Titles of Regulations: 9VAC5-80. Permits for Stationary Sources (Rev. D14) (amending 9VAC5-80-1615, 9VAC5-80-1865, 9VAC5-80-2010, 9VAC5-80-2144).

9VAC5-85. Permits for Stationary Sources of Pollutants Subject to Regulation (Rev. D14) (amending 9VAC5-85-50, 9VAC5-85-55).

Statutory Authority: § 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia; Clean Air Act (§§ 110, 112, 165, 173, 182, and Title V); 40 CFR Parts 51, 61, 63, 70, and 72.

Public Hearing Information: No public hearings are scheduled.

Public Comment Deadline: July 29, 2015.

Effective Date: August 13, 2015.

Agency Contact: Karen G. Sabasteanski, Department of Environmental Quality, 629 East Main Street, P.O. Box 1105, Richmond, VA 23218, telephone (804) 698-4426, FAX (804) 698-4510, TTY (804) 698-4021, or email karen.sabasteanski@deq.virginia.gov.

Basis: Section 10.1-1308 of the Virginia Air Pollution Control Law authorizes the State Air Pollution Control Board to promulgate regulations abating, controlling, and prohibiting air pollution in order to protect public health and welfare.

General. Sections 109(a) and 109(b) of the 1990 federal Clean Air Act (Act) require the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to prescribe primary and secondary air quality standards to protect public health and welfare, respectively, for each air pollutant for which air quality criteria were issued before the enactment of the 1970 Clean Air Act. These standards are known as the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Section 109(c) requires EPA to prescribe such standards simultaneously with the issuance of new air quality criteria for any additional air pollutant. The primary and secondary air quality criteria are authorized for promulgation under § 108 of the Act.

Section 110(a) of the Act mandates that each state adopt and submit to EPA a state implementation plan (SIP) that provides for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of each NAAQS within each air quality control region in the state. One of the programs that the SIP must include is a program for the regulation of the modification and construction of any stationary source within areas covered by the plan to assure the attainment of the NAAQS, including a permit program as required by Parts C and D of Title I of the Act.

40 CFR Part 50 specifies the NAAQS: sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, carbon monoxide, ozone (and its precursors), nitrogen dioxide, and lead.

40 CFR Part 51 sets out requirements for the preparation, adoption, and submittal of SIPs. These requirements mandate that a SIP include certain provisions, as summarized below.

Subpart G (Control Strategy) specifies the description of emissions reductions estimates sufficient to attain and maintain the standards, the description of control measures and schedules for implementation, time periods for demonstrations of the control strategy's adequacy, an emissions inventory, an air quality data summary, data availability, special requirements for lead emissions, stack height provisions, and intermittent control systems.

Subpart I (Review of New Sources and Modifications) specifies legally enforceable procedures, public availability of information on sources, identification of responsible agency, and administrative procedures.

Section 51.160 of Subpart I specifies that the SIP must stipulate legally enforceable procedures that enable the permitting agency to determine whether the construction or modification of a facility will result in either a violation of any part of a control strategy or interference with attainment or maintenance of a national standard and, if such violation or interference would occur, the means by which the construction or modification can be prevented. The procedures must identify types of facilities that will be subject to review and discuss the basis for determining which facilities will be subject to review. The procedures must provide that facility owners must submit information on the nature and amounts of emissions and on the location, construction, and operation of the facility. The procedures must ensure that owners comply with applicable control strategies after permit approval and must discuss air quality data and modeling requirements on which applications must be based.

Section 51.161 of Subpart I specifies that the permitting agency must provide opportunity for public comment on information submitted by owners and on the agency's analysis of the effect of construction or modification on ambient air quality, including the agency's proposed approval or disapproval. Section 51.161 also specifies the minimum requirements for public notice and comment on this information.

Section 51.162 of Subpart I specifies that the responsible agency must be identified in the SIP. Section 51.163 of Subpart I specifies that the SIP must include administrative procedures to be followed in determining whether the construction or modification of a facility, building, structure or installation will violate applicable control strategies or interfere with the attainment or maintenance of a national standard. Section 51.164 of Subpart I governs stack height procedures, and Subpart L (Legal Authority) specifies identification of legal authority to implement plans and assignment of legal authority to local agencies.

Section 51.230 of Subpart L specifies that each SIP must show that the state has the legal authority to carry out the plan, including the authority to adopt measures necessary for the attainment and maintenance of the NAAQS; to enforce applicable laws, regulations, and standards, and seek injunctive relief; to obtain information necessary to determine whether air pollution sources are in compliance with applicable laws, regulations, and standards, including authority to require recordkeeping and to make inspections and conduct tests of air pollution sources; and to prevent construction, modification, or operation of a facility which directly or indirectly results in emissions of any air pollutant that will prevent the attainment or maintenance of a national standard.

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)

Part C of the Clean Air Act is entitled, "Prevention of Significant Deterioration of Air Quality." As described in § 160 of the Act, the purpose of Part C is to protect existing clean air resources. Part C requires that the SIP include a PSD program. Section 161 of Part C says:

In accordance with the policy of § 101(b)(1), each applicable implementation plan shall contain emission limitations and such other measures as may be necessary, as determined under regulations promulgated under this part, to prevent significant deterioration of air quality in each region (or portion thereof) designated pursuant to § 107 as attainment or unclassifiable.

This means that the air in areas that meet national clean air standards is not allowed to become less clean, that is, to deteriorate.

Sections 162 through 169B go on to provide the details of how each state's PSD program is to be designed and operated. Section 165, "Preconstruction Requirements," is the section of the Act that deals with new source review (NSR) permit programs. This section requires that sources obtain permits demonstrating that they will not contribute to air pollution in excess of that allowed by the Act. Section 165 also specifies what steps are needed to coordinate this permitting process with the federal land managers, who are responsible for maintaining air quality in the cleanest areas of the country: the national parks. Section 165 specifies that new sources locating in attainment areas must meet best available control technology (BACT), which is defined in § 169. Section 166 requires EPA to regulate certain types of pollutants in PSD areas.

40 CFR 51.166 provides details of what state PSD programs must include. These details include how to revise the program, how and when to assess the program, public participation requirements, and how to amend the program. 40 CFR 51.166(a)(1) states, "Each applicable State Implementation plan shall contain emission limitations and such other measures as may be necessary to prevent significant deterioration of air quality." 40 CFR 51.166(a)(7) specifies the source applicability for the review of major sources and modifications and defines certain principles to be applied in the administration of the program. The remainder of 40 CFR 51.166 provides details on what the SIPs must contain.

Significant PSD concepts such as "baseline actual emissions," "major stationary source," "major modification," "net emissions increase," "potential to emit," "baseline concentration," and "significant" are defined in 40 CFR 51.166(b). In 40 CFR 51.166(c), ambient air increments are found, while ambient air ceilings are specified in 40 CFR 51.166(d). Area classifications are restricted in 40 CFR 51.166(e); exclusions from increment consumption are listed in 40 CFR 51.166(f). Redesignation of Class I, II, or III areas is discussed in § 51.166(g) and stack height requirements are given in 40 CFR 51.166(h). Exemptions are found in 40 CFR 51.166(i). 40 CFR 51.166(j) covers control technology review, specifically in 40 CFR 51.166(j)(2) and (3), which require that new sources or major modifications must meet BACT as defined in 40 CFR 51.166(b)(12). Requirements for source impact analysis are given in 40 CFR 51.166(k). Air quality models are described in 40 CFR 51.166(l). Preapplication analysis, post-construction monitoring, and operation of monitoring stations are found in 40 CFR 51.166(m), air quality analysis. Sources must provide information as described in 40 CFR 51.166(n), as well as additional impact analyses as described in 40 CFR 51.166(o). Sources that affect federal Class I areas must meet the requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(p), which also describes the responsibilities of the federal land manager. Public participation requirements are found in 40 CFR 51.166(q). 40 CFR 51.166(r) includes additional information on source obligation, and 40 CFR 51.166(s) allows for the use of innovative control technologies. Finally, provisions for plantwide applicability limits (PALs) are found in 40 CFR 51.166(w) and 40 CFR 52.21(aa).

Nonattainment. Part D of the Clean Air Act, "Plan Requirements for Nonattainment Areas," describes how nonattainment areas are established, classified, and required to meet attainment. Subpart 1, Nonattainment Areas in General, consists of §§ 171 through 179, and provides the overall framework of what nonattainment plans are to contain, permit requirements, planning procedures, motor vehicle emission standards, and sanctions and consequences of failure to attain. Subpart 2, Additional Provisions for Ozone Nonattainment Areas, consists of §§ 181 through 185, and provides more detail on what is required of areas designated as nonattainment for ozone.

Section 182(a)(2)(C) sets out the general requirements for NSR programs in all nonattainment areas and mandates a new and modified major stationary source permit program that meets the requirements of §§ 172 and 173 of the Act. Section 172 contains the basic requirement for a permit program, while § 173 contains the specifics summarized below.

Section 173(a) provides that a permit may be issued if the following criteria are met:

1. Offsets have been obtained for the new or expanding sources from existing sources so that total allowable emissions (i) from existing sources in the region, (ii) from new or modified sources which are not major emitting facilities, and (iii) from the proposed new source will be sufficiently less than total emissions from existing sources prior to the application for the permit.

2. The proposed source complies with the lowest achievable emission rate (LAER).

3. The owner of the proposed source has demonstrated that all major stationary sources owned or operated by the owner in the state are subject to emission limitations and are in or on a schedule for compliance with all applicable emission limitations or standards.

4. The SIP is being adequately implemented for the nonattainment area in which the proposed source is to be located.

5. An analysis of alternative sites, sizes, production processes, and environmental control techniques for the proposed source demonstrates that benefits of the proposed source significantly outweigh the environmental and social costs imposed as a result of its location, construction, or modification.

Section 173(c) provides that the owner of the proposed new or modified source may obtain offsets only from the nonattainment area in which the proposed source is to be located. Offsets may be obtained from other nonattainment areas whose emissions affect the area where the proposed source is to be located, provided the other nonattainment area has an equal or higher classification and the offsets are based on actual emissions.

A major stationary source is defined for general application in § 302 of the Act as "any facility or source of air pollutants which directly emits, or has the potential to emit, 100 tons per year or more of any air pollutant." For nonattainment areas defined as serious or worse, § 182(c) specifically defines a major stationary source as a facility emitting 50 tons per year or more; and for nonattainment areas defined as severe or worse, § 182(d) specifically defines a major stationary source as a facility emitting 25 tons per year or more. Section 182(f) provides that requirements which apply to major stationary sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) under the Act shall also apply to major stationary sources of nitrogen oxides (NO_X).

Section 182(a)(4) sets out the requirements for marginal areas with respect to offset ratios, providing for a minimum ratio of total emissions reduction of VOCs to total increased emissions of VOCs of 1.1 to 1. Likewise § 182(b)(5) sets out the offset requirements for moderate nonattainment areas, specifying the ratio to be at least 1.15 to 1. Accordingly, § 182(c)(10) sets out the offset requirements for serious nonattainment areas, specifying the ratio to be at least 1.2 to 1. Finally, § 182(d)(2) sets out the offset requirements for severe nonattainment areas, specifying the ratio to be at least 1.3 to 1.

Sections 182(c)(6) through 182(c)(8) contain some additional specifics for serious or worse nonattainment areas concerning the establishment of a de minimis level for expanding existing sources and the allowance of internal offsets as an alternative to the permit requirements. NSR programs must include provisions to require permits for modifications of all existing sources unless the increase in net emissions from the source does not exceed 25 tons when aggregated with all other net increases in emissions from the source over any period of five consecutive calendar years, including the calendar year in which the increase occurs. The program must also include provisions concerning internal offsets as alternatives to the permit requirements. For sources emitting less than 100 tons per year and applying for a permit to expand, a permit will be required unless the owner elects to offset the increase by a greater reduction in emissions of the same pollutant from other operations, units, or activities within the source at an internal offset ratio of at least 1.3 to 1. If the owner does not choose the option of an internal offset, a permit will be required but the control technology level required will be BACT instead of lowest achievable emission rate (LAER). For sources emitting 100 tons or more per year and applying for a permit to expand, control technology requirements which constitute LAER will be required unless the owner elects to offset the increase by a greater reduction in emissions of the same pollutant from other operations, units, or activities within the source at an internal offset ratio of at least 1.3 to 1.

40 CFR 51.165 enumerates permit requirements for nonattainment areas. This section describes what permitting requirements are to be contained in the SIP. Specific definitions of key terms such as "potential to emit," major stationary source," "major modification," "allowable emissions," and "lowest achievable emission rate," are found in 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1). In 40 CFR 51.166(a)(2), the SIP must include a preconstruction review program to satisfy the requirements of 40 CFR 172(b)(6) and § 173 of the Act, and must apply to any new source or modification locating in a nonattainment area; 40 CFR 51.166(a)(2) also defines certain principles to be applied in the administration of the program. Section 51.165(a)(3) describes how emissions and emission reductions are to be measured and included in the SIP; 40 CFR 51.165(a)(4) lists a number of exemptions. 40 CFR 51.165(a)(5) stipulates that sources must meet the SIP as well as other state and federal requirements. In accordance with 40 CFR 51.165(a)(6), owners of projects at existing emissions units at a major stationary source in circumstances where there is a reasonable possibility that a project that is not a part of a major modification may result in a significant emissions increase must monitor emissions and record and report certain data; additionally, 40 CFR 51.165(a)(7) requires that such information be made available for review.

40 CFR 51.165(b) requires that sources meet the requirements of § 110(a)(2)(d)(i). This section also provides significance levels of pollutants which may not be exceeded by any source or modification. Finally, 40 CFR 51.165(f) provides requirements for PALs. Provisions for PALs for greenhouse gases are found in 40 CFR 52.21(aa).

NSR Reform. On December 31, 2002 (67 FR 80185), EPA promulgated revisions, commonly known as "new source review reform," to the federal NSR permitting program for major stationary sources. Changes to the NSR program incorporated five main elements: changes to the method for determining baseline actual emissions, changes to the method for determining emissions increases due to an operational change, provisions to exclude pollution control projects from NSR; provisions for determining applicability of NSR requirements for units designated as clean units, and provisions to allow for compliance with PALs. (Note that on June 24, 2005, the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals vacated the clean unit and pollution control project provisions, which were therefore never implemented.)

In areas where a state administers the NSR program under an approved SIP, the state was required to adopt and submit revisions to the SIP to reflect the federal rule revisions no later than January 2, 2006. The EPA regulations on which the state regulations are based allow states some discretion in how the program is implemented. As long as the base elements of the program are included, states are allowed to tailor the federal regulations to meet state needs. EPA has stated that specific enforcement of the regulations is to be delineated by the states. Generally, as long as the state regulations do not impede a source's ability to use the basic elements of the NSR program, EPA considers the state regulations to be equally as protective as the federal regulations.

State Requirements. Section 10.1-1307 A of the Code of Virginia provides that the board may, among other activities, develop a comprehensive program for the study, abatement, and control of all sources of air pollution in the Commonwealth.

Section 10.1-1308 of the Code of Virginia provides that the board shall have the power to promulgate regulations abating, controlling, and prohibiting air pollution throughout or in any part of the Commonwealth in accordance with the provisions of the Administrative Process Act (§ 2.2-4000 et seq. of the Code of Virginia). It further provides that the regulations shall not promote or encourage any substantial degradation of present air quality in any air basin or region which has an air quality superior to that stipulated in the regulations.

At the time the Virginia NSR reform regulation amendments were being developed (2004-2005), a number of issues were identified that necessitated some deviations from the federal program in order to meet certain Virginia-specific issues, including considerable uncertainty as to how the NSR reforms would be implemented as a practical matter, and the potential for increases in air pollution. The final regulation amendments were adopted by the board on June 21, 2006, submitted to EPA on October 10, 2006, and approved into the SIP on October 22, 2008 (73 FR 62897).

Additionally, a separate chapter (9VAC5-85, Permits for Stationary Sources of Pollutants Subject to Regulation) was established in order to regulate PSD NSR permits specifically for sources of greenhouse gases. This chapter contains PAL requirements that are based on the specific PAL requirements in 40 CFR 52.21(aa) and the general requirements in 9VAC5-80.

Purpose: General. The purpose of the regulation is to protect public health, safety, and welfare by enabling the department to determine whether a new or modified source will affect ambient air quality standards and PSD ambient air increments. The proposed amendments are not expected to affect the purpose of the regulation and some reduction in emissions may result from amendment to plantwide applicability limits.

Among the primary goals of the federal Clean Air Act are the attainment and maintenance of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) of air quality in areas cleaner than the NAAQS. The Act gives EPA the authority to establish the NAAQS, which are designed to protect the health of the general public with an adequate margin of safety. The NAAQS establish the maximum limits of pollutants that are permitted in the outside ambient air. The Act requires that each state submit a state implementation plan (SIP), including any regulations necessary to enforce the plan, showing how the air pollution concentrations will be reduced to levels at or below these standards (attainment). Once the pollution levels are within the standards, the plan must also demonstrate how the state will maintain the air pollution concentrations at reduced levels (maintenance).

The heart of the SIP is the control strategy. The control strategy describes the measures to be used by the state to attain and maintain the air quality standards. There are three basic types of control measures: stationary source control measures, mobile source control measures, and transportation source control measures. Stationary source control measures are directed at emissions primarily from commercial and industrial facilities and operations. Mobile source control measures are directed at tailpipe and other emissions from motor vehicles, and transportation source control measures affect motor vehicle location and use.

A key control measure for managing the growth of new emissions from stationary sources is to require preconstruction review of new major facilities or major modifications to existing ones. This review is accomplished through a permit program for new and modified stationary sources. The program requires that owners obtain a permit from the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) prior to the construction of a new industrial or commercial facility or the modification (physical change or change in the method of operation) of an existing one. Program requirements differ according to the facility's potential to emit a certain amount of a specific pollutant and the air quality status of the area where the facility is or will be located. Requirements for facilities considered major due to their potential to emit a specified pollutant are more stringent than for less polluting facilities. Requirements for major facilities in nonattainment areas are considerably more stringent than for those in areas that meet the standard (i.e., PSD areas).

Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD). The PSD program is designed to protect air quality in areas where the air is cleaner than required by the NAAQS. Areas that are thus designated as "attainment" are further classified to define the level of allowable degradation: Class I is the most stringent classification, allowing for little additional pollution, while Class III allows the most. All of Virginia is classified at the moderate level, Class II, with the exception of two Class I federal lands.

Prior to construction or expansion of an industrial facility, a permit must be issued that ensures that the facility will not emit pollutants in sufficient quantity to make a significant contribution to the deterioration of air quality or to violate the NAAQS. Additionally, the owner must provide an analysis of the impairment to air quality related values (including visibility) that would occur as a result of the source or modification. The permit application and DEQ review and analysis must be subject to a public hearing prior to issuing the permit. The facility must use the best available control technology to control emissions. If the facility is to be located near a Class I area, the federal land manager is involved in the review process, and additional data is required.

Nonattainment. When concentrations of ambient air pollution exceed the federal standard, the area is considered to be out of compliance and is designated "nonattainment." A number of counties and cities within the Commonwealth are designated nonattainment for the eight-hour ozone standard and the fine particle (PM_2.5) standard.

The Act has a process for identifying and classifying each nonattainment area according to the severity of its air pollution problem for ozone. There are five nonattainment area classifications: marginal, moderate, serious, severe, and extreme. Marginal areas are subject to the least stringent requirements and each subsequent classification is subject to successively more stringent control measures. Areas in a higher classification of nonattainment must meet the mandates of the lower classifications plus the more stringent requirements of its own class. If a particular area fails to attain the federal standard by the legislatively mandated attainment date, EPA is required to reassign it to the next higher classification level (denoting a worse air quality problem), thus subjecting the area to more stringent air pollution control requirements.

Permits issued in nonattainment areas require the facility owner to apply control technology that meets the lowest achievable emission rate and to obtain emission reductions from existing sources. The emission reductions must offset the increases from the proposed facility by the ratio specified in the Act for that particular nonattainment classification.

Virginia-specific issues. In the regulation amendments adopted by the board on June 21, 2006, a number of changes were made to the baseline federal requirements in order to better suit the Virginia NSR program and to alleviate concerns at the time about implementation and impacts. Since then, DEQ has gained experience in implementing the program and has monitored how the program is being implemented in other states.

On October 22, 2013, the board received a petition from the Virginia Manufacturers Association (VMA) to initiate a rulemaking concerning major NSR. The petitioner requested that the board amend Article 8, Permits for Major Stationary Sources and Major Modifications Locating in Prevention of Significant Deterioration Areas (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) and Article 9, Permits for Major Stationary Sources and Major Modifications Locating in Nonattainment Areas or the Ozone Transport Region (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of Part II of 9VAC5-80 (Permits for Stationary Sources) as follows:

1. Amend the definition of "baseline actual emissions" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C and make any other regulatory changes necessary to make the Virginia regulation conform with the federal definition. This would allow VMA members and other facility owners in Virginia to use a 10-year lookback period, thus making the Virginia regulations no more stringent than federally required.

2. Amend subdivision b 4 of the definition of "baseline actual emissions" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C, amend 9VAC5-80-1865 E and 9VAC5-80-2144 E, and make any other regulatory changes necessary to make the Virginia regulation conform with the federal definition. This would allow VMA members and other facility owners in Virginia to use different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants, thus making the Virginia regulations no more stringent than federally required.

3. Amend 9VAC5-80-1615 C, 9VAC5-80-1865 C 1 f, 9VAC5-80-2010 C, and 9VAC5-80-2144 C 1 f, and make any other regulatory changes necessary to make the Virginia regulation conform with the federal definition. This would allow VMA members and other facility owners in Virginia to obtain PALs for 10 years, rather than only five years, thus making the Virginia regulations no more stringent than federally required.

4. Amend the definition of "emissions unit" and add a definition of "replacement unit" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C, and make any other regulatory changes necessary to make the Virginia regulation conform with the federal definition. This would allow VMA members and other facility owners in Virginia to use the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit, thus making the Virginia regulations no more stringent than federally required.

As required by the Administrative Process Act, notice of the opportunity to submit written comments on the petition was given to the public on December 30, 2013, in the Virginia Register and the public comment period closed on January 30, 2014. Eight comments were received, all in favor of the petition. After being presented with the results of the comment period, the board elected to grant the petition on April 4, 2014, and directed the department to amend the regulations accordingly.

Because the PAL requirements for PSD sources of greenhouse gases are based on those in Article 8 with additional requirements derived from 40 CFR 52.21, these provisions must also be modified.

Finally, a number of administrative amendments intended to provide clarity were identified.

Rationale for Using Fast-Track Process: The petition underwent a public comment period in accordance with the Administrative Process Act; eight comments were received, all positive. In addition, the department determined that aligning the Virginia regulations with the EPA regulations would not have an adverse impact on the permitting program and would likely be generally beneficial. EPA was also consulted and did not express any negative reaction. Given the lack of negative public comment, and the positive result of the department's analysis, it is not anticipated that the proposal will be controversial.

Substance: The definition of "baseline actual emissions" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(b)(47) and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(xxxv). This will extend the lookback period from five years to 10 years.

The definition of "baseline actual emissions" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C, and 9VAC5-80-1865 E and 9VAC5-80-2144 E, will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(b)(47) and 40 CFR 51.166(w), and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(xxxv) and 40 CFR 51.165(f)(6). This will enable different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants.

9VAC5-80-1615 C, 9VAC5-80-1865 C 1 f, 9VAC5-80-2010 C, and 9VAC5-80-2144 C 1 will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(w) and 40 CFR 51.165(f). This will increase the PAL effective period from five years to 10 years.

The definitions of "emissions unit" will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(b)(7) and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(vii), and a definition of "replacement unit" will be added in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and 9VAC5-80-2010 C in accordance with 40 CFR 51.166(b)(32) and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(xxi). This will enable use of the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit.

The definitions of "baseline actual emissions for a GHG PAL" and "PAL effective period" in 9VAC5-85-50 C will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 52.21(aa)(2)(xiii) and 40 CFR 52.21(aa)(2)(vii). This will extend the lookback period from five years to 10 years, and remove a requirement that prohibits different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants.

9VAC5-85-55 will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 52.21(aa). This will increase the PAL effective period from five years to 10 years.

The definition of "emissions unit" will be amended to conform the Virginia regulation to the federal requirements of 40 CFR 51.166(b)(7) and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(vii), and a definition of "replacement unit" will be added in 9VAC5-85-50 C in accordance with 40 CFR 51.166(b)(32) and 40 CFR 51.165(a)(1)(xxi). This will enable use of the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit. Although there are no specific replacement unit provisions in the federal greenhouse gas (GHG) PAL rule, the definitions are baseline PSD concepts, and it is appropriate to include them in the state GHG PAL rule.

Issues: Public: The public will likely benefit from the amendments, as they will help the major NSR permitting program to operate more effectively and encourage the implementation of projects that are more protective of air quality. There are no disadvantages to the public.

Department: The department will likely benefit from the amendments, as they will help the major NSR permitting program to operate more effectively and encourage the implementation of projects that are more protective of air quality. There are no disadvantages to the department.

Department of Planning and Budget's Economic Impact Analysis:

Summary of the Proposed Amendments to Regulations. The Air Pollution Board (Board) proposes to 1) amend the definition of "baseline actual emissions" to allow the use of a 10-year lookback period rather than current 5-year period, 2) amend the definition of "baseline actual emissions" to allow the use of different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants, 3) amend plantwide applicability limits (PAL) requirements such that a PAL effective period is for 10 years rather than current 5 years, and 4) amend the definition of "emissions unit" and add a definition of "replacement unit" to enable the use of the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit.

Result of Analysis. There is insufficient data to accurately compare the magnitude of the benefits versus the costs. Detailed analysis of the benefits and costs can be found in the next section.

Estimated Economic Impact. The proposed changes will make certain elements of the major new source review (NSR) program consistent with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. More specifically, the Board proposes to 1) amend the definition of "baseline actual emissions" to allow the use of a 10-year lookback period rather than current 5-year period, 2) amend the definition of "baseline actual emissions" to allow the use of different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants, 3) amend plantwide applicability limits (PAL) requirements such that a PAL effective period is for 10 years rather than current 5 years, and 4) amend the definition of "emissions unit" and add a definition of "replacement unit" to enable the use of the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit. The Virginia Manufacturers Association has petitioned the Board for these changes.

The proposed changes will provide more flexibility to the permit applicants. For example, being able to use a 10-year lookback period will allow the regulants to pick more favorable historical emissions data to establish their baseline. Similarly, allowing different lookback periods for different pollutants will allow the regulants to pick more favorable historical emissions data to establish their baseline. Extending the PAL's effective period from 5 to 10 years will make them more attractive and provide more flexibility to the regulants.

The additional flexibility may reduce the number of permit applications and revisions. A reduction in the number of applications would provide administrative cost savings to the affected entities and the Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ), reduce business uncertainty, and allow sources to respond more quickly to changing market conditions. In addition, the proposed changes will conform to federal regulations which may produce additional benefits by reducing potential for confusion and/or by improving consistency.

There is uncertainty regarding the potential impact on emissions. On one hand, more favorable lookback periods may lead to an increase in baseline emissions and consequently an increase in permit limits. On the other hand, more favorable PAL periods may encourage reduction in emissions.

Businesses and Entities Affected. Approximately 300 sources may be eligible to utilize the proposed version of NSR. Of these sources, some or all of them may avail themselves of some or all of the elements of the regulations. However, the specific number, type, and size of sources to be affected by the regulations is impossible to predict, as such a prediction must approximate the need and ability of sources to make specific plant-by-plant modifications, which depend on local, national, and global economies as well as by a source's individual, plant-specific needs. Similarly, PAL program elements are optional. The ability to utilize certain elements of the regulations depend on a source's ability to calculate and provide certain types of data over particular periods of time, to be capable of performing certain types of testing and monitoring, and many other requirements that a source may or may not be able to undertake. In short, there is no reliable estimate regarding the number of affected entities.

Localities Particularly Affected. The proposed regulation applies throughout the Commonwealth.

Projected Impact on Employment. A reduction in the number of permit applications would reduce demand for administrative labor both by the affected sources and by DEQ while added flexibility would increase labor demand if it leads to increased business activity. It is not known if any of the potential effects will be significant.

Effects on the Use and Value of Private Property. It is not known if any of the potential effects will be significant. Consequently, the potential positive impact on the asset value of affected entities may or may not be significant.

Small Businesses: Costs and Other Effects. Some of the affected sources may be small businesses. The costs and other effects on them are the same as discussed above.

Small Businesses: Alternative Method that Minimizes Adverse Impact. The proposed changes are not anticipated to have an adverse impact on small businesses.

Real Estate Development Costs. No significant impact on real estate development costs is expected.

Legal Mandate. General: The Department of Planning and Budget (DPB) has analyzed the economic impact of this proposed regulation in accordance with § 2.2-4007.04 of the Code of Virginia and Executive Order Number 17 (2014). Section 2.2-4007.04 requires that such economic impact analyses determine the public benefits and costs of the proposed amendments. Further the report should include but not be limited to:

• the projected number of businesses or other entities to whom the proposed regulation would apply,

• the identity of any localities and types of businesses or other entities particularly affected,

• the projected number of persons and employment positions to be affected,

• the projected costs to affected businesses or entities to implement or comply with the regulation, and

• the impact on the use and value of private property.

Small Businesses: If the proposed regulation will have an adverse effect on small businesses, § 2.2-4007.04 requires that such economic impact analyses include:

• an identification and estimate of the number of small businesses subject to the proposed regulation,

• the projected reporting, recordkeeping, and other administrative costs required for small businesses to comply with the proposed regulation, including the type of professional skills necessary for preparing required reports and other documents,

• a statement of the probable effect of the proposed regulation on affected small businesses, and

• a description of any less intrusive or less costly alternative methods of achieving the purpose of the proposed regulation.

Additionally, pursuant to § 2.2-4007.1, if there is a finding that a proposed regulation may have an adverse impact on small business, the Joint Commission on Administrative Rules is notified at the time the proposed regulation is submitted to the Virginia Register of Regulations for publication. This analysis shall represent DPB's best estimate for the purposes of public review and comment on the proposed regulation.

Agency's Response to Economic Impact Analysis: The Department of Environmental Quality has reviewed the economic impact analysis prepared by the Department of Planning and Budget and has no comment.

Summary:

The amendments make certain elements of the major new source review (NSR) program consistent with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations. More specifically, the amendments (i) change the definition of "baseline actual emissions" to allow the use of a 10-year lookback period rather than current five-year period and to allow the use of different lookback periods for different regulated NSR pollutants, (ii) amend plantwide applicability limits (PALs) requirements such that a PAL effective period is for 10 years rather than current five years, and (iii) amend the definition of "emissions unit" and add a definition of "replacement unit" to enable the use of the baseline actual emissions of the unit being replaced and the projected actual emissions of the replacement unit.

9VAC5-80-1615. Definitions.

A. As used in this article, all words or terms not defined herein shall have the meanings given them in 9VAC5-10 (General Definitions), unless otherwise required by context.

B. For the purpose of this article, 9VAC5-50-280, and applying this article in the context of the Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution and related uses, the words or terms shall have the meanings given them in subsection C of this section:

C. Terms defined.

"Actual emissions" means the actual rate of emissions of a regulated NSR pollutant from an emissions unit, as determined in accordance with subdivisions a through, b, and c of this definition, except that this definition shall not apply for calculating whether a significant emissions increase has occurred, or for establishing a PAL under 9VAC5-80-1865. Instead, the definitions of "projected actual emissions" and "baseline actual emissions" shall apply for those purposes.

a. In general, actual emissions as of a particular date shall equal the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during a consecutive 24-month period that precedes the particular date and that is representative of normal source operation. The board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation. Actual emissions shall be calculated using the unit's actual operating hours, production rates, and types of materials processed, stored, or combusted during the selected time period.

b. The board may presume that source-specific allowable emissions for the unit are equivalent to the actual emissions of the unit.

c. For any emissions unit that has not begun normal operations on the particular date, actual emissions shall equal the potential to emit of the unit on that date.

"Actuals PAL for a major stationary source" means a PAL based on the baseline actual emissions of all emissions units at the source that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant.

"Administrator" means the administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or an authorized representative.

"Adverse impact on visibility" means visibility impairment that interferes with the management, protection, preservation or enjoyment of the visitor's visual experience of the federal class I area. This determination shall be made on a case-by-case basis taking into account the geographic extent, intensity, duration, frequency and time of visibility impairment, and how these factors correlate with (i) times of visitor use of the federal class I areas, and (ii) the frequency and timing of natural conditions that reduce visibility.

"Allowable emissions" means the emissions rate of a stationary source calculated using the maximum rated capacity of the source (unless the source is subject to federally and state enforceable limits that restrict the operating rate, or hours of operation, or both) and the most stringent of the following:

a. The applicable standards as set forth in 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63;

b. The applicable implementation plan emissions limitation including those with a future compliance date; or

c. The emissions limit specified as a federally and state enforceable permit condition, including those with a future compliance date.

For the purposes of actuals PALs, "allowable emissions" shall also be calculated considering any emission limitations that are enforceable as a practical matter on the emissions unit's potential to emit.

"Applicable federal requirement" means all of, but not limited to, the following as they apply to emissions units in a source subject to this article (including requirements that have been promulgated or approved by the administrator through rulemaking at the time of permit issuance but have future-effective compliance dates):

a. Any standard or other requirement provided for in an implementation plan established pursuant to § 110 or § 111(d) of the federal Clean Air Act, including any source-specific provisions such as consent agreements or orders.

b. Any limit or condition in any construction permit issued under the new source review program or in any operating permit issued pursuant to the state operating permit program.

c. Any emission standard, alternative emission standard, alternative emission limitation, equivalent emission limitation or other requirement established pursuant to § 112 or § 129 of the federal Clean Air Act as amended in 1990.

d. Any new source performance standard or other requirement established pursuant to § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act, and any emission standard or other requirement established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act before it was amended in 1990.

e. Any limitations and conditions or other requirement in a Virginia regulation or program that has been approved by EPA under subpart E of 40 CFR Part 63 for the purposes of implementing and enforcing § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act.

f. Any requirement concerning accident prevention under § 112(r)(7) of the federal Clean Air Act.

g. Any compliance monitoring requirements established pursuant to either § 504(b) or § 114(a)(3) of the federal Clean Air Act.

h. Any standard or other requirement for consumer and commercial products under § 183(e) of the federal Clean Air Act.

i. Any standard or other requirement for tank vessels under § 183(f) of the federal Clean Air Act.

j. Any standard or other requirement in 40 CFR Part 55 to control air pollution from outer continental shelf sources.

k. Any standard or other requirement of the regulations promulgated to protect stratospheric ozone under Title VI of the federal Clean Air Act unless the administrator has determined that such requirements need not be contained in a permit issued under this article.

l. With regard to temporary sources subject to 9VAC5-80-130, (i) any ambient air quality standard, except applicable state requirements, and (ii) requirements regarding increments or visibility as provided in this article.

"Baseline actual emissions" means the rate of emissions, in tons per year, of a regulated NSR pollutant, as determined in accordance with the following:

a. For any existing electric utility steam generating unit, baseline actual emissions means the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year period immediately preceding when the owner begins actual construction of the project. The board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation.

(1) The average rate shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

(2) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any noncompliant emissions that occurred while the source was operating above any emission limitation that was legally enforceable during the consecutive 24-month period.

(3) For a regulated NSR pollutant, when a project involves multiple emissions units, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for the emissions units being changed. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different regulated NSR pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. A different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each regulated NSR pollutant.

