such as persons with cancer who are undergoing chemotherapy, persons who have undergone organ transplants, people with HIV/AIDS or other immune system disorders, some elderly, and infants can be particularly at risk from infections. These people should seek advice about drinking water from their health care providers. EPA/CDC guidelines on appropriate means to lessen the risk of infection by Cryptosporidium and other microbial contaminants are available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
2. Starting February 22, 2002, a waterworks owner who detects arsenic at levels above 0.005 mg/l mg/L, but equal to or below the PMCL of 0.010 mg/l mg/L, shall include in his report the following informational statement about arsenic: While your drinking water meets EPA's standard for arsenic, it does contain low levels of arsenic. EPA's standard balances the current understanding of arsenic's possible health effects against the cost of removing arsenic from drinking water. EPA continues to research the health effects of low levels of arsenic, which is a mineral known to cause cancer in humans at high concentrations and is linked to other health effects such as skin damage and circulatory problems.
In lieu of the statement required in this subdivision, the waterworks owner may include his own educational statement after receiving approval from the commissioner.
A waterworks owner who detects arsenic levels above 0.010 mg/l must mg/L shall include the health effects language contained in Appendix O.
3. A waterworks An owner who detects nitrate at levels above 5 mg/l mg/L, but below the PMCL, shall include in his report the following informational statement about the impacts of nitrate on children: Nitrate in drinking water at levels above 10 ppm is a health risk for infants of less than six months of age. High nitrate levels in drinking water can cause blue baby syndrome. Nitrate levels may rise quickly for short periods of time because of rainfall or agricultural activity. If you are caring for an infant you should ask advice from your health care provider.
In lieu of the statement required in this subdivision, the waterworks owner may include his own educational statement after receiving approval from the commissioner.
4. A waterworks owner who detects lead above the action level in more than 5.0%, and up to and including 10%, of homes sampled shall include the following informational statement about the special impact of lead on children: Infants and young children are typically more vulnerable to lead in drinking water than the general population. It is possible that lead levels at your home may be higher than at other homes in the community as a result of materials used in your home's plumbing. If you are concerned about elevated lead levels in your home's water, you may wish to have your water tested and flush your tap for 30 seconds to two minutes before using tap water. Additional information is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791). If present, elevated levels of lead can cause serious health problems, especially for pregnant women and young children. Lead in drinking water is primarily from materials and components associated with service lines and home plumbing. [NAME OF UTILITY] is responsible for providing high quality drinking water, but cannot control the variety of materials used in plumbing components. When your water has been sitting for several hours, you can minimize the potential for lead exposure by flushing your tap for 30 seconds to two minutes before using water for drinking or cooking. If you are concerned about lead in your water, you may wish to have your water tested. Information on lead in drinking water, testing methods, and steps you can take to minimize exposure is available from the Safe Drinking Water Hotline (800-426-4791).
In lieu of the statement required in this subdivision, the waterworks owner may include his own educational statement after receiving approval from the commissioner.
5. Community waterworks owners who detect TTHM above 0.080 mg/l mg/L, but below the PMCL, as an annual average shall include health effects language prescribed by paragraph 73 of Appendix O.
E. Report delivery and recordkeeping.
1. Each community waterworks owner shall mail or otherwise directly deliver one copy of the report to each customer.
2. The waterworks owner shall make a good faith effort that shall be tailored to the consumers who are served by the system but are not bill paying customers, such as renters and workers. This good faith effort shall include at least one, and preferably two or more, of the following methods appropriate to the particular waterworks:
a. Posting the reports on the Internet;
b. Mailing to postal patrons in metropolitan areas;
c. Advertising the availability of the report in the news media;
d. Publication in a local newspaper;
e. Posting in public places such as libraries, community centers, and public buildings;
f. Delivery of multiple copies for distribution by single-biller customers such as apartment buildings or large private employers;
g. Delivery to community organizations.
h. Other methods as approved by the commissioner.
3. No later than July 1 of each year the waterworks owner shall deliver a copy of the report to the appropriate Virginia Department of Health, Environmental Engineering Field Office district engineer, followed within three months by a certification that the report has been distributed to customers and that the information in the report is correct and consistent with the compliance monitoring data previously submitted to the commissioner.
4. No later than July 1 of each year the waterworks owner shall deliver the report to any other agency or clearinghouse specified by the commissioner.