(4) The average rate shall not be based on any consecutive 24-month period for which there is inadequate information for determining annual emissions, in tons per year, and for adjusting this amount if required by subdivision a (2) of this definition.

b. For an existing emissions unit (other than an electric utility steam generating unit), baseline actual emissions means the average rate, in tons per year, at which the emissions unit actually emitted the pollutant during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year 10-year period immediately preceding either the date the owner begins actual construction of the project, or the date a complete permit application is received by the board for a permit required under this article, whichever is earlier, except that the five-year 10-year period shall not include any period earlier than November 15, 1990. The board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation.

(1) The average rate shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

(2) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any noncompliant emissions that occurred while the source was operating above any emission limitation that was legally enforceable during the consecutive 24-month period.

(3) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any emissions that would have exceeded an emission limitation with which the major stationary source must currently comply, had such major stationary source been required to comply with such limitations during the consecutive 24-month period. However, if an emission limitation is part of a maximum achievable control technology standard that the administrator proposed or promulgated under 40 CFR Part 63, the baseline actual emissions need only be adjusted if the board has taken credit for such emissions reductions in an attainment demonstration or maintenance plan consistent with the requirements of 9VAC5-80-2120 K.

(4) For a regulated NSR pollutant, when a project involves multiple emissions units, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for all the emissions units being changed. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different regulated NSR pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. A different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each regulated NSR pollutant.

(5) The average rate shall not be based on any consecutive 24-month period for which there is inadequate information for determining annual emissions, in tons per year, and for adjusting this amount if required by subdivisions b (2) and b (3) of this definition.

c. For a new emissions unit, the baseline actual emissions for purposes of determining the emissions increase that will result from the initial construction and operation of such unit shall equal zero; and thereafter, for all other purposes, shall equal the unit's potential to emit.

d. For a PAL for a stationary source, the baseline actual emissions shall be calculated for existing electric utility steam generating units in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision a of this definition, for other existing emissions units in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision b of this definition, and for a new emissions unit in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision c of this subsection.

"Baseline area":

a. Means any intrastate area (and every part thereof) designated as attainment or unclassifiable under § 107(d)(1)(A)(ii) or (iii) of the federal Clean Air Act in which the major source or major modification establishing the minor source baseline date would construct or would have an air quality impact for the pollutant for which the baseline date is established, as follows: (i) for SO₂, NO₂, or PM₁₀, equal to or greater than 1 µg/m³ (annual average); or (ii) for PM_2.5, equal to or greater than 0.3 µg/m³ (annual average).

b. Area redesignations under § 107(d)(1)(A)(ii) or (iii) of the federal Clean Air Act cannot intersect or be smaller than the area of impact of any major stationary source or major modification that:

(1) Establishes a minor source baseline date; or

(2) Is subject to this article or 40 CFR 52.21 and would be constructed in the same state as the state proposing the redesignation.

c. Any baseline area established originally for the TSP increments shall remain in effect and shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of available PM₁₀ increments, except that such baseline area shall not remain in effect if the board rescinds the corresponding minor source baseline date in accordance with subdivision d of the definition of "baseline date."

"Baseline concentration"

a. Means that ambient concentration level that exists in the baseline area at the time of the applicable minor source baseline date. A baseline concentration is determined for each pollutant for which a minor source baseline date is established and shall include:

(1) The actual emissions representative of sources in existence on the applicable minor source baseline date, except as provided in subdivision b of this definition; and

(2) The allowable emissions of major stationary sources that commenced construction before the major source baseline date, but were not in operation by the applicable minor source baseline date.

b. The following will not be included in the baseline concentration and will affect the applicable maximum allowable increase(s):

(1) Actual emissions from any major stationary source on which construction commenced after the major source baseline date; and

(2) Actual emissions increases and decreases at any stationary source occurring after the minor source baseline date.

"Baseline date"

a. "Major source baseline date" means:

(1) In the case of PM₁₀ and sulfur dioxide, January 6, 1975;

(2) In the case of nitrogen dioxide, February 8, 1988; and

(3) In the case of PM_2.5, October 20, 2010.

b. "Minor source baseline date" means the earliest date after the trigger date on which a major stationary source or a major modification subject to this article submits a complete application under this article. The trigger date is:

(1) In the case of PM₁₀ and sulfur dioxide, August 7, 1977;

(2) In the case of nitrogen dioxide, February 8, 1988; and

(3) In the case of PM_2.5, October 20, 2011.

c. The baseline date is established for each pollutant for which increments or other equivalent measures have been established if:

(1) The area in which the proposed source or modification would construct is designated as attainment or unclassifiable under § 107(d)(1)(A)(ii) or (iii) of the federal Clean Air Act for the pollutant on the date of its complete application under this article or 40 CFR 52.21; and

(2) In the case of a major stationary source, the pollutant would be emitted in significant amounts, or, in the case of a major modification, there would be a significant net emissions increase of the pollutant.

d. Any minor source baseline date established originally for the TSP increments shall remain in effect and shall apply for purposes of determining the amount of available PM₁₀ increments, except that the board may rescind any such minor source baseline date where it can be shown, to the satisfaction of the board, that the emissions increase from the major stationary source, or the net emissions increase from the major modification, responsible for triggering that date did not result in a significant amount of PM₁₀ emissions.

"Begin actual construction" means, in general, initiation of physical on-site construction activities on an emissions unit that are of a permanent nature. Such activities include, but are not limited to, installation of building supports and foundations, laying of underground pipework, and construction of permanent storage structures. With respect to a change in method of operation, this term refers to those on-site activities other than preparatory activities that mark the initiation of the change.

"Best available control technology" or "BACT" means an emissions limitation (including a visible emissions standard) based on the maximum degree of reduction for each regulated NSR pollutant that would be emitted from any proposed major stationary source or major modification that the board, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account energy, environmental, and economic impacts and other costs, determines is achievable for such source or modification through application of production processes or available methods, systems, and techniques, including fuel cleaning or treatment or innovative fuel combustion techniques for control of such pollutant. In no event shall application of best available control technology result in emissions of any pollutant that would exceed the emissions allowed by any applicable standard under 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63. If the board determines that technological or economic limitations on the application of measurement methodology to a particular emissions unit would make the imposition of an emissions standard infeasible, a design, equipment, work practice, operational standard, or combination thereof, may be prescribed instead to satisfy the requirement for the application of best available control technology. Such standard shall, to the degree possible, set forth the emissions reduction achievable by implementation of such design, equipment, work practice or operation, and shall provide for compliance by means that achieve equivalent results.

"Building, structure, facility or installation" means all of the pollutant-emitting activities that belong to the same industrial grouping, are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties, and are under the control of the same person (or persons under common control) except the activities of any vessel. Pollutant-emitting activities shall be considered as part of the same industrial grouping if they belong to the same "Major Group" (i.e., that have the same first two-digit code) as described in the Standard Industrial Classification Manual (see 9VAC5-20-21).

"Clean coal technology" means any technology, including technologies applied at the precombustion, combustion, or post combustion stage, at a new or existing facility that will achieve significant reductions in air emissions of sulfur dioxide or oxides of nitrogen associated with the utilization of coal in the generation of electricity, or process steam that was not in widespread use as of November 15, 1990.

"Clean coal technology demonstration project" means a project using funds appropriated under the heading "Department of Energy-Clean Coal Technology," up to a total amount of $2,500,000,000 for commercial demonstration of clean coal technology, or similar projects funded through appropriations for EPA. The federal contribution for a qualifying project shall be at least 20% of the total cost of the demonstration project.

"Commence" as applied to construction of a major stationary source or major modification, means that the owner has all necessary preconstruction approvals or permits and either has:

a. Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of actual on-site construction of the source, to be completed within a reasonable time; or

b. Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, that cannot be canceled or modified without substantial loss to the owner, to undertake a program of actual construction of the source, to be completed within a reasonable time.

"Complete" means, in reference to an application for a permit, that the application contains all of the information necessary for processing the application and the provisions of § 10.1-1321.1 of the Virginia Air Pollution Control Law have been met. Designating an application complete for the purposes of permit processing does not preclude the board from requesting or accepting any additional information.

"Construction" means any physical change or change in the method of operation (including fabrication, erection, installation, demolition, or modification of an emissions unit) that would result in a change in emissions.

"Continuous emissions monitoring system" or "CEMS" means all of the equipment that may be required to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this article, to sample, condition (if applicable), analyze, and provide a record of emissions on a continuous basis.

"Continuous emissions rate monitoring system" or "CERMS" means the total equipment required for the determination and recording of the pollutant mass emissions rate (in terms of mass per unit of time).

"Continuous parameter monitoring system" or "CPMS" means all of the equipment necessary to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this article, to monitor process and control device operational parameters (for example, control device secondary voltages and electric currents) and other information (for example, gas flow rate, O₂ or CO₂ concentrations), and to record average operational parameter value(s) on a continuous basis.

"Electric utility steam generating unit" means any steam electric generating unit that is constructed for the purpose of supplying more than one-third of its potential electric output capacity and more than 25 MW electrical output to any utility power distribution system for sale. Any steam supplied to a steam distribution system for the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for sale is also considered in determining the electrical energy output capacity of the affected facility.

"Emissions unit" means any part of a stationary source that emits or would have the potential to emit any regulated NSR pollutant and includes an electric utility steam generating unit. For purposes of this definition, there are two types of emissions units: (i) a new emissions unit is any emissions unit that is (or will be) newly constructed and that has existed for less than two years from the date such emissions unit first operated; and (ii) an existing emissions unit is any emissions unit that is not a new emissions unit. A replacement unit is an existing emissions unit.

"Enforceable as a practical matter" means that the permit contains emission limitations that are enforceable by the board or the department and meet the following criteria:

a. Are permanent;

b. Contain a legal obligation for the owner to adhere to the terms and conditions;

c. Do not allow a relaxation of a requirement of the implementation plan;

d. Are technically accurate and quantifiable;

e. Include averaging times or other provisions that allow at least monthly (or a shorter period if necessary to be consistent with the implementation plan) checks on compliance. This may include, but not be limited to, the following: compliance with annual limits on a rolling basis, monthly or shorter limits, and other provisions consistent with this article and other regulations of the board; and

f. Require a level of recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring sufficient to demonstrate compliance.

"Federal land manager" means, with respect to any lands in the United States, the secretary of the department with authority over such lands.

"Federally enforceable" means all limitations and conditions that are enforceable by the administrator and citizens under the federal Clean Air Act or that are enforceable under other statutes administered by the administrator. Federally enforceable limitations and conditions include, but are not limited to, the following:

a. Emission standards, alternative emission standards, alternative emission limitations, and equivalent emission limitations established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act as amended in 1990.

b. New source performance standards established pursuant to § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act, and emission standards established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act before it was amended in 1990.

c. All terms and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) in a federal operating permit, including any provisions that limit a source's potential to emit.

d. Limitations and conditions that are part of an implementation plan established pursuant to § 110, § 111(d) or § 129 of the federal Clean Air Act.

e. Limitations and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) that are part of a federal construction permit issued under 40 CFR 52.21 or a new source review permit issued under regulations approved by the EPA into the implementation plan.

f. Limitations and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) that are part of a state operating permit where the permit and the permit program pursuant to which it was issued meet all of the following criteria:

(1) The operating permit program has been approved by the EPA into the implementation plan under § 110 of the federal Clean Air Act;

(2) The operating permit program imposes a legal obligation that operating permit holders adhere to the terms and limitations of such permits and provides that permits that do not conform to the operating permit program requirements and the requirements of EPA's underlying regulations may be deemed not "federally enforceable" by EPA;

(3) The operating permit program requires that all emission limitations, controls, and other requirements imposed by such permits will be at least as stringent as any other applicable limitations and requirements contained in the implementation plan or enforceable under the implementation plan, and that the program may not issue permits that waive, or make less stringent, any limitations or requirements contained in or issued pursuant to the implementation plan, or that are otherwise "federally enforceable";

(4) The limitations, controls, and requirements in the permit in question are permanent, quantifiable, and otherwise enforceable as a practical matter; and

(5) The permit in question was issued only after adequate and timely notice and opportunity for comment by the EPA and the public.

g. Limitations and conditions in a regulation of the board or program that has been approved by the EPA under subpart E of 40 CFR Part 63 for the purposes of implementing and enforcing § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act.

h. Individual consent agreements that the EPA has legal authority to create.

"Federal operating permit" means a permit issued under the federal operating permit program.

"Federal operating permit program" means an operating permit system (i) for issuing terms and conditions for major stationary sources, (ii) established to implement the requirements of Title V of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 1 (9VAC5-80-50 et seq.), Article 2 (9VAC5-80-310 et seq.), Article 3 (9VAC5-80-360 et seq.), and Article 4 (9VAC5-80-710 et seq.) of this part.

"Fugitive emissions" means those emissions that could not reasonably pass through a stack, chimney, vent, or other functionally equivalent opening.

"High terrain" means any area having an elevation 900 feet or more above the base of the stack of a source.

"Indian governing body" means the governing body of any tribe, band, or group of Indians subject to the jurisdiction of the United States and recognized by the United States as possessing power of self-government.

"Indian reservation" means any federally recognized reservation established by treaty, agreement, executive order, or act of Congress.

"Innovative control technology" means any system of air pollution control that has not been adequately demonstrated in practice, but would have substantial likelihood of achieving greater continuous emissions reduction than any control system in current practice or of achieving at least comparable reductions at lower cost in terms of energy, economics, or nonair quality environmental impacts.

"Lowest achievable emission rate" or "LAER" is as defined in 9VAC5-80-2010 C.

"Locality particularly affected" means any locality that bears any identified disproportionate material air quality impact that would not be experienced by other localities.

"Low terrain" means any area other than high terrain.

"Major emissions unit" means (i) any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of the PAL pollutant in an attainment area; or (ii) any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit the PAL pollutant for nonattainment areas in an amount that is equal to or greater than the major source threshold for the PAL pollutant in subdivision a (1) of the definition of "major stationary source " in 9VAC5-80-2010 C.

"Major modification"

a. Means any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source that would result in a significant emissions increase of a regulated NSR pollutant, and a significant net emissions increase of that pollutant from the major stationary source.

b. Any significant emissions increase from any emissions units or net emissions increase at a major stationary source that is significant for volatile organic compounds or NO_X shall be considered significant for ozone.

c. A physical change or change in the method of operation shall not include the following:

(1) Routine maintenance, repair and replacement.

(2) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material by reason of an order under § 2 (a) and (b) of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (or any superseding legislation) or by reason of a natural gas curtailment plant pursuant to the federal Power Act.

(3) Use of an alternative fuel by reason of any order or rule under § 125 of the federal Clean Air Act.

(4) Use of an alternative fuel at a steam generating unit to the extent that the fuel is generated from municipal solid waste.

(5) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material by a stationary source that:

(a) The source was capable of accommodating before January 6, 1975, unless such change would be prohibited under any federally and state enforceable permit condition that was established after January 6, 1975, pursuant to 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter; or

(b) The source is approved to use under any permit issued under 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter.

(6) An increase in the hours of operation or in the production rate, unless such change is prohibited under any federally and state enforceable permit condition that was established after January 6, 1975, pursuant to 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter.

(7) Any change in ownership at a stationary source.

(8) The installation, operation, cessation, or removal of a temporary clean coal technology demonstration project, provided that the project complies with:

(a) The applicable implementation plan; and

(b) Other requirements necessary to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards during the project and after it is terminated.

(9) The installation or operation of a permanent clean coal technology demonstration project that constitutes repowering, provided that the project does not result in an increase in the potential to emit of any regulated pollutant emitted by the unit. This exemption shall apply on a pollutant-by-pollutant basis.

(10) The reactivation of a very clean coal-fired electric utility steam generating unit.

d. This definition shall not apply with respect to a particular regulated NSR pollutant when the major stationary source is complying with the requirements under 9VAC5-80-1865 for a PAL for that pollutant. Instead, the definition of "PAL major modification" shall apply.

"Major new source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the major new source review program.

"Major new source review (major NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new major stationary sources or major modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation), (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 112, 165 and 173 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 7 (9VAC5-80-1400 et seq.), Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) and Article 9 (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of this part.

"Major stationary source"

a. Means:

(1) Any of the following stationary sources of air pollutants that emits, or has the potential to emit, 100 tons per year or more of any regulated NSR pollutant:

(a) Fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(b) Coal cleaning plants (with thermal dryers).

(c) Kraft pulp mills.

(d) Portland cement plants.

(e) Primary zinc smelters.

(f) Iron and steel mill plants.

(g) Primary aluminum ore reduction plants.

(h) Primary copper smelters.

(i) Municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day.

(j) Hydrofluoric acid plants.

(k) Sulfuric acid plants.

(l) Nitric acid plants.

(m) Petroleum refineries.

(n) Lime plants.

(o) Phosphate rock processing plants.

(p) Coke oven batteries.

(q) Sulfur recovery plants.

(r) Carbon black plants (furnace process).

(s) Primary lead smelters.

(t) Fuel conversion plants.

(u) Sintering plants.

(v) Secondary metal production plants.

(w) Chemical process plants (which does not include ethanol production facilities that produce ethanol by natural fermentation included in NAICS codes 325193 or 312140).

(x) Fossil fuel boilers (or combination of them) totaling more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(y) Petroleum storage and transfer units with a total storage capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels.

(z) Taconite ore processing plants.

(aa) Glass fiber processing plants.

(bb) Charcoal production plants.

(2) Notwithstanding the stationary source size specified in subdivision a (1) of this definition, any stationary source that emits, or has the potential to emit, 250 tons per year or more of a regulated NSR pollutant; or

(3) Any physical change that would occur at a stationary source not otherwise qualifying under subdivision a (1) or a (2) of this definition as a major stationary source, if the change would constitute a major stationary source by itself.

b. A major stationary source that is major for volatile organic compounds or NO_X shall be considered major for ozone.

c. The fugitive emissions of a stationary source shall not be included in determining for any of the purposes of this article whether it is a major stationary source, unless the source belongs to one of the following categories of stationary sources:

(1) Coal cleaning plants (with thermal dryers).

(2) Kraft pulp mills.

(3) Portland cement plants.

(4) Primary zinc smelters.

(5) Iron and steel mills.

(6) Primary aluminum ore reduction plants.