5. Each community waterworks owner shall make the report available to the public upon request.
6. The owner of each community waterworks serving 100,000 or more persons shall post the current year's report to a publicly accessible site on the Internet.
7. Each community waterworks owner shall retain copies of the report for no less than three years.
12VAC5-590-550. Recordkeeping.
All waterworks owners shall retain within at their facilities waterworks or at a convenient location near their facilities waterworks the following records for the minimum time periods specified:
A. Bacteriological Records of microbiological analyses and turbidity analyses -- Five years.
B. Chemical Analyses -- 10 years.
C. Individual filter monitoring required under 12VAC5-590-530 C 1 b (2) -- Three years.
D. Results of Disinfection Profile including raw data and analysis -- Indefinitely.
E. Disinfection Benchmarking including raw data and analysis -- Indefinitely.
F. The following information shall be provided for subsections A and B of this section:
1. Date, place, and time of sampling as well as the name of the person who collected the sample;
2. Identification of sample (e.g., routine, check sample, raw water, other);
3. Date of analysis;
4. Laboratory and/or person responsible for performing analysis;
5. Analytical method/technique used; and
6. Results of the analysis.
G. Original records of all sampling data and analyses, reports, surveys, letters, evaluations, schedules, commissioner determinations, and any other information required by 12VAC5-590-420 C 1 and 2, D, E, and F; and 12VAC5-590-370 B 6 a, b, and c pertaining to lead and copper. Each waterworks owner shall retain the records required by this section for no fewer than 12 years.
H. Owners shall keep results from the initial round of source water monitoring under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a (1) and the second round of source water monitoring under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a (2) until three years after bin classification under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 c (1) for the particular round of monitoring.
I. Owners shall keep any notification to the commissioner that they will not conduct source water monitoring due to meeting the criteria of 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 a (4) for three years.
J. Owners shall keep the results of treatment monitoring associated with microbial toolbox options under 12VAC5-590-420 B 3 d (3) through (7) and with uncovered finished water reservoirs under 12VAC5-590-420 L, as applicable, for three years.
H. K. Action taken to correct violations of these regulations -- three years after last action with respect to violation involved.
I. L. Copies of reports, summaries, or communications relating to any sanitary surveys performed -- 10 years following inspection.
J. M. Variance or exemptions granted (and records related thereto) -- five years following expiration of variance or exemption.
K. N. Cross connection control program records -- 10 years.
L. O. Systems Owners of waterworks that recycle flow, as stipulated in 12VAC5-590-420 K, must shall collect and retain on file recycle flow information for review and evaluation by the state district engineer beginning June 8, 2004. Information shall include, as a minimum:
1. Copy of the recycle notification submitted to the state district engineer under 12VAC5-590-530 I.
2. List of all recycle flows and the frequency with which they are returned.
3. Average and maximum backwash flow rate through the filters and the average and maximum duration of the filter backwash process, in minutes.
4. Typical filter run length and a written summary of how the filter run length is determined.
5. The type of treatment provided for the recycle flow.
6. Data on the physical dimensions of the equalization and/or treatment units, typical and maximum hydraulic loading rates, type of treatment chemicals used, average dose, frequency of use, and frequency at which solids are removed, if applicable.
P. Copies of monitoring plans developed pursuant to these regulations shall be kept for the same period of time as the records of analyses taken under the plan are required to be kept under paragraph A or B of this section, except as specified elsewhere in these regulations.
M. Q. All waterworks owners shall retain the following additional records:
1. Plant operational records.
2. Water well completion reports.
3. As-built engineering plans and specifications of facilities.
4. Shop drawings of major equipment.
5. Records of equipment repair or replacement.
6. Updated map of water distribution system.
7. All accident reports.
APPENDIX O.
REGULATED CONTAMINANTS FOR CONSUMER CONFIDENCE REPORTS AND PUBLIC NOTIFICATION
Key
AL = Action Level
MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level
MCLG = Maximum Contaminant Level Goal
MFL = million fibers per liter
mrem/year = milirems per year (a measure of radiation absorbed by the body)
MRDL = Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level
MRDLG = Maximum Residual Disinfectant Level Goal
NTU = Nephelometric Turbidity Units
pCi/l = picocuries per liter (a measure of radioactivity)
ppb = parts per billion, or micrograms per liter (μg/l) (μg/L)
ppm = parts per million, or milligrams per liter (mg/l) (mg/L)
ppq = parts per quadrillion, or picograms per liter
ppt = parts per trillion, or nanograms per liter
TT = Treatment Technique
| Contaminant (units) | Traditional MCL in mg/l | To convert for CCR, multiply by | MCL in CCR units | MCLG | Major Sources in Drinking Water | Health Effects Language |
| Microbiological Contaminants |
| (1) Total Coliform Bacteria | MCL: (systems that collect 40 or more samples per month) 5% of monthly samples are positive; (systems that collect fewer than 40 samples per month) 1 positive monthly sample | 0 | Naturally present in the environment | Coliforms are bacteria that are naturally present in the environment and are used as an indicator that other, potentially-harmful, bacteria may be present. Coliforms were found in more samples than allowed and this was a warning of potential problems |
| (2) Fecal coliform and E. coli | MCL: a routine sample and a repeat sample are total coliform positive, and one is also fecal coliform of E. coli positive | 0 | Human and animal fecal waste | Fecal coliforms and E. coli are bacteria whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely-compromised immune systems. |
| (3) Source water fecal indicators (E. coli, enterococci, coliphage) | TT | | TT | 0 for E. coli, none for entero-cocci and coli-phage | Human and animal fecal waste | Fecal indicators are microbes whose presence indicates that the water may be contaminated with human or animal wastes. Microbes in these wastes can cause short-term health effects, such as diarrhea, cramps, nausea, headaches, or other symptoms. They may pose a special health risk for infants, young children, some of the elderly, and people with severely compromised immune system. |
| (4) Groundwater rule TT violations other than (3) above1 | TT | | | TT | | Inadequately treated or inadequately protected water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms can cause symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, cramps, and associated headaches. |
| (3) (5) Turbidity
| TT | - | TT | n/a | Soil runoff | Turbidity has no health effects. However, turbidity can interfere with disinfection and provide a medium for microbial growth. Turbidity may indicate the presence of disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites that can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea and associated headaches. |
| (4) (6) Giardia lamblia, viruses, Hetrotrophic plate count, Legionella, Cryptosporidium1
| TT5 | - | n/a | 0 | n/a | Inadequately treated water may contain disease-causing organisms. These organisms include bacteria, viruses, and parasites which can cause symptoms such as nausea, cramps, diarrhea, and associated headaches. |
| Radioactive Contaminants |
| (5) (7) Beta/photon emitters (mrem/yr)
| 4 mrem/yr | - | 4 | 0 | Decay of natural and man-made deposits | Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forms of radiation known as photons and beta radiation. Some people who drink water containing beta and photon emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (6) (8) Alpha emitters (pCi/L)
| 15 pCi/L | - | 15 | 0 | Erosion of natural deposits | Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a form of radiation known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink water containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (7) (9) Combined radium (pCi/L)
| 5 pCi/L | - | 5 | 0 | Erosion of natural deposits | Some people who drink water containing radium-226 or radium-228 in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (8) (10) Uranium (ppb)
| 30 μg/l μg/L | - | 30 | 0 | Erosion of natural deposits | Some people who drink water containing uranium in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer and kidney toxicity. |
| Inorganic Contaminants |
| (9) (11) Antimony (ppb)
| 0.006 | 1000 | 6 | 6 | Discharge from petroleum refineries; fire retardants; ceramics; electronics; solder | Some people who drink water containing antimony well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience increases in blood cholesterol and decreases in blood sugar. |
| (10) (12) Arsenic (ppb)
| .05
| 1000 | 50
| n/a
| Erosion of natural deposits; Runoff from orchards; Runoff from glass and electronics production wastes | Some people who drink water containing arsenic in excess of the MCL over many years could experience skin damage or problems with their circulatory system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| 0.0102 | 10.2 | 02 |
| (11) (13) Asbestos (MFL)
| 7 MFL | - | 7 | 7 | Decay of asbestos cement water mains; Erosion of natural deposits | Some people who drink water containing asbestos in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of developing benign intestinal polyps. |
| (12) (14) Barium (ppm)
| 2 | - | 2 | 2 | Discharge of drilling wastes; Discharge from metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits | Some people who drink water containing barium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience an increase in their blood pressure. |