(7) Primary copper smelters.

(8) Municipal incinerators capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day.

(9) Hydrofluoric, sulfuric, or nitric acid plants.

(10) Petroleum refineries.

(11) Lime plants.

(12) Phosphate rock processing plants.

(13) Coke oven batteries.

(14) Sulfur recovery plants.

(15) Carbon black plants (furnace process).

(16) Primary lead smelters.

(17) Fuel conversion plants.

(18) Sintering plants.

(19) Secondary metal production plants.

(20) Chemical process plants (which shall not include ethanol production facilities that produce ethanol by natural fermentation included in NAICS codes 325193 or 312140).

(21) Fossil-fuel boilers (or combination of them) totaling more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(22) Petroleum storage and transfer units with a total storage capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels.

(23) Taconite ore processing plants.

(24) Glass fiber processing plants.

(25) Charcoal production plants.

(26) Fossil fuel-fired steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(27) Any other stationary source category that, as of August 7, 1980, is being regulated under 40 CFR Parts 60 and 61.

"Minor new source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the minor new source review program.

"Minor new source review (minor NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new stationary sources or modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation) that are not subject to review under the major new source review program, (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 110(a)(2)(C) and 112 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 6 (9VAC5-80-1100 et seq.) of this part.

"Necessary preconstruction approvals or permits" means those permits required under NSR programs that are part of the applicable implementation plan.

"Net emissions increase" means:

a. Means, with With respect to any regulated NSR pollutant emitted by a major stationary source, the amount by which the sum of the following exceeds zero:

(1) The increase in emissions from a particular physical change or change in the method of operation at a stationary source as calculated pursuant to 9VAC5-80-1605 G; and

(2) Any other increases and decreases in actual emissions at the major stationary source that are contemporaneous with the particular change and are otherwise creditable. Baseline actual emissions for calculating increases and decreases under this subdivision shall be determined as provided in the definition of "baseline actual emissions," except that subdivisions a (3) and b (4) of that definition shall not apply.

b. An increase or decrease in actual emissions is contemporaneous with the increase from the particular change only if it occurs between:

(1) The date five years before construction on the particular change commences; and

(2) The date that the increase from the particular change occurs.

c. An increase or decrease in actual emissions is creditable only if (i) it occurs between the date five years before construction on the particular change commences and the date that the increase from the particular change occurs; and (ii) the board has not relied on it in issuing a permit for the source under this article (or the administrator under 40 CFR 52.21), which permit is in effect when the increase in actual emissions from the particular change occurs.

d. An increase or decrease in actual emissions of sulfur dioxide, particulate matter, or nitrogen oxides that occurs before the applicable minor source baseline date is creditable only if it is required to be considered in calculating the amount of maximum allowable increases remaining available.

e. An increase in actual emissions is creditable only to the extent that the new level of actual emissions exceeds the old level.

f. A decrease in actual emissions is creditable only to the extent that:

(1) The old level of actual emissions or the old level of allowable emissions, whichever is lower, exceeds the new level of actual emissions;

(2) It is enforceable as a practical matter at and after the time that actual construction on the particular change begins; and

(3) It has approximately the same qualitative significance for public health and welfare as that attributed to the increase from the particular change.

g. An increase that results from a physical change at a source occurs when the emissions unit on which construction occurred becomes operational and begins to emit a particular pollutant. Any replacement unit that requires shakedown becomes operational only after a reasonable shakedown period, not to exceed 180 days.

h. Subdivision a of the definition of "actual emissions" shall not apply for determining creditable increases and decreases.

"New source performance standard" or "NSPS" means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations on Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources as promulgated in 40 CFR Part 60 and designated in 9VAC5-50-410.

"New source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the new source review program.

"New source review (NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new stationary sources or modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation); (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 110(a)(2)(C), 112 (relating to permits for hazardous air pollutants), 165 (relating to permits in prevention of significant deterioration areas), and 173 (relating to permits in nonattainment areas) of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations; and (iii) codified in Article 6 (9VAC5-80-1100 et seq.), Article 7 (9VAC5-80-1400 et seq.), Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) and Article 9 (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of this part.

"Plantwide applicability limitation (PAL)" or "PAL" means an emission limitation expressed in tons per year, for a pollutant at a major stationary source, that is enforceable as a practical matter and established sourcewide in accordance with 9VAC5-80-1865.

"PAL effective date" generally means the date of issuance of the PAL permit. However, the PAL effective date for an increased PAL is the date any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

"PAL effective period" means the period beginning with the PAL effective date and ending five 10 years later.

"PAL major modification" means, notwithstanding the definitions for major modification and net emissions increase, any physical change in or change in the method of operation of the PAL source that causes it to emit the PAL pollutant at a level equal to or greater than the PAL.

"PAL permit" means the state operating permit issued by the board that establishes a PAL for a major stationary source.

"PAL pollutant" means the pollutant for which a PAL is established at a major stationary source.

"Potential to emit" means the maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment, and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally and state enforceable. Secondary emissions do not count in determining the potential to emit of a stationary source. For the purposes of actuals PALs, any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment, and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design only if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable or enforceable as a practical matter by the state.

"Predictive emissions monitoring system" or "PEMS" means all of the equipment necessary to monitor process and control device operational parameters (for example, control device secondary voltages and electric currents) and other information (for example, gas flow rate, O₂ or CO₂ concentrations), and calculate and record the mass emissions rate (for example, pounds per hour) on a continuous basis.

"Project" means a physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, an existing major stationary source.

"Projected actual emissions" means the maximum annual rate, in tons per year, at which an existing emissions unit is projected to emit a regulated NSR pollutant in any one of the five years (12-month period) following the date the unit resumes regular operation after the project, or in any one of the 10 years following that date, if the project involves increasing the emissions unit's design capacity or its potential to emit that regulated NSR pollutant and full utilization of the unit would result in a significant emissions increase or a significant net emissions increase at the major stationary source. In determining the projected actual emissions (before beginning actual construction), the owner of the major stationary source:

a. Shall consider all relevant information, including but not limited to, historical operational data, the company's own representations, the company's expected business activity and the company's highest projections of business activity, the company's filings with the state or federal regulatory authorities, and compliance plans under the approved implementation plan;

b. Shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions; and

c. Shall exclude, in calculating any increase in emissions that results from the particular project, that portion of the unit's emissions following the project that an existing unit could have emitted during the consecutive 24-month period used to establish the baseline actual emissions and that are also unrelated to the particular project, including any increased utilization due to product demand growth, provided such exclusion shall not reduce any calculated increases in emissions that are caused by, result from, or are related to the particular project; or

d. In lieu of using the method set out in subdivisions a through c of this definition, may elect to use the emissions unit's potential to emit, in tons per year.

"Reactivation of a very clean coal-fired electric utility steam generating unit" means any physical change or change in the method of operation associated with the commencement of commercial operations by a coal-fired utility unit after a period of discontinued operation where the unit:

a. Has not been in operation for the two-year period prior to the enactment of the federal Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, and the emissions from such unit continue to be carried in the department's emissions inventory at the time of enactment;

b. Was equipped prior to shut-down shutdown with a continuous system of emissions control that achieves a removal efficiency for sulfur dioxide of no less than 85% and a removal efficiency for particulates of no less than 98%;

c. Is equipped with low-NOX burners prior to the time of commencement of operations following reactivation; and

d. Is otherwise in compliance with the requirements of the federal Clean Air Act.

"Reasonably available control technology" or "RACT" means the lowest emission limit that a particular source is capable of meeting by the application of control technology that is reasonably available, considering technological and economic feasibility.

"Regulated NSR pollutant" means:

a. Any pollutant for which an ambient air quality standard has been promulgated. This includes, but is not limited to, the following:

(1) PM_2.5 emissions and PM₁₀ emissions shall include gaseous emissions from a source or activity that condense to form particulate matter at ambient temperatures. On or after January 1, 2011, such condensable particulate matter shall be accounted for in applicability determinations and in establishing emissions limitations for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ issued under this article. Compliance with emissions limitations for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ issued prior to this date shall not be based on condensable particulate matter unless required by the terms and conditions of the permit. Applicability determinations made prior to this date without accounting for condensable particulate matter shall not be considered in violation of this article.

(2) Any pollutant identified under this subdivision as a constituent or precursor to a pollutant for which an ambient air quality standard has been promulgated. Precursors identified for the purposes of this article shall be the following:

(a) Volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are precursors to ozone in all attainment and unclassifiable areas.

(b) Sulfur dioxide is a precursor to PM_2.5 in all attainment and unclassifiable areas.

(c) Nitrogen oxides are presumed to be precursors to PM_2.5 in all attainment and unclassifiable areas, unless the board determines that emissions of nitrogen oxides from sources in a specific area are not a significant contributor to that area's ambient PM_2.5 concentrations.

(d) Volatile organic compounds are presumed not to be precursors to PM_2.5 in any attainment or unclassifiable area, unless the board determines that emissions of volatile organic compounds from sources in a specific area are a significant contributor to that area's ambient PM_2.5 concentrations.

b. Any pollutant that is subject to any standard promulgated under § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act.

c. Any class I or II substance subject to a standard promulgated under or established by Title VI of the federal Clean Air Act.

d. Any pollutant that otherwise is subject to regulation under the federal Clean Air Act; except that any or all hazardous air pollutants either listed in § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act or added to the list pursuant to § 112(b)(2), which have not been delisted pursuant to § 112(b)(3), are not regulated NSR pollutants unless the listed hazardous air pollutant is also regulated as a constituent or precursor of a general pollutant listed under § 108 of the federal Clean Air Act.

"Replacement unit" means an emissions unit for which all the following criteria are met. No creditable emission reductions shall be generated from shutting down the existing emissions unit that is replaced.

a. The emissions unit is a reconstructed unit within the meaning of 40 CFR 60.15(b)(1), or the emissions unit completely takes the place of an existing emissions unit.

b. The emissions unit is identical to or functionally equivalent to the replaced emissions unit.

c. The replacement does not change the basic design parameters of the process unit.

d. The replaced emissions unit is permanently removed from the major stationary source, otherwise permanently disabled, or permanently barred from operation by a permit that is enforceable as a practical matter. If the replaced emissions unit is brought back into operation, it shall constitute a new emissions unit.

"Repowering" means:

a. Replacement of an existing coal-fired boiler with one of the following clean coal technologies: atmospheric or pressurized fluidized bed combustion, integrated gasification combined cycle, magnetohydrodynamics, direct and indirect coal-fired turbines, integrated gasification fuel cells, or as determined by the administrator, in consultation with the Secretary of Energy, a derivative of one or more of these technologies, and any other technology capable of controlling multiple combustion emissions simultaneously with improved boiler or generation efficiency and with significantly greater waste reduction relative to the performance of technology in widespread commercial use as of November 15, 1990.

b. Repowering shall also include any oil and/or gas-fired unit which has been awarded clean coal technology demonstration funding as of January 1, 1991, by the Department of Energy.

c. The board may give expedited consideration to permit applications for any source that satisfies the requirements of this definition and is granted an extension under § 409 of the federal Clean Air Act.

"Secondary emissions" means emissions that would occur as a result of the construction or operation of a major stationary source or major modification, but do not come from the major stationary source or major modification itself. For the purpose of this article, secondary emissions shall be specific, well defined, quantifiable, and affect the same general area as the stationary source or modification that causes the secondary emissions. Secondary emissions include emissions from any offsite support facility that would not be constructed or increase its emissions except as a result of the construction or operation of the major stationary source or major modification. Secondary emissions do not include any emissions that come directly from a mobile source, such as emissions from the tailpipe of a motor vehicle, from a train, or from a vessel.

"Significant" means:

a. In reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source to emit any of the following pollutants, a rate of emissions that would equal or exceed any of the following rates:

Pollutant	Emissions Rate
Carbon Monoxide	100 tons per year (tpy)
Nitrogen Oxides	40 tpy
Sulfur Dioxide	40 tpy
Particulate Matter (TSP)	25 tpy
PM10	15 tpy
PM2.5	10 tpy of direct PM2.5 emissions; 40 tpy of SO2 emissions; 40 tpy of NOX emissions unless demonstrated not to be a PM2.5 precursor under the definition of "regulated NSR pollutant"
Ozone	40 tpy of volatile organic compounds or NOX
Lead	0.6 tpy
Fluorides	3 tpy
Sulfuric Acid Mist	7 tpy
Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)	10 tpy
Total Reduced Sulfur (including H2S)	10 tpy
Reduced Sulfur Compounds (including H2S)	10 tpy
Municipal waste combustor organics (measured as total tetra-through octa-chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans)	3.5 x 10-6 tpy
Municipal waste combustor metals (measured as particulate matter)	15 tpy
Municipal waste combustor acid gases (measured as the sum of SO2 and HCl)	40 tpy
Municipal solid waste landfills emissions (measured as nonmethane organic compounds)	50 tpy

b. In reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source to emit a regulated NSR pollutant that subdivision a of this definition does not list, any emissions rate.

c. Notwithstanding subdivision a of this definition, any emissions rate or any net emissions increase associated with a major stationary source or major modification that would construct within 10 kilometers of a class I area, and have an impact on such area equal to or greater than 1 μg/m³ (24-hour average).

"Significant emissions increase" means, for a regulated NSR pollutant, an increase in emissions that is significant for that pollutant.

"Significant emissions unit" means an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit a PAL pollutant in an amount that is significant for that PAL pollutant, but less than the amount that would qualify the unit as a major emissions unit.

"Small emissions unit" means an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit the PAL pollutant in an amount less than the significant level for that PAL pollutant.

"State enforceable" means all limitations and conditions that are enforceable as a practical matter, including any regulation of the board, those requirements developed pursuant to 9VAC5-170-160, requirements within any applicable order or variance, and any permit requirements established pursuant to this chapter.

"State operating permit" means a permit issued under the state operating permit program.

"State operating permit program" means an operating permit program (i) for issuing limitations and conditions for stationary sources; (ii) promulgated to meet the EPA's minimum criteria for federal enforceability, including adequate notice and opportunity for the EPA and public comment prior to issuance of the final permit, and practicable enforceability; and (iii) codified in Article 5 (9VAC5-80-800 et seq.) of this part.

"Stationary source" means any building, structure, facility, or installation that emits or may emit a regulated NSR pollutant.

"Temporary clean coal technology demonstration project" means a clean coal technology demonstration project that is operated for a period of five years or less, and that complies with the applicable implementation plan and other requirements necessary to attain and maintain the ambient air quality standards during the project and after it is terminated.

9VAC5-80-1865. Actuals plantwide applicability limits (PALs).

A. The board may approve the use of an actuals PAL for any existing major stationary source if the PAL meets the requirements of this section. The term "PAL" shall mean "actuals PAL" throughout this section.

1. Any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source that maintains its total sourcewide emissions below the PAL level, meets the requirements of this section, and complies with the PAL permit:

a. Is not a major modification for the PAL pollutant;

b. Does not have to be approved through this article; and

c. Is not subject to the provisions in 9VAC5-80-1605 C (restrictions on relaxing enforceable emission limitations that the major stationary source used to avoid applicability of the major NSR program).

2. Except as provided under subdivision 1 c of this subsection, a major stationary source shall continue to comply with all applicable federal or state requirements, emission limitations, and work practice requirements that were established prior to the effective date of the PAL.

B. As part of a permit application requesting a PAL, the owner of a major stationary source shall submit the following information to the board for approval:

1. A list of all emissions units at the source designated as small, significant, or major based on their potential to emit. In addition, the owner of the source shall indicate which, if any, federal or state applicable requirements, emission limitations, or work practices apply to each unit.

2. Calculations of the baseline actual emissions (with supporting documentation). Baseline actual emissions are to include emissions associated not only with operation of the unit, but also emissions associated with startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

3. The calculation procedures that the major stationary source owner proposes to use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total for each month as required by subdivision N 1 of this section.

C. The general requirements set forth in this subsection shall apply to the establishment of PALs.

1. The board may establish a PAL at a major stationary source, provided that at a minimum, the following requirements are met:

a. The PAL shall impose an annual emission limitation in tons per year, that is enforceable as a practical matter, for the entire major stationary source. For each month during the PAL effective period after the first 12 months of establishing a PAL, the major stationary source owner shall show that the sum of the monthly emissions from each emissions unit under the PAL for the previous 12 consecutive months is less than the PAL (a 12-month average, rolled monthly). For each month during the first 11 months from the PAL effective date, the major stationary source owner shall show that the sum of the preceding monthly emissions from the PAL effective date for each emissions unit under the PAL is less than the PAL.

b. The PAL shall be established in a PAL permit that meets the public participation requirements in subsection D of this section.

c. The PAL permit shall contain all the requirements of subsection F of this section.

d. The PAL shall include fugitive emissions, to the extent quantifiable, from all emissions units that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant at the major stationary source.

e. Each PAL shall regulate emissions of only one pollutant.

f. Each PAL shall have a PAL effective period of five 10 years.

g. The owner of the major stationary source with a PAL shall comply with the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements provided in subsections M through, N, and O of this section for each emissions unit under the PAL through the PAL effective period.

2. At no time during or after the PAL effective period are emissions reductions of a PAL pollutant that occur during the PAL effective period creditable as decreases for purposes of offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through N unless the level of the PAL is reduced by the amount of such emissions reductions and such reductions would be creditable in the absence of the PAL.

D. PALs for existing major stationary sources shall be established, renewed, or increased through the public participation procedures prescribed in the applicable permit programs identified in the definition of PAL permit. In no case may the board issue a PAL permit unless the board provides the public with notice of the proposed approval of a PAL permit and at least a 30-day period for submittal of public comment. The board will address all material comments before taking final action on the permit.

E. The actuals PAL level for a major stationary source shall be established as the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the PAL pollutant for each emissions unit at the source; plus an amount equal to the applicable significant (as reflected in the definition of "significant") level for the PAL pollutant. When establishing the actuals PAL level, for a PAL pollutant, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for all existing emissions units. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different PAL pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. However, a different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each different PAL pollutant. Emissions associated with units that were permanently shutdown after this 24-month period shall be subtracted from the PAL level. Emissions from units on which actual construction began after the 24-month period shall be added to the PAL level in an amount equal to the potential to emit of the units. The board will specify a reduced PAL level or levels (in tons per year) in the PAL permit to become effective on the future compliance dates of any applicable federal or state regulatory requirements that the board is aware of prior to issuance of the PAL permit. For instance, if the source owner will be required to reduce emissions from industrial boilers in half from baseline emissions of 60 ppm NO_X to a new rule limit of 30 ppm, then the permit shall contain a future effective PAL level that is equal to the current PAL level reduced by half of the original baseline emissions of such units.

F. The PAL permit shall contain, at a minimum, the following information:

1. The PAL pollutant and the applicable sourcewide emission limitation in tons per year.

2. The PAL permit effective date and the expiration date of the PAL (PAL effective period).

3. Specification in the PAL permit that if a major stationary source owner applies to renew a PAL in accordance with subsection J of this section before the end of the PAL effective period, then the PAL shall not expire at the end of the PAL effective period. It shall remain in effect until a revised PAL permit is issued by the board, or until the board determines that the revised PAL permit will not be issued.

4. A requirement that emission calculations for compliance purposes shall include emissions from startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

5. A requirement that, once the PAL expires, the major stationary source is subject to the requirements of subsection I of this section.

6. The calculation procedures that the major stationary source owner shall use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total as required by subdivision N 1 of this section.

7. A requirement that the major stationary source owner monitor all emissions units in accordance with the provisions under subsection M of this section.

8. A requirement to retain the records required under subsection N of this section on site. Such records may be retained in an electronic format.

9. A requirement to submit the reports required under subsection O of this section by the required deadlines.

10. Any other requirements that the board deems necessary to implement and enforce the PAL.

G. The PAL effective period shall be five 10 years.

H. The requirements for the reopening of the PAL permit set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. During the PAL effective period, the board will reopen the PAL permit to:

a. Correct typographical or calculation errors made in setting the PAL or reflect a more accurate determination of emissions used to establish the PAL;

b. Reduce the PAL if the owner of the major stationary source creates creditable emissions reductions for use as offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through N; and

c. Revise the PAL to reflect an increase in the PAL as provided under subsection L of this section.

2. The board may reopen the PAL permit for any of the following reasons:

a. Reduce the PAL to reflect newly applicable federal requirements (e.g., NSPS) with compliance dates after the PAL effective date.

b. Reduce the PAL consistent with any other requirement, that is enforceable as a practical matter, and that the board may impose on the major stationary source.

c. Reduce the PAL if the board determines that a reduction is necessary to avoid causing or contributing to a violation of an ambient air standard or ambient air increment in 9VAC5-80-1635, or to an adverse impact on an air quality related value that has been identified for a federal class I area by a federal land manager and for which information is available to the general public.

3. Except for the permit reopening in subdivision 1 a of this subsection for the correction of typographical or calculation errors that do not increase the PAL level, all other reopenings shall be carried out in accordance with the public participation requirements of subsection D of this section.

I. Any PAL that is not renewed in accordance with the procedures in subsection J of this section shall expire at the end of the PAL effective period, and the following requirements shall apply:

1. Each emissions unit (or each group of emissions units) that existed under the PAL shall comply with an allowable emission limitation under a revised permit established according to the following procedures:

a. Within the time frame specified for PAL renewals in subdivision J 2 of this section, the major stationary source shall submit a proposed allowable emission limitation for each emissions unit (or each group of emissions units, if such a distribution is more appropriate as decided by the board) by distributing the PAL allowable emissions for the major stationary source among each of the emissions units that existed under the PAL. If the PAL had not yet been adjusted for an applicable requirement that became effective during the PAL effective period, as required under subdivision J 5 K 4 of this section, such distribution shall be made as if the PAL had been adjusted.

b. The board will decide whether and how the PAL allowable emissions will be distributed and issue a revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as the board determines is appropriate.

2. Each emissions unit shall comply with the allowable emission limitation on a 12-month rolling basis. The board may approve the use of monitoring systems (source testing, emission factors, etc.) other than CEMS, CERMS, PEMS, or CPMS to demonstrate compliance with the allowable emission limitation.

3. Until the board issues the revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as required under subdivision 1 b of this subsection, the source shall continue to comply with a sourcewide, multiunit emissions cap equivalent to the level of the PAL emission limitation.

4. Any physical change in or change in the method of operation at the major stationary source will be subject to major NSR program requirements if such change meets the definition of "major modification."

5. The major stationary source owner shall continue to comply with any state or federal applicable requirements (such as BACT, RACT, or NSPS) that may have applied either during the PAL effective period or prior to the PAL effective period except for those emission limitations that had been established pursuant to 9VAC5-80-1605 C, but were eliminated by the PAL in accordance with the provisions in subdivision A 1 c of this section.

J. The requirements for the renewal of the PAL permit set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The board will follow the procedures specified in subsection D of this section in approving any request to renew a PAL for a major stationary source, and shall provide both the proposed PAL level and a written rationale for the proposed PAL level to the public for review and comment. During such public review, any person may propose a PAL level for the source for consideration by the board.

2. A major stationary source owner shall submit a timely application to the board to request renewal of a PAL. A timely application is one that is submitted at least 6 six months prior to, but not earlier than 18 months from, the date of permit expiration. This deadline for application submittal is to ensure that the permit will not expire before the permit is renewed. If the owner of a major stationary source submits a complete application to renew the PAL within this time period, then the PAL shall continue to be effective until the revised permit with the renewed PAL is issued, or until the board determines that the revised permit with the renewed PAL will not be issued, and a permit is issued pursuant to subsection I of this section.

3. The application to renew a PAL permit shall contain the following information:

a. The information required in subsection B of this section.

b. A proposed PAL level.

c. The sum of the potential to emit of all emissions units under the PAL (with supporting documentation).

d. Any other information the owner wishes the board to consider in determining the appropriate level for renewing the PAL.

K. The requirements for the adjustment of the PAL set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs. In determining whether and how to adjust the PAL, the board will consider the options outlined in subdivisions 1 and 2 of this subsection. However, in no case may any such adjustment fail to comply with subdivision 3 of this subdivision.

1. If the emissions level calculated in accordance with subsection E of this section is equal to or greater than 80% of the PAL level, the board may renew the PAL at the same level without considering the factors set forth in subdivision 2 of this subsection; or

2. The board may set the PAL at a level that it determines to be more representative of the source's baseline actual emissions, or that it determines to be more appropriate considering air quality needs, advances in control technology, anticipated economic growth in the area, desire to reward or encourage the source's voluntary emissions reductions, or other factors as specifically identified by the board in a written rationale.

3. Notwithstanding subdivisions 1 and 2 of this subsection:

a. If the potential to emit of the major stationary source is less than the PAL, the board will adjust the PAL to a level no greater than the potential to emit of the source; and

b. The board will not approve a renewed PAL level higher than the current PAL, unless the major stationary source has complied with the provisions of subsection L of this section.

4. If the compliance date for a state or federal requirement that applies to the PAL source occurs during the PAL effective period, and if the board has not already adjusted for such requirement, the PAL shall be adjusted at the time of PAL permit renewal or federal operating permit renewal, whichever occurs first.

L. The requirements for increasing a PAL during the PAL effective period set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The board may increase a PAL emission limitation only if the owner of the major stationary source complies with the following provisions:

a. The owner of the major stationary source shall submit a complete application to request an increase in the PAL limit for a PAL major modification. Such application shall identify the emissions units contributing to the increase in emissions so as to cause the major stationary source's emissions to equal or exceed its PAL.

b. As part of this application, the major stationary source owner shall demonstrate that the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units assuming application of BACT equivalent controls, plus the sum of the allowable emissions of the new or modified emissions units exceeds the PAL. The level of control that would result from BACT equivalent controls on each significant or major emissions unit shall be determined by conducting a new BACT analysis at the time the application is submitted, unless the emissions unit is currently required to comply with a BACT or LAER requirement that was established within the preceding five 10 years. In such a case, the assumed control level for that emissions unit shall be equal to the level of BACT or LAER with which that emissions unit shall currently comply.

c. The owner obtains a major NSR permit for all emissions units identified in subdivision 1 a of this subsection, regardless of the magnitude of the emissions increase resulting from them (i.e., no significant levels apply). These emissions units shall comply with any emissions requirements resulting from the major NSR program process (e.g., BACT), even though they have also become subject to the PAL or continue to be subject to the PAL.

2. The PAL permit shall require that the increased PAL level shall be effective on the day any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

3. The board will calculate the new PAL as the sum of the allowable emissions for each modified or new emissions unit, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units (assuming application of BACT equivalent controls as determined in accordance with subdivision 1 b of this subsection), plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units.

4. The PAL permit shall be revised to reflect the increased PAL level pursuant to the public notice requirements of subsection D of this section.

M. The requirements for monitoring the PAL set forth in this subsection apply to actuals PALs.

1. The general requirements for monitoring a PAL set forth in this subdivision apply to actuals PALs.

a. Each PAL permit shall contain enforceable requirements for the monitoring system that accurately determines plantwide emissions of the PAL pollutant in terms of mass per unit of time. Any monitoring system authorized for use in the PAL permit shall be based on sound science and meet generally acceptable scientific procedures for data quality and manipulation. Additionally, the information generated by such system shall meet minimum legal requirements for admissibility in a judicial proceeding to enforce the PAL permit.

b. The PAL monitoring system shall employ one or more of the four general monitoring approaches meeting the minimum requirements set forth in subdivision 2 of this subdivision and must be approved by the board.

c. Notwithstanding subdivision 1 b of this subdivision, the owner may also employ an alternative monitoring approach that meets subdivision 1 a of this subsection if approved by the board.

d. Failure to use a monitoring system that meets the requirements of this section renders the PAL invalid.

2. The following are acceptable general monitoring approaches when conducted in accordance with the minimum requirements in subdivisions 3 through 9 of this subsection:

a. Mass balance calculations for activities using coatings or solvents;

b. CEMS;

c. CPMS or PEMS; and

d. Emission factors.

3. An owner using mass balance calculations to monitor PAL pollutant emissions from activities using coating or solvents shall meet the following requirements:

a. Provide a demonstrated means of validating the published content of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by all materials used in or at the emissions unit;

b. Assume that the emissions unit emits all of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by any raw material or fuel used in or at the emissions unit, if it cannot otherwise be accounted for in the process; and

c. Where the vendor of a material or fuel, which is used in or at the emissions unit, publishes a range of pollutant content from such material, the owner shall use the highest value of the range to calculate the PAL pollutant emissions unless the board determines there is site-specific data or a site-specific monitoring program to support another content within the range.

4. An owner using CEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. CEMS shall comply with applicable Performance Specifications found in 40 CFR Part 60, Appendix B; and

b. CEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes while the emissions unit is operating.

5. An owner using CPMS or PEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. The CPMS or the PEMS shall be based on current site-specific data demonstrating a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions across the range of operation of the emissions unit; and

b. Each CPMS or PEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes, or at another less frequent interval approved by the board, while the emissions unit is operating.

6. An owner using emission factors to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. All emission factors shall be adjusted, if appropriate, to account for the degree of uncertainty or limitations in the factors' development;

b. The emissions unit shall operate within the designated range of use for the emission factor, if applicable; and

c. If technically practicable, the owner of a significant emissions unit that relies on an emission factor to calculate PAL pollutant emissions shall conduct validation testing to determine a site-specific emission factor within six months of PAL permit issuance, unless the board determines that testing is not required.

7. A source owner shall record and report maximum potential emissions without considering enforceable emission limitations or operational restrictions for an emissions unit during any period of time that there is no monitoring data, unless another method for determining emissions during such periods is specified in the PAL permit.

8. Notwithstanding the requirements in subdivisions 3 through 7 of this subsection, where an owner of an emissions unit cannot demonstrate a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions rate at all operating points of the emissions unit, the board will, at the time of permit issuance:

a. Establish default values for determining compliance with the PAL based on the highest potential emissions reasonably estimated at such operating points; or

b. Determine that operation of the emissions unit during operating conditions when there is no correlation between monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions is a violation of the PAL.

9. All data used to establish the PAL pollutant shall be revalidated through performance testing or other scientifically valid means approved by the board. Such testing shall occur at least once every five years after issuance of the PAL.

N. The requirements for recordkeeping in the PAL permit set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The PAL permit shall require an owner to retain a copy of all records necessary to determine compliance with any requirement of this section and of the PAL, including a determination of each emissions unit's 12-month rolling total emissions, for five years from the date of such record.

2. The PAL permit shall require an owner to retain a copy of the following records for the duration of the PAL effective period plus five years:

a. A copy of the PAL permit application and any applications for revisions to the PAL; and

b. Each annual certification of compliance pursuant to the federal operating permit and the data relied on in certifying the compliance.

O. The owner shall submit semi-annual monitoring reports and prompt deviation reports to the board in accordance with the federal operating permit program. The reports shall meet the following requirements:

1. The semi-annual report shall be submitted to the board within 30 days of the end of each reporting period. This report shall contain the following information:

a. The identification of owner and operator and the permit number.

b. Total annual emissions (tons per year) based on a 12-month rolling total for each month in the reporting period recorded pursuant to subdivision N 1 of this section.

c. All data relied upon, including, but not limited to, any quality assurance or quality control data, in calculating the monthly and annual PAL pollutant emissions.

d. A list of any emissions units modified or added to the major stationary source during the preceding six-month period.

e. The number, duration, and cause of any deviations or monitoring malfunctions (other than the time associated with zero and span calibration checks), and any corrective action taken.

f. A notification of a shutdown of any monitoring system, whether the shutdown was permanent or temporary, the reason for the shutdown, the anticipated date that the monitoring system will be fully operational or replaced with another monitoring system, and whether the emissions unit monitored by the monitoring system continued to operate, and the calculation of the emissions of the pollutant or the number determined by method included in the permit, as provided by subdivision M 7 of this section.

g. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

2. The major stationary source owner shall promptly submit reports of any deviations or exceedance of the PAL requirements, including periods where no monitoring is available. A report submitted pursuant to 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 B b shall satisfy this reporting requirement. The deviation reports shall be submitted within the time limits prescribed by 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 B b. The reports shall contain the following information:

a. The identification of owner and operator and the permit number;

b. The PAL requirement that experienced the deviation or that was exceeded;

c. Emissions resulting from the deviation or the exceedance; and

d. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the applicable federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

3. The owner shall submit to the board the results of any revalidation test or method within three months after completion of such test or method.

P. The board will not issue a PAL that does not comply with the requirements of this section after September 1, 2006. The board may supersede any PAL that was established prior to September 1, 2006, with a PAL that complies with the requirements of this section.

9VAC5-80-2010. Definitions.

A. As used in this article, all words or terms not defined here shall have the meanings given them in 9VAC5-10 (General Definitions), unless otherwise required by context.

B. For the purpose of this article, 9VAC5-50-270, and any related use, the words or terms shall have the meanings given them in subsection C of this section.

C. Terms defined.

"Actual emissions" means the actual rate of emissions of a regulated NSR pollutant from an emissions unit, as determined in accordance with subdivisions a through, b, and c of this definition, except that this definition shall not apply for calculating whether a significant emissions increase has occurred, or for establishing a PAL under 9VAC5-80-2144. Instead, the definitions of "projected actual emissions" and "baseline actual emissions" shall apply for those purposes.

a. In general, actual emissions as of a particular date shall equal the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during a consecutive 24-month period which precedes the particular date and which is representative of normal source operation. The board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation. Actual emissions shall be calculated using the unit's actual operating hours, production rates, and types of materials processed, stored, or combusted during the selected time period.

b. The board may presume that the source-specific allowable emissions for the unit are equivalent to the actual emissions of the unit.

c. For any emissions unit that has not begun normal operations on the particular date, actual emissions shall equal the potential to emit of the unit on that date.

"Actuals PAL for a major stationary source" means a PAL based on the baseline actual emissions of all emissions units at the source, that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant.

"Administrator" means the administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) or an authorized representative.

"Allowable emissions" means the emissions rate of a stationary source calculated using the maximum rated capacity of the source (unless the source is subject to federally and state enforceable limits which restrict the operating rate, or hours of operation, or both) and the most stringent of the following:

a. The applicable standards set forth in 40 CFR Parts 60, 61 and 63;

b. Any applicable implementation plan emissions limitation including those with a future compliance date; or

c. The emissions limit specified as a federally and state enforceable permit condition, including those with a future compliance date.

For the purposes of actuals PALs, "allowable emissions" shall also be calculated considering any emission limitations that are enforceable as a practical matter on the emissions unit's potential to emit.

"Applicable federal requirement" means all of, but not limited to, the following as they apply to emissions units in a source subject to this article (including requirements that have been promulgated or approved by the administrator through rulemaking at the time of permit issuance but have future-effective compliance dates):

a. Any standard or other requirement provided for in an implementation plan established pursuant to § 110 or § 111(d) of the federal Clean Air Act, including any source-specific provisions such as consent agreements or orders.

b. Any limit or condition in any construction permit issued under the new source review program or in any operating permit issued pursuant to the state operating permit program.

c. Any emission standard, alternative emission standard, alternative emission limitation, equivalent emission limitation, or other requirement established pursuant to § 112 or § 129 of the federal Clean Air Act as amended in 1990.

d. Any new source performance standard or other requirement established pursuant to § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act, and any emission standard or other requirement established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act before it was amended in 1990.

e. Any limitations and conditions or other requirement in a Virginia regulation or program that has been approved by EPA under subpart E of 40 CFR Part 63 for the purposes of implementing and enforcing § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act.

f. Any requirement concerning accident prevention under § 112(r)(7) of the federal Clean Air Act.

g. Any compliance monitoring requirements established pursuant to either § 504(b) or § 114(a)(3) of the federal Clean Air Act.

h. Any standard or other requirement for consumer and commercial products under § 183(e) of the federal Clean Air Act.

i. Any standard or other requirement for tank vessels under § 183(f) of the federal Clean Air Act.

j. Any standard or other requirement in 40 CFR Part 55 to control air pollution from outer continental shelf sources.

k. Any standard or other requirement of the regulations promulgated to protect stratospheric ozone under Title VI of the federal Clean Air Act, unless the administrator has determined that such requirements need not be contained in a permit issued under this article.

l. With regard to temporary sources subject to 9VAC5-80-130, (i) any ambient air quality standard, except applicable state requirements, and (ii) requirements regarding increments or visibility as provided in Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) of this part.