| (13) (15) Beryllium (ppb)
| 0.004 | 1000 | 4 | 4 | Discharge from metal refineries and coal-burning factories; Discharge from electrical, aerospace, and defense industries | Some people who drink water containing beryllium well in excess of the MCL over many years could develop intestinal lesions. |
| (14) (16) Cadmium (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 5 | Corrosion of galvanized pipes; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from metal refineries; Run-off from waste batteries and paints | Some people who drink water containing cadmium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. |
| (15) (17) Chromium (ppb)
| 0.1 | 1000 | 100 | 100 | Discharge from steel and pulp mills; Erosion of natural deposits | Some people who drink water containing chromium well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience allergic dermatitis. |
| (16) (18) Copper (ppm)
| AL=1.3 | - | AL=1.3 | 1.3 | Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits | Copper is an essential nutrient, but some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over a relatively short amount of time could experience gastrointestinal distress. Some people who drink water containing copper in excess of the action level over many years could suffer liver or kidney damage. People with Wilson's Disease should consult their personal doctor. |
| (17) (19) Cyanide (ppb)
| 0.2 | 1000 | 200 | 200 | Discharge from steel/metal factories; Discharge from plastic and fertilizer factories | Some people who drink water containing cyanide well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience nerve damage or problems with their thyroid. |
| (18) (20) Fluoride (ppm)
| 4 | - | 4 | 4 | Erosion of natural deposits; Water additive which promotes strong teeth; Discharge from fertilizer and aluminum factories | Some people who drink water containing fluoride in excess of the MCL over many years could get bone disease, including pain and tenderness of the bones. Fluoride in drinking water at half the MCL or more may cause mottling of children's teeth, usually in children less than nine years old. Mottling, also known as dental fluorosis, may include brown staining and/or pitting of the teeth, and occurs only in developing teeth before they erupt from the gums. |
| (19) (21) Lead (ppb)
| AL=0.015 | 1000 | AL=15 | 0 | Corrosion of household plumbing systems; Erosion of natural deposits | Infants and children who drink water containing lead in excess of the action level could experience delays in their physical or mental development. Children could show slight deficits in attention span and learning abilities. Adults who drink this water over many years could develop kidney problems or high blood pressure. |
| (20) (22) Mercury [inorganic] (ppb)
| .002 | 1000 | 2 | 2 | Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from refineries and factories; Runoff from landfills; Runoff from cropland | Some people who drink water containing inorganic mercury well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience kidney damage. |
| (21) (23) Nitrate (ppm)
| 10 | - | 10 | 10 | Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits | Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. |
| (22) (24) Nitrite (ppm)
| 1 | - | 1 | 1 | Runoff from fertilizer use; Leaching from septic tanks, sewage; Erosion of natural deposits | Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. |
| (23) (25) Total Nitrate and Nitrite
| 10 | - | n/a | 10 | n/a | Infants below the age of six months who drink water containing nitrate and nitrite in excess of the MCL could become seriously ill and, if untreated, may die. Symptoms include shortness of breath and blue baby syndrome. |
| (24) (26) Selenium (ppb)
| 0.05 | 1000 | 50 | 50 | Discharge from petroleum and metal refineries; Erosion of natural deposits; Discharge from mines | Selenium is an essential nutrient. However, some people who drink water containing selenium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair or fingernail losses, numbness in fingers or toes, or problems with their circulation. |
| (25) (27) Thallium (ppb)
| 0.002 | 1000 | 2 | 0.5 | Leaching from ore-processing sites; Discharge from electronics, glass, and drug factories | Some people who drink water containing thallium in excess of the MCL over many years could experience hair loss, changes in their blood, or problems with their kidneys, intestines, or liver. |
| Synthetic Organic Contaminants including Pesticides and Herbicides |
| (26) (28) 2,4-D (ppb)
| 0.07 | 1000 | 70 | 70 | Runoff from herbicides used on row crops | Some people who drink water containing the weed killer 2,4-D well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys, liver, or adrenal glands. |
| (27) (29) 2,4,5-TP [Silvex] (ppb)
| 0.05 | 1000 | 50 | 50 | Residue of banned herbicide | Some people who drink water containing silvex in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. |
| (28) (30) Acrylamide
| TT | - | TT | 0 | Added to water during sewage/wastewater treatment | Some people who drink water containing high levels of acrylamide over a long period of time could have problems with their nervous system or blood, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (29) (31) Alachlor (ppb)
| 0.002 | 1000 | 2 | 0 | Runoff from herbicide used on row crops | Some people who drink water containing alachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their eyes, liver, kidneys, or spleen, or experience anemia, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (30) (32) Atrazine (ppb)