"Baseline actual emissions" means the rate of emissions, in tons per year, of a regulated NSR pollutant, as determined in accordance with the following:

a. For any existing electric utility steam generating unit, baseline actual emissions means the average rate, in tons per year, at which the unit actually emitted the pollutant during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year period immediately preceding when the owner begins actual construction of the project. The board may allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation.

(1) The average rate shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

(2) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any noncompliant emissions that occurred while the source was operating above any emission limitation that was legally enforceable during the consecutive 24-month period.

(3) For a regulated NSR pollutant, when a project involves multiple emissions units, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for the emissions units being changed. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different regulated NSR pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. A different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each regulated NSR pollutant.

(4) The average rate shall not be based on any consecutive 24-month period for which there is inadequate information for determining annual emissions, in tons per year, and for adjusting this amount if required by subdivision a (2) of this definition.

b. For an existing emissions unit other than an electric utility steam generating unit, baseline actual emissions means the average rate, in tons per year, at which the emissions unit actually emitted the pollutant during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year 10-year period immediately preceding either the date the owner begins actual construction of the project, or the date a complete permit application is received by the board for a permit required either under this section or under a plan approved by the administrator, whichever is earlier, except that the five-year 10-year period shall not include any period earlier than November 15, 1990. The board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation.

(1) The average rate shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

(2) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any noncompliant emissions that occurred while the source was operating above any emission limitation that was legally enforceable during the consecutive 24-month period.

(3) The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any emissions that would have exceeded an emission limitation with which the source shall currently comply, had such source been required to comply with such limitations during the consecutive 24-month period. However, if an emission limitation is part of a maximum achievable control technology standard that the administrator proposed or promulgated under 40 CFR Part 63, the baseline actual emissions need only be adjusted if the state has taken credit for such emissions reductions in an attainment demonstration or maintenance plan consistent with the requirements of 9VAC5-80-2120 K.

(4) For a regulated NSR pollutant, when a project involves multiple emissions units, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for the emissions units being changed. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different regulated NSR pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. A different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each regulated NSR pollutant.

(5) The average rate shall not be based on any consecutive 24-month period for which there is inadequate information for determining annual emissions, in tons per year, and for adjusting this amount if required by subdivisions b (2) and b (3) of this definition.

c. For a new emissions unit, the baseline actual emissions for purposes of determining the emissions increase that will result from the initial construction and operation of such unit shall equal zero; and thereafter, for all other purposes, shall equal the unit's potential to emit.

d. For a PAL for a major stationary source, the baseline actual emissions shall be calculated for existing electric utility steam generating units in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision a of this definition, for other existing emissions units in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision b of this definition, and for a new emissions unit in accordance with the procedures contained in subdivision c of this definition.

"Begin actual construction" means, in general, initiation of physical on-site construction activities on an emissions unit which that are of a permanent nature. Such activities include, but are not limited to, installation of building supports and foundations, laying of underground pipework, and construction of permanent storage structures. With respect to a change in method of operation, this term refers to those on-site activities other than preparatory activities which mark the initiation of the change.

"Best available control technology" or "BACT" means an emissions limitation (including a visible emissions standard) based on the maximum degree of reduction for each regulated NSR pollutant that would be emitted from any proposed major stationary source or major modification that the board, on a case-by-case basis, taking into account energy, environmental, and economic impacts and other costs, determines is achievable for such source or modification through application of production processes or available methods, systems, and techniques, including fuel cleaning or treatment or innovative fuel combustion techniques for control of such pollutant. In no event shall application of best available control technology result in emissions of any pollutant that would exceed the emissions allowed by any applicable standard under 40 CFR Parts 60, 61, and 63. If the board determines that technological or economic limitations on the application of measurement methodology to a particular emissions unit would make the imposition of an emissions standard infeasible, a design, equipment, work practice, operational standard, or combination thereof, may be prescribed instead to satisfy the requirement for the application of best available control technology. Such standard shall, to the degree possible, set forth the emissions reduction achievable by implementation of such design, equipment, work practice or operation, and shall provide for compliance by means that achieve equivalent results.

"Building, structure, facility, or installation" means all of the pollutant-emitting activities which that belong to the same industrial grouping, are located on one or more contiguous or adjacent properties, and are under the control of the same person (or persons under common control) except the activities of any vessel. Pollutant-emitting activities shall be considered as part of the same industrial grouping if they belong to the same "major group" (i.e., which have the same two-digit code) as described in the "Standard Industrial Classification Manual," as amended by the supplement (see 9VAC5-20-21).

"Clean coal technology" means any technology, including technologies applied at the precombustion, combustion, or post-combustion stage, at a new or existing facility that will achieve significant reductions in air emissions of sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides associated with the utilization of coal in the generation of electricity, or process steam that was not in widespread use as of November 15, 1990.

"Clean coal technology demonstration project" means a project using funds appropriated under the heading "Department of Energy-Clean Coal Technology," up to a total amount of $2,500,000,000 for commercial demonstration of clean coal technology, or similar projects funded through appropriations for the U.S. EPA. The federal contribution for a qualifying project shall be at least 20% of the total cost of the demonstration project.

"Commence," as applied to construction of a major stationary source or major modification, means that the owner has all necessary preconstruction approvals or permits and either has:

a. Begun, or caused to begin, a continuous program of actual on-site construction of the source, to be completed within a reasonable time; or

b. Entered into binding agreements or contractual obligations, which cannot be canceled or modified without substantial loss to the owner, to undertake a program of actual construction of the source, to be completed within a reasonable time.

"Complete application" means that the application contains all the information necessary for processing the application and the provisions of § 10.1-1321.1 of the Virginia Air Pollution Control Law have been met. Designating an application complete for purposes of permit processing does not preclude the board from requesting or accepting additional information.

"Construction" means any physical change in or change in the method of operation (including fabrication, erection, installation, demolition, or modification of an emissions unit) that would result in a change in actual emissions.

"Continuous emissions monitoring system (CEMS)" or "CEMS" means all of the equipment that may be required to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this article, to sample, condition (if applicable), analyze, and provide a record of emissions on a continuous basis.

"Continuous emissions rate monitoring system (CERMS)" or "CERMS" means the total equipment required for the determination and recording of the pollutant mass emissions rate (in terms of mass per unit of time).

"Continuous parameter monitoring system (CPMS)" or "CPMS" means all of the equipment necessary to meet the data acquisition and availability requirements of this article, to monitor process and control device operational parameters (for example, control device secondary voltages and electric currents) and other information (for example, gas flow rate, O₂ or CO₂ concentrations), and to record average operational parameter values on a continuous basis.

"Electric utility steam generating unit" means any steam electric generating unit that is constructed for the purpose of supplying more than one-third of its potential electric output capacity and more than 25 megawatt electrical output to any utility power distribution system for sale. Any steam supplied to a steam distribution system for the purpose of providing steam to a steam-electric generator that would produce electrical energy for sale is also considered in determining the electrical energy output capacity of the affected facility.

"Emissions cap" means any limitation on the rate of emissions of any air pollutant from one or more emissions units established and identified as an emissions cap in any permit issued pursuant to the new source review program or operating permit program.

"Emissions unit" means any part of a stationary source which that emits or would have the potential to emit any regulated NSR pollutant and includes an electric steam generating unit. For purposes of this article, there are two types of emissions units: (i) a new emissions unit is any emissions unit that is (or will be) newly constructed and that has existed for less than two years from the date such emissions unit first operated; and (ii) an existing emissions unit is any emissions unit that is not a new emissions unit. A replacement unit is an existing emissions unit.

"Enforceable as a practical matter" means that the permit contains emission limitations that are enforceable by the board or the department and meet the following criteria:

a. Are permanent;

b. Contain a legal obligation for the owner to adhere to the terms and conditions;

c. Do not allow a relaxation of a requirement of the implementation plan;

d. Are technically accurate and quantifiable;

e. Include averaging times or other provisions that allow at least monthly (or a shorter period if necessary to be consistent with the implementation plan) checks on compliance. This may include, but not be limited to, the following: compliance with annual limits in a rolling basis, monthly or shorter limits, and other provisions consistent with this article and other regulations of the board; and

f. Require a level of recordkeeping, reporting and monitoring sufficient to demonstrate compliance.

"Federal land manager" means, with respect to any lands in the United States, the secretary of the department with authority over such lands.

"Federally enforceable" means all limitations and conditions which that are enforceable by the administrator and citizens under the federal Clean Air Act or that are enforceable under other statutes administered by the administrator. Federally enforceable limitations and conditions include, but are not limited to the following:

a. Emission standards, alternative emission standards, alternative emission limitations, and equivalent emission limitations established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act as amended in 1990.

b. New source performance standards established pursuant to § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act, and emission standards established pursuant to § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act before it was amended in 1990.

c. All terms and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) in a federal operating permit, including any provisions that limit a source's potential to emit.

d. Limitations and conditions that are part of an implementation plan established pursuant to § 110, § 111(d), or § 129 of the federal Clean Air Act.

e. Limitations and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) that are part of a federal construction permit issued under 40 CFR 52.21 or any construction permit issued under regulations approved by EPA into the implementation plan.

f. Limitations and conditions (unless expressly designated as not federally enforceable) that are part of a state operating permit where the permit and the permit program pursuant to which it was issued meet all of the following criteria:

(1) The operating permit program has been approved by the EPA into the implementation plan under § 110 of the federal Clean Air Act.

(2) The operating permit program imposes a legal obligation that operating permit holders adhere to the terms and limitations of such permits and provides that permits that do not conform to the operating permit program requirements and the requirements of EPA's underlying regulations may be deemed not "federally enforceable" by EPA.

(3) The operating permit program requires that all emission limitations, controls, and other requirements imposed by such permits will be at least as stringent as any other applicable limitations and requirements contained in the implementation plan or enforceable under the implementation plan, and that the program may not issue permits that waive, or make less stringent, any limitations or requirements contained in or issued pursuant to the implementation plan, or that are otherwise "federally enforceable."

(4) The limitations, controls, and requirements in the permit in question are permanent, quantifiable, and otherwise enforceable as a practical matter.

(5) The permit in question was issued only after adequate and timely notice and opportunity for comment by the EPA and the public.

g. Limitations and conditions in a regulation of the board or program that has been approved by EPA under subpart E of 40 CFR Part 63 for the purposes of implementing and enforcing § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act.

h. Individual consent agreements that EPA has legal authority to create.

"Federal operating permit" means a permit issued under the federal operating permit program.

"Federal operating permit program" means an operating permit system (i) for issuing terms and conditions for major stationary sources, (ii) established to implement the requirements of Title V of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 1 (9VAC5-80-50 et seq.), Article 2 (9VAC5-80-310 et seq.), Article 3 (9VAC5-80-360 et seq.), and Article 4 (9VAC5-80-710 et seq.) of this part.

"Fugitive emissions" means those emissions that could not reasonably pass through a stack, chimney, vent, or other functionally equivalent opening.

"Lowest achievable emissions rate (LAER)" or "LAER" means for any source, the more stringent rate of emissions based on the following:

a. The most stringent emissions limitation which that is contained in the implementation plan of any state for such class or category of stationary source, unless the owner of the proposed stationary source demonstrates that such limitations are not achievable; or

b. The most stringent emissions limitation which that is achieved in practice by such class or category of stationary sources. This limitation, when applied to a modification, means the lowest achievable emissions rate for the new or modified emissions units within the stationary source. In no event shall the application of this term permit a proposed new or modified stationary source to emit any pollutant in excess of the amount allowable under an applicable new source standard of performance.

"Major emissions unit" means (i) any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit 100 tons per year or more of the PAL pollutant in an attainment area; or (ii) any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit the PAL pollutant in an amount that is equal to or greater than the major source threshold for the PAL pollutant for nonattainment areas in subdivision a (1) of the definition of "major stationary source."

"Major modification"

a. Means any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source that would result in (i) a significant emissions increase of a regulated NSR pollutant; and (ii) a significant net emissions increase of that pollutant from the source.

b. Any significant emissions increase from any emissions units or net emissions increase at a source that is considered significant for volatile organic compounds shall be considered significant for ozone.

c. A physical change in or change in the method of operation shall not include the following:

(1) Routine maintenance, repair and replacement.

(2) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material by reason of an order under § 2 (a) and (b) of the Energy Supply and Environmental Coordination Act of 1974 (or any superseding legislation) or by reason of a natural gas curtailment plan pursuant to the Federal Power Act.

(3) Use of an alternative fuel by reason of an order or rule § 125 of the federal Clean Air Act.

(4) Use of an alternative fuel at a steam generating unit to the extent that the fuel is generated from municipal solid waste.

(5) Use of an alternative fuel or raw material by a stationary source that:

(a) The source was capable of accommodating before December 21, 1976, unless such change would be prohibited under any federally and state enforceable permit condition which was established after December 21, 1976, pursuant to 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter; or

(b) The source is approved to use under any permit issued under 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter.

(6) An increase in the hours of operation or in the production rate, unless such change is prohibited under any federally and state enforceable permit condition which was established after December 21, 1976, pursuant to 40 CFR 52.21 or this chapter.

(7) Any change in ownership at a stationary source.

(8) The installation, operation, cessation, or removal of a temporary clean coal technology demonstration project, provided that the project complies with:

(a) The applicable implementation plan; and

(b) Other requirements necessary to attain and maintain the national ambient air quality standard during the project and after it is terminated.

d. This definition shall not apply with respect to a particular regulated NSR pollutant when the source is complying with the requirements under 9VAC5-80-2144 for a PAL for that pollutant. Instead, the definition for "PAL major modification" shall apply.

"Major new source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the major new source review program.

"Major new source review (major NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new major stationary sources or major modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation), (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 112, 165 and 173 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 7 (9VAC5-80-1400 et seq.), Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) and Article 9 (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of this part.

"Major stationary source"

a. Means:

(1) Any stationary source of air pollutants which that emits, or has the potential to emit, (i) 100 tons per year or more of a regulated NSR pollutant, (ii) 50 tons per year or more of volatile organic compounds or nitrogen oxides in ozone nonattainment areas classified as serious in 9VAC5-20-204, (iii) 25 tons per year or more of volatile organic compounds or nitrogen oxides in ozone nonattainment areas classified as severe in 9VAC5-20-204, or (iv) 100 tons per year or more of nitrogen oxides or 50 tons per year of volatile organic compounds in the Ozone Transport Region; or

(2) Any physical change that would occur at a stationary source not qualifying under subdivision a (1) of this definition as a major stationary source, if the change would constitute a major stationary source by itself.

b. A major stationary source that is major for volatile organic compounds shall be considered major for ozone.

c. The fugitive emissions of a stationary source shall not be included in determining for any of the purposes of this article whether it is a major stationary source, unless the source belongs to one of the following categories of stationary sources:

(1) Coal cleaning plants (with thermal dryers).

(2) Kraft pulp mills.

(3) Portland cement plants.

(4) Primary zinc smelters.

(5) Iron and steel mills.

(6) Primary aluminum ore reduction plants.

(7) Primary copper smelters.

(8) Municipal incinerators (or combinations of them) capable of charging more than 250 tons of refuse per day.

(9) Hydrofluoric acid plants.

(10) Sulfuric acid plants.

(11) Nitric acid plants.

(12) Petroleum refineries.

(13) Lime plants.

(14) Phosphate rock processing plants.

(15) Coke oven batteries.

(16) Sulfur recovery plants.

(17) Carbon black plants (furnace process).

(18) Primary lead smelters.

(19) Fuel conversion plants.

(20) Sintering plants.

(21) Secondary metal production plants.

(22) Chemical process plants (which shall not include ethanol production facilities that produce ethanol by natural fermentation included in NAICS codes 325193 or 312140).

(23) Fossil-fuel boilers (or combination of them) totaling more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(24) Petroleum storage and transfer units with a total storage capacity exceeding 300,000 barrels.

(25) Taconite ore processing plants.

(26) Glass fiber manufacturing plants.

(27) Charcoal production plants.

(28) Fossil fuel steam electric plants of more than 250 million British thermal units per hour heat input.

(29) Any other stationary source category, which, as of August 7, 1980, is being regulated under 40 CFR Part 60, 61 or 63.

"Minor new source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the minor new source review program.

"Minor new source review (minor NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new stationary sources or modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation) that are not subject to review under the major new source review program, (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 110(a)(2)(C) and 112 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 6 (9VAC5-80-1100 et seq.) of this part.

"Necessary preconstruction approvals or permits" means those permits required under the NSR program that are part of the applicable implementation plan.

"Net emissions increase" means:

a. Means, with With respect to any regulated NSR pollutant emitted by a major stationary source, the amount by which the sum of the following exceeds zero:

(1) The increase in emissions from a particular physical change or change in the method of operation at a stationary source as calculated pursuant to 9VAC5-80-2000 H; and

(2) Any other increases and decreases in actual emissions at the major stationary source that are contemporaneous with the particular change and are otherwise creditable. Baseline actual emissions for calculating increases and decreases under this subdivision shall be determined as provided in the definition of "baseline actual emissions," except that subdivisions a (3) and b (4) of that definition shall not apply.

b. An increase or decrease in actual emissions is contemporaneous with the increase from the particular change only if it occurs before the date that the increase from the particular change occurs. For sources located in ozone nonattainment areas classified as serious or severe in 9VAC5-20-204, an increase or decrease in actual emissions of volatile organic compounds or nitrogen oxides is contemporaneous with the increase from the particular change only if it occurs during a period of five consecutive calendar years which includes the calendar year in which the increase from the particular change occurs.

c. An increase or decrease in actual emissions is creditable only if:

(1) It occurs between the date five years before construction on the particular change commences and the date that the increase from the particular change occurs; and

(2) The board has not relied on it in issuing a permit for the source pursuant to this article which permit is in effect when the increase in actual emissions from the particular change occurs.

d. An increase in actual emissions is creditable only to the extent that the new level of actual emissions exceeds the old level.

e. A decrease in actual emissions is creditable only to the extent that:

(1) The old level of actual emissions or the old level of allowable emissions, whichever is lower, exceeds the new level of actual emissions;

(2) It is enforceable as a practical matter at and after the time that actual construction on the particular change begins;

(3) The board has not relied on it in issuing any permit pursuant to this chapter or the board has not relied on it in demonstrating attainment or reasonable further progress in the implementation plan; and

(4) It has approximately the same qualitative significance for public health and welfare as that attributed to the increase from the particular change.

f. An increase that results from a physical change at a source occurs when the emissions unit on which construction occurred becomes operational and begins to emit a particular pollutant. Any replacement unit that requires shakedown becomes operational only after a reasonable shakedown period, not to exceed 180 days.

g. Subdivision a of the definition of "actual emissions" shall not apply for determining creditable increases and decreases or after a change.

"New source performance standard" or "NSPS" means the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Regulations on Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources, as promulgated in 40 CFR Part 60 and designated in 9VAC5-50-410.

"New source review (NSR) permit" means a permit issued under the new source review program.

"New source review (NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new stationary sources or modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation); (ii) established to implement the requirements of §§ 110(a)(2)(C), 112 (relating to permits for hazardous air pollutants), 165 (relating to permits in prevention of significant deterioration areas), and 173 (relating to permits in nonattainment areas) of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations; and (iii) codified in Article 6 (9VAC5-80-1100 et seq.), Article 7 (9VAC5-80-1400 et seq.), Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) and Article 9 (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of this part.

"Nonattainment major new source review (NSR) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new major stationary sources or major modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation), (ii) established to implement the requirements of § 173 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 9 (9VAC5-80-2000 et seq.) of this part. Any permit issued under such a program is a major NSR permit.

"Nonattainment pollutant" means, within a nonattainment area, the pollutant for which such area is designated nonattainment. For ozone nonattainment areas, the nonattainment pollutants shall be volatile organic compounds (including hydrocarbons) and nitrogen oxides.

"Ozone transport region" means the area established by § 184(a) of the federal Clean Air Act or any other area established by the administrator pursuant to § 176A of the federal Clean Air Act for purposes of ozone. For the purposes of this article, the Ozone Transport Region consists of the following localities: Arlington County, Fairfax County, Loudoun County, Prince William County, Stafford County, Alexandria City, Fairfax City, Falls Church City, Manassas City, and Manassas Park City.

"Plantwide applicability limitation (PAL)" or "PAL" means an emission limitation expressed in tons per year, for a pollutant at a major stationary source, that is enforceable as a practical matter and established sourcewide in accordance with 9VAC5-80-2144.

"PAL effective date" generally means the date of issuance of the PAL permit. However, the PAL effective date for an increased PAL is the date any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

"PAL effective period" means the period beginning with the PAL effective date and ending five 10 years later.

"PAL major modification" means, notwithstanding the definitions for "major modification" and "net emissions increase," any physical change in or change in the method of operation of the PAL source that causes it to emit the PAL pollutant at a level equal to or greater than the PAL.

"PAL permit" means the state operating permit issued by the board that establishes a PAL for a major stationary source.

"PAL pollutant" means the pollutant for which a PAL is established at a major stationary source.

"Potential to emit" means the maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment, and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design only if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally and state enforceable. Secondary emissions do not count in determining the potential to emit of a stationary source. For the purposes of actuals PALs, any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment, and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design only if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable or enforceable as a practical matter by the state.

"Predictive emissions monitoring system (PEMS)" or "PEMS" means all of the equipment necessary to monitor process and control device operational parameters (for example, control device secondary voltages and electric currents) and other information (for example, gas flow rate, O₂ or CO₂ concentrations), and calculate and record the mass emissions rate (for example, pounds per hour) on a continuous basis.

"Prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) program" means a preconstruction review and permit program (i) for new major stationary sources or major modifications (physical changes or changes in the method of operation), (ii) established to implement the requirements of § 165 of the federal Clean Air Act and associated regulations, and (iii) codified in Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) of this part.

"Project" means a physical change in, or change in the method of operation of, an existing major stationary source.

"Projected actual emissions" means the maximum annual rate, in tons per year, at which an existing emissions unit is projected to emit a regulated NSR pollutant in any one of the five years (12-month period) following the date the unit resumes regular operation after the project, or in any one of the 10 years following that date, if the project involves increasing the emissions unit's design capacity or its potential to emit of that regulated NSR pollutant and full utilization of the unit would result in a significant emissions increase or a significant net emissions increase at the source. In determining the projected actual emissions before beginning actual construction, the owner shall:

a. Consider all relevant information, including but not limited to, historical operational data, the company's own representations, the company's expected business activity and the company's highest projections of business activity, the company's filings with the state or federal regulatory authorities, and compliance plans under the approved plan;

b. Include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions; and

c. Exclude, in calculating any increase in emissions that results from the particular project, that portion of the unit's emissions following the project that an existing unit could have emitted during the consecutive 24-month period used to establish the baseline actual emissions and that are also unrelated to the particular project, including any increased utilization due to product demand growth, provided such exclusion shall not reduce any calculated increases in emissions that are caused by, result from, or are related to the particular project; or

d. In lieu of using the method set out in subdivisions a through, b, and c of this definition, may elect to use the emissions unit's potential to emit, in tons per year, as defined under the definition of "potential to emit."

"Public comment period" means a time during which the public shall have the opportunity to comment on the new or modified source permit application information (exclusive of confidential information), the preliminary review and analysis of the effect of the source upon the ambient air quality, and the preliminary decision of the board regarding the permit application.

"Reasonable further progress" means the annual incremental reductions in emissions of a given air pollutant (including substantial reductions in the early years following approval or promulgation of an implementation plan and regular reductions thereafter) which are sufficient in the judgment of the board to provide for attainment of the applicable ambient air quality standard within a specified nonattainment area by the attainment date prescribed in the implementation plan for such area.

"Reasonably available control technology" or "RACT" means the lowest emission limit that a particular source is capable of meeting by the application of control technology that is reasonably available, considering technological and economic feasibility.

"Regulated NSR pollutant" means any of the following:

a. Nitrogen oxides or any volatile organic compound.

b. Any pollutant for which an ambient air quality standard has been promulgated.

c. Any pollutant that is identified under this subdivision as a constituent or precursor of a general pollutant listed under subdivisions subdivision a or b of this definition, provided that such constituent or precursor pollutant may only be regulated under this article as part of regulation of the general pollutant. Precursors identified for purposes of this article shall be the following:

(1) Volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides are precursors to ozone in all ozone nonattainment areas.

(2) Sulfur dioxide is a precursor to PM_2.5 in all PM_2.5 nonattainment areas.

(3) Nitrogen oxides are presumed to be precursors to PM_2.5 in all PM_2.5 nonattainment areas, unless the board determines that emissions of nitrogen oxides from sources in a specific area are not a significant contributor to that area's ambient PM_2.5 concentrations.

(4) Volatile organic compounds and ammonia are presumed not to be precursors to PM_2.5 in any PM_2.5 nonattainment area, unless the board determines that emissions of volatile organic compounds or ammonia from sources in a specific area are a significant contributor to that area's ambient PM_2.5 concentrations.

d. PM_2.5 emissions and PM₁₀ emissions shall include gaseous emissions from a source or activity that condense to form particulate matter at ambient temperatures. On or after January 1, 2011, such condensable particulate matter shall be accounted for in applicability determinations and in establishing emissions limitations for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ in permits issued under this article. Compliance with emissions limitations for PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ issued prior to this date shall not be based on condensable particulate matter unless required by the terms and conditions of the permit. Applicability determinations made prior to this date without accounting for condensable particulate matter shall not be considered in violation of this article.

"Replacement unit" means an emissions unit for which all the following criteria are met. No creditable emission reductions shall be generated from shutting down the existing emissions unit that is replaced.

a. The emissions unit is a reconstructed unit within the meaning of 40 CFR 60.15(b)(1), or the emissions unit completely takes the place of an existing emissions unit.

b. The emissions unit is identical to or functionally equivalent to the replaced emissions unit.

c. The replacement does not alter the basic design parameters of the process unit.

d. The replaced emissions unit is permanently removed from the major stationary source, otherwise permanently disabled, or permanently barred from operation by a permit that is enforceable as a practical matter. If the replaced emissions unit is brought back into operation, it shall constitute a new emissions unit.

"Secondary emissions" means emissions which that would occur as a result of the construction or operation of a major stationary source or major modification, but do not come from the major stationary source or major modification itself. For the purpose of this article, secondary emissions shall be specific, well defined, quantifiable, and affect the same general area as the stationary source or modification which causes the secondary emissions. Secondary emissions include emissions from any off-site support facility which would not be constructed or increase its emissions except as a result of the construction or operation of the major stationary source or major modification. Secondary emissions do not include any emissions which that come directly from a mobile source, such as emissions from the tailpipe of a motor vehicle, from a train, or from a vessel.

"Significant" means, in reference to a net emissions increase or the potential of a source to emit any of the following pollutants, a rate of emissions that would equal or exceed any of the following rates:

a. Ozone nonattainment areas classified as serious or severe in 9VAC5-20-204.

POLLUTANT	EMISSIONS RATE
Carbon Monoxide	100 tons per year (tpy)
Nitrogen Oxides	25 tpy
Sulfur Dioxide	40 tpy
PM10	15 tpy
PM2.5	10 tpy of direct PM2.5 emissions; 40 tpy of sulfur dioxide emissions; 40 tpy of nitrogen oxide emissions unless demonstrated not to be a PM2.5 precursor under the definition of "regulated NSR pollutant"
Ozone	25 tpy of volatile organic compounds
Lead	0.6 tpy

b. Other nonattainment areas.

POLLUTANT	EMISSIONS RATE
Carbon Monoxide	100 tons per year (tpy)
Nitrogen Oxides	40 tpy
Sulfur Dioxide	40 tpy
PM10	15 tpy
PM2.5	10 tpy of direct PM2.5 emissions; 40 tpy of sulfur dioxide emissions; 40 tpy of nitrogen oxide emissions unless demonstrated not to be a PM2.5 precursor under the definition of "regulated NSR pollutant"
Ozone	40 tpy of volatile organic compounds
Lead	0.6 tpy

"Significant emissions increase" means, for a regulated NSR pollutant, an increase in emissions that is significant for that pollutant.

"Significant emissions unit" means an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit a PAL pollutant in an amount that is equal to or greater than the significant level for that PAL pollutant, but less than the amount that would qualify the unit as a major emissions unit.

"Small emissions unit" means an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit the PAL pollutant in an amount less than the significant level for that PAL pollutant.

"State enforceable" means all limitations and conditions that are enforceable as a practical matter, including any regulation of the board, those requirements developed pursuant to 9VAC5-170-160, requirements within any applicable order or variance, and any permit requirements established pursuant to this chapter.

"State operating permit" means a permit issued under the state operating permit program.

"State operating permit program" means an operating permit program (i) for issuing limitations and conditions for stationary sources, (ii) promulgated to meet the EPA's minimum criteria for federal enforceability, including adequate notice and opportunity for the EPA and public comment prior to issuance of the final permit, and practicable enforceability, and (iii) codified in Article 5 (9VAC5-80-800 et seq.) of this part.

"Stationary source" means any building, structure, facility, or installation which that emits or may emit a regulated NSR pollutant.

"Synthetic minor" means a stationary source whose potential to emit is constrained by state-enforceable and federally enforceable limits, so as to place that stationary source below the threshold at which it would be subject to permit or other requirements governing major stationary sources in regulations of the board or in the federal Clean Air Act.

"Temporary clean coal technology demonstration project" means a clean coal technology demonstration project that is operated for a period of five years or less, and that complies with the applicable implementation plan and other requirements necessary to attain and maintain the national ambient air quality standards during the project and after it is terminated.

9VAC5-80-2144. Actuals plantwide applicability limits (PALs)

A. The board may approve the use of an actuals PAL for any existing major stationary source (except as provided in subdivision 1 of this subsection) if the PAL meets the requirements of this section. The term "PAL" shall mean "actuals PAL" throughout this section.

1. No PAL shall be allowed for VOC or NO_X for any source located in an extreme ozone nonattainment area.

2. Any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a source that maintains its total sourcewide emissions below the PAL level, meets the requirements of this section, and complies with the PAL permit:

a. Is not a major modification for the PAL pollutant;

b. Does not have to be approved through this article; and

c. Is not subject to the provisions in 9VAC5-80-2000 D (restrictions on relaxing enforceable emission limitations that the major stationary source used to avoid applicability of the major NSR program).

3. Except as provided under subdivision 2 c of this subsection, a source shall continue to comply with all applicable federal or state requirements, emission limitations, and work practice requirements that were established prior to the effective date of the PAL.

B. As part of a permit application requesting a PAL, the owner of a major stationary source shall submit the following information to the board for approval:

1. A list of all emissions units at the source designated as small, significant, or major based on their potential to emit. In addition, the owner shall indicate which, if any, federal or state applicable requirements, emission limitations, or work practices apply to each unit.

2. Calculations of the baseline actual emissions, with supporting documentation. Baseline actual emissions are to include emissions associated not only with operation of the unit, but also emissions associated with startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

3. The calculation procedures that the owner proposes to use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total for each month as required by subdivision N 1 of this section.

C. The general requirements set forth in this subsection shall apply to the establishment of PALs.

1. The board may establish a PAL at a major stationary source, provided that at a minimum, the following requirements are met:

a. The PAL shall impose an annual emission limitation in tons per year, that is enforceable as a practical matter, for the entire source. For each month during the PAL effective period after the first 12 months of establishing a PAL, the owner shall show that the sum of the monthly emissions from each emissions unit under the PAL for the previous 12 consecutive months is less than the PAL (a 12-month rolling average). For each month during the first 11 months from the PAL effective date, the owner shall show that the sum of the preceding monthly emissions from the PAL effective date for each emissions unit under the PAL is less than the PAL.

b. The PAL shall be established in a PAL permit that meets the public participation requirements in subsection D of this section.

c. The PAL permit shall contain all the requirements of subsection F of this section.

d. The PAL shall include fugitive emissions, to the extent quantifiable, from all emissions units that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant.

e. Each PAL shall regulate emissions of only one pollutant.

f. Each PAL shall have a PAL effective period of five 10 years.

g. The owner shall comply with the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements provided in subsections M through, N, and O of this section for each emissions unit under the PAL through the PAL effective period.

2. At no time (during or after the PAL effective period) are emissions reductions of a PAL pollutant, which occur during the PAL effective period, creditable as decreases for purposes of offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through N unless the level of the PAL is reduced by the amount of such emissions reductions and such reductions would be creditable in the absence of the PAL.

D. PALs for existing major stationary sources shall be established, renewed, or increased through the public participation procedures prescribed in the applicable permit programs identified in the definition of PAL permit. In no case may the board issue a PAL permit unless the board provides the public with notice of the proposed approval of a PAL permit and at least a 30-day period for submittal of public comment. The board will address all material comments before taking final action on the permit.

E. The actuals PAL level for a major stationary source shall be established as the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the PAL pollutant for each emissions unit at the source; plus an amount equal to the applicable significant level for the PAL pollutant or under the federal Clean Air Act, whichever is lower. When establishing the actuals PAL level, for a PAL pollutant, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for all existing emissions units. The same consecutive 24-month period shall be used for each different PAL pollutant unless the owner can demonstrate to the satisfaction of the board that a different consecutive 24-month period for a different pollutant or pollutants is more appropriate due to extenuating circumstances. However, a different consecutive 24-month period may be used for each different PAL pollutant. Emissions associated with units that were permanently shutdown after this 24-month period shall be subtracted from the PAL level. Emissions from units on which actual construction began after the 24-month period shall be added to the PAL level in an amount equal to the potential to emit of the units. The board will specify a reduced PAL level (in tons per year) in the PAL permit to become effective on the future compliance dates of any applicable federal or state regulatory requirements that the board is aware of prior to issuance of the PAL permit. For instance, if the source owner will be required to reduce emissions from industrial boilers in half from baseline emissions of 60 ppm NO_X to a new rule limit of 30 ppm, then the permit shall contain a future effective PAL level that is equal to the current PAL level reduced by half of the original baseline emissions of such units.

F. The PAL permit shall contain, at a minimum, the following information:

1. The PAL pollutant and the applicable sourcewide emission limitation in tons per year.

2. The PAL permit effective date and the expiration date of the PAL (PAL effective period).

3. Specification in the PAL permit that if an owner applies to renew a PAL in accordance with subsection J of this section before the end of the PAL effective period, then the PAL shall not expire at the end of the PAL effective period. It shall remain in effect until a revised PAL permit is issued by the board, or until the board determines that the revised PAL permit will not be issued.

4. A requirement that emission calculations for compliance purposes include emissions from startups, shutdowns and malfunctions.

5. A requirement that, once the PAL expires, the source is subject to the requirements of subsection I of this section.

6. The calculation procedures that the owner shall use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total for each month as required by subdivision N 1 of this section.

7. A requirement that the owner monitor all emissions units in accordance with the provisions under subsection M of this section.

8. A requirement to retain the records required under subsection N of this section on site. Such records may be retained in an electronic format.

9. A requirement to submit the reports required under subsection O of this section by the required deadlines.

10. Any other requirements that the board deems necessary to implement and enforce the PAL.

G. The PAL effective period shall be five 10 years.

H. The requirements for reopening of a PAL permit set forth in this section shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. During the PAL effective period, the board will reopen the PAL permit to:

a. Correct typographical and calculation errors made in setting the PAL or reflect a more accurate determination of emissions used to establish the PAL;

b. Reduce the PAL if the owner creates creditable emissions reductions for use as offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through N; and

c. Revise the PAL to reflect an increase in the PAL as provided under subsection L of this section.