| 0.003 | 1000 | 3 | 3 | Runoff from herbicide used on row crops | Some people who drink water containing the atrazine well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their cardiovascular system or reproductive difficulties. |
| (31) (33) Benzo(a)pyrene[PAH]
| 0.0002 | 1,000,000 | 200 | 0 | Leaching from linings of water storage tanks and distribution lines | Some people who drink water containing benzo(a)pyrene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (32) (34) Carbofuran (ppb)
| 0.04 | 1000 | 40 | 40 | Leaching of soil fumigant used on rice and alfalfa | Some people who drink water containing carbofuran in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood, or nervous or reproductive systems. |
| (33) (35) Chlordane (ppb)
| 0.002 | 1000 | 2 | 0 | Residue of banned termiticide | Some people who drink water containing chlordane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or nervous system, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (34) (36) Dalapon (ppb)
| 0.2 | 1000 | 200 | 200 | Runoff from herbicide used on rights of way | Some people who drink water containing dalapon well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience minor kidney changes. |
| (35) (37) Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (ppb)
| 0.4 | 1000 | 400 | 400 | Discharge from chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing di(2-ethyhexyl)adipate well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience toxic effects, such as weight loss, liver enlargement or possible reproductive difficulties. |
| (36) (38) Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (ppb)
| 0.006 | 1000 | 6 | 0 | Discharge from rubber and chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate in excess of the MCL over many years may have problems with their liver, or experience reproductive difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (37) (39) Dibromochloropropane (ppt)
| 0.0002 | 1,000,000 | 200 | 0 | Runoff/leaching from soil fumigant used on soybeans, cotton, pineapples, and orchards | Some people who drink water containing DBCP well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (38) (40) Dinoseb (ppb)
| 0.007 | 1000 | 7 | 7 | Runoff from herbicide used on soybeans and vegetables | Some people who drink water containing dinoseb well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. |
| (39) (41) Diquat (ppb)
| 0.02 | 1000 | 20 | 20 | Runoff from herbicide use | Some people who drink water containing diquat in excess of the MCL over many years could get cataracts. |
| (40) (42) Dioxin [2,3,7,8-TCDD] (ppq)
| 0.00000003 | 1,000,000,000 | 30 | 0 | Emissions from waste incineration and other combustion; Discharge from chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing dioxin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (41) (43) Endothall (ppb)
| 0.1 | 1000 | 100 | 100 | Runoff from herbicide use | Some people who drink water containing endothall in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or intestines. |
| (42) (44) Endrin (ppb)
| 0.002 | 1000 | 2 | 2 | Runoff of banned insecticide | Some people who drink water containing endrin in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver problems. |
| (43) (45) Epichlorohydrin
| TT | - | TT | 0 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories; An impurity of some water treatment chemicals | Some people who drink water containing high levels of epichlorohydrin over a long period of time could experience stomach problems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (44) (46) Ethylene dibromide (ppt)
| 0.00005 | 1,000,000 | 50 | 0 | Discharge from petroleum refineries | Some people who drink water containing ethylene dibromide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, stomach, reproductive system, or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (45) (47) Glyphosate (ppb)
| 0.7 | 1000 | 700 | 700 | Runoff from herbicide use | Some people who drink water containing glyphosate in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or reproductive difficulties. |
| (46) (48) Heptachlor (ppt)
| 0.0004 | 1,000,000 | 400 | 0 | Residue of banned pesticide | Some people who drink water containing heptachlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (47) (49) Heptachlor epoxide (ppt)
| 0.0002 | 1,000,000 | 200 | 0 | Breakdown of heptachlor | Some people who drink water containing heptachlor epoxide in excess of the MCL over many years could experience liver damage, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (48) (50) Hexachlorobenzene (ppb)
| 0.001 | 1000 | 1 | 0 | Discharge from metal refineries and agricultural chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing hexachlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys or adverse reproductive effects, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (49) (51) Hexachlorocyclopentadiene (ppb)
| 0.05 | 1000 | 50 | 50 | Discharge from chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their stomach or kidneys. |
| (50) (52) Lindane (ppt)
| 0.0002 | 1,000,000 | 200 | 200 | Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cattle, lumber, gardens | Some people who drink water containing lindane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their kidneys or liver. |
| (51) (53) Methoxychlor (ppb)
| 0.04 | 1000 | 40 | 40 | Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on fruits, vegetables, alfalfa, livestock | Some people who drink water containing methoxychlor in excess of the MCL over many years could experience reproductive difficulties. |
| (52) (54) Oxamyl [Vydate] (ppb)
| 0.2 | 1000 | 200 | 200 | Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on apples, potatoes and tomatoes | Some people who drink water containing ethylene oxamyl in excess of the MCL over many years could experience slight nervous system effects. |
| (53) (55) PCBs [Polychlorinated biphenyls] (ppt)
| 0.0005 | 1,000,000 | 500 | 0 | Runoff from landfills; Discharge of waste chemicals | Some people who drink water containing PCBs in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their skin, problems with their thymus gland, immune deficiencies, or reproductive or nervous system difficulties, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (54) (56) Pentachlorophenol (ppb)
| 0.001 | 1000 | 1 | 0 | Discharge from wood preserving factories | Some people who drink water containing pentachlorophenol in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (55) (57) Picloram (ppb)
| 0.5 | 1000 | 500 | 500 | Herbicide runoff | Some people who drink water containing picloram in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. |
| (56) (58) Simazine (ppb)
| 0.004 | 1000 | 4 | 4 | Herbicide runoff | Some people who drink water containing simazine in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their blood. |
| (57) (59) Toxaphene (ppb)
| 0.003 | 1000 | 3 | 0 | Runoff/leaching from insecticide used on cotton and cattle | Some people who drink water containing toxaphene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their thyroid, kidneys, or liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| Volatile Organic Contaminants |
| (58) (60) Benzene (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from factories; Leaching from gas storage tanks and landfills | Some people who drink water containing benzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia or a decrease in blood platelets, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (59) (61) Carbon tetrachloride (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from chemical plants and other industrial activities | Some people who drink water containing carbon tetrachloride in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (60) (62) Chlorobenzene (ppb)
| 0.1 | 1000 | 100 | 100 | Discharge from chemical and agricultural chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing chlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. |
| (61) (63) o-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
| 0.6 | 1000 | 600 | 600 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing o-dichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or spleen, or changes in their blood. |
| (62) (64) p-Dichlorobenzene (ppb)
| 0.075 | 1000 | 75 | 75 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing p-dichlorobenzene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience anemia, damage to their liver, kidneys, or circulatory systems. |
| (63) (65) 1,2-Dichloroethane (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (64) (66) 1,1-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
| 0.007 | 1000 | 7 | 7 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,1-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. |
| (65) (67) cis-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
| 0.07 | 1000 | 70 | 70 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing cis-1,2-dichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. |
| (66) (68) trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene (ppb)
| 0.1 | 1000 | 100 | 100 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing trans-1,2-dichloroethylene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver. |
| (67) (69) Dichloromethane (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from pharmaceutical and chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing dichloromethane in excess of the MCL over many years could have liver problems and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (68) (70) 1,2-Dichloropropane (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,2-dichloropropane in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (69) (71) Ethylbenzene (ppb)
| 0.7 | 1000 | 700 | 700 | Discharge from petroleum refineries | Some people who drink water containing ethylbenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver or kidneys. |
| (70) (72) Styrene (ppb)
| 0.1 | 1000 | 100 | 100 | Discharge from rubber and plastic factories; Leaching from landfills | Some people who drink water containing styrene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or circulatory system. |
| (71) (73) Tetrachloroethylene (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from factories and dry cleaners | Some people who drink water containing tetrachloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (72) (74) 1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene (ppb)
| 0.07 | 1000 | 70 | 70 | Discharge from textile-finishing factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene well in excess of the MCL over many years could experience changes in their adrenal glands. |
| (73) (75) 1,1,1,-Trichloroethane (ppb)
| 0.2 | 1000 | 200 | 200 | Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,1,1-trichloroethane in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, nervous system, or circulatory system. |
| (74) (76) 1,1,2-Trichloroethane (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 3 | Discharge from industrial chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing 1,1,2-trichloroethane well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their liver, kidneys, or immune systems. |
| (75) (77) Trichloroethylene (ppb)
| 0.005 | 1000 | 5 | 0 | Discharge from metal degreasing sites and other factories | Some people who drink water containing trichloroethylene in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (76) (78) Toluene (ppm)
| 1 | - | 1 | 1 | Discharge from petroleum factories | Some people who drink water containing toluene well in excess of the MCL over many years could have problems with their nervous system, kidneys, or liver. |
| (77) (79) Vinyl Chloride (ppb)
| 0.002 | 1000 | 2 | 0 | Leaching from PVC piping; Discharge from plastic factories | Some people who drink water containing vinyl chloride in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (78) (80) Xylenes (ppm)
| 10 | - | 10 | 10 | Discharge from petroleum factories; Discharge from chemical factories | Some people who drink water containing xylenes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience damage to their nervous system. |
| Disinfection By-Products, Precursors, and Residuals |
| (79) (81) TTHMs [total trihalomethanes] (ppb)
| .10
| 1000 | 100
| n/a | By-product of drinking water disinfection | Some people who drink water containing trihalomethanes in excess of the MCL over many years could experience problems with their liver, kidneys, or central nervous systems, and may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| .083 0.080
| 803 80
|
| (80) (82) Haloacetic acids (HAA) (ppb)
| 0.060 | 1000 | 60 | n/a | By-product of drinking water disinfection | Some people who drink water containing haloacetic acids in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (81) (83) Bromate (ppb)
| 0.010 | 1000 | 10 | 0 | By-product of drinking water disinfection | Some people who drink water containing bromate in excess of the MCL over many years may have an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| (82) (84) Chloramines (ppm)
| MRDL=4 | - | MRDL=4 | MRDLG=4 | Water additive used to control microbes | Some people who use water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chloramines well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort or anemia. |
| (83) (85) Chlorine (ppb)
| MRDL=4 | - | MRDL=4 | MRDLG=4 | Water additive used to control microbes | Some people who use water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience irritating effects to their eyes and nose. Some people who drink water containing chlorine well in excess of the MRDL could experience stomach discomfort. |
| (84) (86) Chlorine dioxide (ppb)4
| MRDL=0.8 | 1000 | MRDL=800 | MRDLG=800 | Water additive used to control microbes | Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorine dioxide in excess of the MRDL. Some people may experience anemia. |
| (84a) (86a) Chlorine dioxide, where any two consecutive daily samples taken at the entrance to the distribution system are above the MRDL.1
| MRDL=0.8 | | | MRDLG=0.8 | | The chlorine dioxide violations reported today are the result of exceedances at the treatment facility only, not within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Continued compliance with chlorine dioxide levels within the distribution system minimizes the potential risk of these violations to consumers. |
| (84b) (86b) Chlorine dioxide, where one or more distribution system samples are above the MRDL.1
| MRDL=0.8 | | | MRDLG=0.8 | | The chlorine dioxide violations reported today include exceedances of the EPA standard within the distribution system which delivers water to consumers. Violations of the chlorine dioxide standard within the distribution system may harm human health based on short-term exposures. Certain groups, including fetuses, infants, and young children, may be especially susceptible to nervous system effects from excessive chlorine dioxide exposure. |
| (85) (87) Chlorite (ppm)
| 1 | - | 1 | 0.8 | By-product of drinking water disinfection | Some infants and young children who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL could experience nervous system effects. Similar effects may occur in fetuses of pregnant women who drink water containing chlorite in excess of the MCL. Some people may experience anemia. |
| (86) (88) Total organic carbon (ppm)
| TT | - | TT | n/a | Naturally present in the environment | Total organic carbon (TOC) has no health effects. However, total organic carbon provides a medium for the formation of disinfection byproducts. These byproducts include trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs). Drinking water containing these byproducts in excess of the MCL may lead to adverse health effects, liver or kidney problems, or nervous systems effects, and may lead to an increased risk of getting cancer. |
| | | | | | | | | |
1This information is for public notification purposes only.
2These arsenic values are effective January 23, 2006. Until then, the MCL is 0.05 mg/l and there is no MCLG.
3Compliance with this total trihalomethanes MCL is required beginning December 16, 2001, for systems serving 10,000 or more persons and beginning December 16, 2003, for systems serving fewer than 10,000 persons and systems using only groundwater not under the direct influence of surface water.
4 3This information is for Consumer Confidence Report purposes only.
5 4Violations of the treatment technique requirements for filtration and disinfection that involve turbidity exceedances may use the health effects language for turbidity instead.
VA.R. Doc. No. R09-973; Filed September 8, 2008, 3:17 p.m.