2. The board may reopen the PAL permit for any of the following reasons:

a. Reduce the PAL to reflect newly applicable federal requirements (e.g., NSPS) with compliance dates after the PAL effective date.

b. Reduce the PAL consistent with any other requirement, that is enforceable as a practical matter, and that the board may impose on the major stationary source.

c. Reduce the PAL if the board determines that a reduction is necessary to avoid causing or contributing to a violation of an ambient air quality standard or ambient air increment in 9VAC5-80-1635, or to an adverse impact on an air quality related value that has been identified for a federal class I area by a federal land manager and for which information is available to the general public.

3. Except for the permit reopening in subdivision 1 a of this subsection for the correction of typographical and calculation errors that do not increase the PAL level, all other reopenings shall be carried out in accordance with the public participation requirements of subsection D of this section.

I. Any PAL which is not renewed in accordance with the procedures in subsection J of this section shall expire at the end of the PAL effective period, and the following requirements shall apply:

1. Each emissions unit or each group of emissions units that existed under the PAL shall comply with an allowable emission limitation under a revised permit established according to the following procedures:

a. Within the timeframe specified for PAL renewals in subdivision J 2 of this section, the source shall submit a proposed allowable emission limitation for each emissions unit (or each group of emissions units, if such a distribution is more appropriate as decided by the board) by distributing the PAL allowable emissions for the source among each of the emissions units that existed under the PAL. If the PAL had not yet been adjusted for an applicable requirement that became effective during the PAL effective period, as required under subsection J 5 subdivision K 4 of this section, such distribution shall be made as if the PAL had been adjusted.

b. The board will decide whether and how the PAL allowable emissions will be distributed and issue a revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as the board determines is appropriate.

2. Each emissions unit shall comply with the allowable emission limitation on a 12-month rolling basis. The board may approve the use of monitoring systems (such as source testing or emission factors) other than CEMS, CERMS, PEMS or CPMS to demonstrate compliance with the allowable emission limitation.

3. Until the board issues the revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as required under subdivision 1 b of this subsection, the source shall continue to comply with a sourcewide, multiunit emissions cap equivalent to the level of the PAL emission limitation.

4. Any physical change or change in the method of operation at the source will be subject to the nonattainment major NSR requirements if such change meets the definition of "major modification."

5. The owner shall continue to comply with any state or federal applicable requirements (such as BACT, RACT, or NSPS) that may have applied either during the PAL effective period or prior to the PAL effective period except for those emission limitations that had been established pursuant to 9VAC5-80-2000 D, but were eliminated by the PAL in accordance with the provisions in subdivision A 2 c of this section.

J. The requirements for the renewal of the PAL permit set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The board will follow the procedures specified in subsection D of this section in approving any request to renew a PAL, and will provide both the proposed PAL level and a written rationale for the proposed PAL level to the public for review and comment. During such public review, any person may propose a PAL level for the source for consideration by the board.

2. The owner shall submit a timely application to the board to request renewal of a PAL. A timely application is one that is submitted at least six months prior to, but not earlier than 18 months from, the date of permit expiration. This deadline for application submittal is to ensure that the permit will not expire before the permit is renewed. If the owner submits a complete application to renew the PAL within this time period, then the PAL shall continue to be effective until the revised permit with the renewed PAL is issued, or until the board determines that the revised permit with the renewed PAL will not be issued, and a permit is issued pursuant to subsection I of this section.

3. The application to renew a PAL permit shall contain the following information:

a. The information required in subsection B of this section.

b. A proposed PAL level.

c. The sum of the potential to emit of all emissions units under the PAL, with supporting documentation.

d. Any other information the owner wishes the board to consider in determining the appropriate level for renewing the PAL.

K. The requirements for the adjustment of the PAL set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs. In determining whether and how to adjust the PAL, the board will consider the options outlined in subdivisions 1 and 2 of this subsection. However, in no case may any such adjustment fail to comply with subdivision 3 of this subsection.

1. If the emissions level calculated in accordance with subsection E of this section is equal to or greater than 80% of the PAL level, the board may renew the PAL at the same level without considering the factors set forth in subdivision 2 of this subsection; or

2. The board may set the PAL at a level that it determines to be more representative of the source's baseline actual emissions, or that it determines to be appropriate considering air quality needs, advances in control technology, anticipated economic growth in the area, desire to reward or encourage the source's voluntary emissions reductions, or other factors as specifically identified by the board in its written rationale.

3. Notwithstanding subdivisions 1 and 2 of this subsection:

a. If the potential to emit of the source is less than the PAL, the board will adjust the PAL to a level no greater than the potential to emit of the source; and

b. The board will not approve a renewed PAL level higher than the current PAL, unless the source has complied with the provisions for increasing a PAL under subsection L of this section.

4. If the compliance date for a state or federal requirement that applies to the PAL source occurs during the PAL effective period, and if the board has not already adjusted for such requirement, the PAL shall be adjusted at the time of PAL permit renewal or federal operating permit renewal, whichever occurs first.

L. The requirements for increasing a PAL during the PAL effective period set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The board may increase a PAL emission limitation only if the owner of the major stationary source complies with the following provisions:

a. The owner shall submit a complete application to request an increase in the PAL limit for a PAL major modification. Such application shall identify the emissions units contributing to the increase in emissions so as to cause the source's emissions to equal or exceed its PAL.

b. As part of this application, the owner shall demonstrate that the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units assuming application of BACT equivalent controls, plus the sum of the allowable emissions of the new or modified emissions units exceeds the PAL. The level of control that would result from BACT equivalent controls on each significant or major emissions unit shall be determined by conducting a new BACT analysis at the time the application is submitted, unless the emissions unit is currently required to comply with a BACT or LAER requirement that was established within the preceding five 10 years. In such a case, the assumed control level for that emissions unit shall be equal to the level of BACT or LAER with which that emissions unit shall currently comply.

c. The owner obtains a major NSR permit for all emissions units identified in subdivision 1 a of this subsection, regardless of the magnitude of the emissions increase resulting from them (i.e., no significant levels apply). These emissions units shall comply with any emissions requirements resulting from the nonattainment major NSR program process (e.g., LAER), even though they have also become subject to the PAL or continue to be subject to the PAL.

2. The PAL permit shall require that the increased PAL level shall be effective on the day any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

3. The board will calculate the new PAL as the sum of the allowable emissions for each modified or new emissions unit, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units (assuming application of BACT equivalent controls as determined in accordance with subdivision 1 b of this subsection), plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units.

4. The PAL permit shall be revised to reflect the increased PAL level pursuant to the public notice requirements of subsection D of this section.

M. The requirements for monitoring the PAL set forth in this subsection apply to actuals PALs.

1. The general requirements for monitoring a PAL set forth in this subdivision apply to actuals PALs.

a. Each PAL permit shall contain enforceable requirements for the monitoring system that accurately determines plantwide emissions of the PAL pollutant in terms of mass per unit of time. Any monitoring system authorized for use in the PAL permit shall be based on sound science and meet generally acceptable scientific procedures for data quality and manipulation. Additionally, the information generated by such system shall meet minimum legal requirements for admissibility in a judicial proceeding to enforce the PAL permit.

b. The PAL monitoring system shall employ one or more of the four general monitoring approaches meeting the minimum requirements set forth in subdivision 2 of this subsection and must be approved by the board.

c. Notwithstanding subdivision 1 b of this subsection, the owner may also employ an alternative monitoring approach that meets subdivision 1 a of this subsection if approved by the board.

d. Failure to use a monitoring system that meets the requirements of this section renders the PAL invalid.

2. The following are acceptable general monitoring approaches when conducted in accordance with the minimum requirements in subdivisions 3 through 9 of this subsection:

a. Mass balance calculations for activities using coatings or solvents;

b. CEMS;

c. CPMS or PEMS; and

d. Emission factors.

3. An owner using mass balance calculations to monitor PAL pollutant emissions from activities using coating or solvents shall meet the following requirements:

a. Provide a demonstrated means of validating the published content of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by all materials used in or at the emissions unit;

b. Assume that the emissions unit emits all of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by any raw material or fuel used in or at the emissions unit, if it cannot otherwise be accounted for in the process; and

c. Where the vendor of a material or fuel, which is used in or at the emissions unit, publishes a range of pollutant content from such material, the owner shall use the highest value of the range to calculate the PAL pollutant emissions unless the board determines there is site-specific data or a site-specific monitoring program to support another content within the range.

4. An owner using CEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. CEMS shall comply with applicable performance specifications found in 40 CFR Part 60, appendix B; and

b. CEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes while the emissions unit is operating.

5. An owner using CPMS or PEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. The CPMS or the PEMS shall be based on current site-specific data demonstrating a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions across the range of operation of the emissions unit; and

b. Each CPMS or PEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes, or at another less frequent interval approved by the board, while the emissions unit is operating.

6. An owner using emission factors to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. All emission factors shall be adjusted, if appropriate, to account for the degree of uncertainty or limitations in the factors' development;

b. The emissions unit shall operate within the designated range of use for the emission factor, if applicable; and

c. If technically practicable, the owner of a significant emissions unit that relies on an emission factor to calculate PAL pollutant emissions shall conduct validation testing to determine a site-specific emission factor within six months of PAL permit issuance, unless the board determines that testing is not required.

7. The owner shall record and report maximum potential emissions without considering enforceable emission limitations or operational restrictions for an emissions unit during any period of time that there is no monitoring data, unless another method for determining emissions during such periods is specified in the PAL permit.

8. Notwithstanding the requirements in subdivisions 3 through 7 of this subsection, where an owner of an emissions unit cannot demonstrate a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions rate at all operating points of the emissions unit, the board will, at the time of permit issuance:

a. Establish default values for determining compliance with the PAL based on the highest potential emissions reasonably estimated at such operating points; or

b. Determine that operation of the emissions unit during operating conditions when there is no correlation between monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions is a violation of the PAL.

9. All data used to establish the PAL pollutant shall be revalidated through performance testing or other scientifically valid means approved by the board. Such testing shall occur at least once every five years after issuance of the PAL.

N. The requirements for recordkeeping in the PAL permit set forth in this subsection shall apply to actuals PALs.

1. The PAL permit shall require the owner to retain a copy of all records necessary to determine compliance with any requirement of this section and of the PAL, including a determination of each emissions unit's 12-month rolling total emissions, for five years from the date of such record.

2. The PAL permit shall require an owner to retain a copy of the following records for the duration of the PAL effective period plus five years:

a. A copy of the PAL permit application and any applications for revisions to the PAL; and

b. Each annual certification of compliance pursuant to the federal operating permit and the data relied on in certifying the compliance.

O. The owner shall submit semi-annual monitoring reports and prompt deviation reports to the board in accordance with the federal operating permit program. The reports shall meet the following requirements:

1. The semi-annual report shall be submitted to the board within 30 days of the end of each reporting period. This report shall contain the following information:

a. Identification of the owner and the permit number.

b. Total annual emissions in tons per year based on a 12-month rolling total for each month in the reporting period recorded pursuant to subdivision N 1 of this section.

c. All data relied upon, including, but not limited to, any quality assurance or quality control data, in calculating the monthly and annual PAL pollutant emissions.

d. A list of any emissions units modified or added to the source during the preceding six-month period.

e. The number, duration, and cause of any deviations or monitoring malfunctions (other than the time associated with zero and span calibration checks), and any corrective action taken.

f. A notification of a shutdown of any monitoring system, whether the shutdown was permanent or temporary, the reason for the shutdown, the anticipated date that the monitoring system will be fully operational or replaced with another monitoring system, and whether the emissions unit monitored by the monitoring system continued to operate, and the calculation of the emissions of the pollutant or the number determined by method included in the permit, as provided by subdivision M 7 of this section.

g. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

2. The owner shall promptly submit reports of any deviations or exceedance of the PAL requirements, including periods where no monitoring is available. A report submitted pursuant to 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 b shall satisfy this reporting requirement. The deviation reports shall be submitted within the time limits prescribed by 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 b. The reports shall contain the following information:

a. Identification of the owner and the permit number;

b. The PAL requirement that experienced the deviation or that was exceeded;

c. Emissions resulting from the deviation or the exceedance; and

d. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

3. The owner shall submit to the board the results of any revalidation test or method within three months after completion of such test or method.

P. The board will not issue a PAL that does not comply with the requirements of this section after September 1, 2006. The board may supersede any PAL that was established prior to September 1, 2006, with a PAL that complies with the requirements of this section.

9VAC5-85-50. Definitions.

A. For the purpose of applying this part in the context of the Regulations for the Control and Abatement of Air Pollution and related uses, the words or terms shall have the meanings given them in 9VAC5-80-1615 (Definitions), except for the terms defined in subsection C of this section.

B. Unless otherwise required by context, all terms not defined herein shall have the meanings given them in 9VAC5-10 (General Definitions) or 9VAC5-80-5 (Definitions), or commonly ascribed to them by recognized authorities, in that order of priority.

C. Terms defined.

"Actuals PAL" means (i) for major stationary sources, a PAL based on the baseline actual emissions of all emissions units at the source that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant or (ii) for GHG-only sources, a PAL based on the baseline actual emissions of all emissions units at the source, that emit or have the potential to emit GHGs.

"Allowable emissions" means the emissions rate of a stationary source calculated using the maximum rated capacity of the source (unless the source is subject to federally enforceable limits that restrict the operating rate or hours of operation, or both) and the most stringent of the following:

1. The allowable emissions for any emissions unit as calculated considering any emission limitations that are enforceable as a practical matter on the emissions unit's potential to emit; or

2. An emissions unit's potential to emit.

"Baseline actual emissions for a GHG PAL" means the average rate, in tons per year CO₂e or tons per year GHG, as applicable, at which the emissions unit actually emitted GHGs during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year 10-year period immediately preceding either the date the owner begins actual construction of the project or the date a complete permit application is received by the board for a permit required under this part. For any existing electric utility steam generating unit, baseline actual emissions for a GHG PAL means the average rate, in tons per year CO₂e or tons per year GHG, as applicable, at which the emissions unit actually emitted the GHGs during any consecutive 24-month period selected by the owner within the five-year period immediately preceding the date the owner begins actual construction of the project. The, except that the board will allow the use of a different time period upon a determination that it is more representative of normal source operation.

1. The average rate shall include fugitive emissions to the extent quantifiable, and emissions associated with startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

2. The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any noncompliant emissions that occurred while the source was operating above an emission limitation that was legally enforceable during the consecutive 24-month period.

3. The average rate shall be adjusted downward to exclude any emissions that would have exceeded an emission limitation with which the stationary source shall currently comply, had such stationary source been required to comply with such limitations during the consecutive 24-month period.

4. The average rate shall not be based on any consecutive 24-month period for which there is inadequate information for determining annual GHG emissions and for adjusting this amount if required by subdivisions 2 and 3 of this definition.

5. When a project involves multiple emissions units, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions.

"Emissions unit" means any part of a stationary source that emits or has the potential to emit GHGs. For purposes of 9VAC5-85-55, there are two types of emissions units: (i) a new emissions unit is any emissions unit that is or will be newly constructed and that has existed for less than two years from the date such emissions unit first operated, and (ii) an existing emissions unit is any emissions unit that does not meet the definition of a new emissions unit. A replacement unit is an existing emissions unit.

"GHG-only source" means any existing stationary source that emits or has the potential to emit GHGs in the amount equal to or greater than the amount of GHGs on a mass basis that would be sufficient for a new source to trigger permitting requirements for GHGs under the definition of "major stationary source" and the amount of GHGs on a CO₂e basis that would be sufficient for a new source to trigger permitting requirements for GHGs under the definition of "subject to regulation" at the time the PAL permit is being issued, but does not emit or have the potential to emit any other non-GHG regulated NSR pollutant at or above the applicable major source threshold. A GHG-only source may only obtain a PAL for GHG emissions under 9VAC5-85-55.

"Greenhouse gases (GHGs)" or "GHGs" means the aggregate group of six greenhouse gases: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and sulfur hexafluoride.

"Major emissions unit" means (i) for any major stationary source obtaining a GHG PAL issued on a mass basis, a major emissions unit as defined in 9VAC5-80-1615 C or (ii) for a GHG PAL issued on a CO₂e basis, any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit equal to or greater than the amount of GHGs on a CO₂e basis that would be sufficient for a new source to trigger permitting requirements under the definition of "subject to regulation" at the time the PAL permit is being issued.

"Major stationary source" means a major stationary source that is defined in and subject to Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) of 9VAC5-80 (Permits for Stationary Sources) and that meets the definition of "subject to regulation."

"Minor source" means any stationary source that does not meet either (i) the definition of "major stationary source" for any pollutant at the time the PAL is issued or (ii) the definition of "subject to regulation."

"Plantwide applicability limitation" or "PAL" means an emission limitation expressed on a mass basis in tons per year, or expressed in tons per year CO₂e for a CO₂e-based GHG emission limitation, for a pollutant at a major stationary source or GHG-only source, that is enforceable as a practical matter and established source-wide sourcewide in accordance with 9VAC5-85-55.

"PAL effective date" generally means the date of issuance of the PAL permit. However, the PAL effective date for an increased PAL is the date any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

"PAL effective period" means the period beginning with the PAL effective date and ending five 10 years later.

"PAL major modification" means, notwithstanding the definitions for "major modification" and "net emissions increase" as defined in 9VAC5-80-1615 C and the definition of "subject to regulation" of this section, any physical change in or change in the method of operation of the PAL source that causes it to emit the PAL pollutant at a level equal to or greater than the PAL.

"PAL permit" means the major NSR permit, the state operating permit, or the federal operating permit that establishes a PAL for a major stationary source or a GHG-only source.

"PAL pollutant" means the pollutant for which a PAL is established at a major stationary source or a GHG-only source. For a GHG-only source, the only available PAL pollutant is greenhouse gases.

"Potential to emit" means the maximum capacity of a stationary source to emit a pollutant under its physical and operational design. Any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable or enforceable as a practical matter. Secondary emissions do not count in determining the potential to emit of a stationary source. For the purposes of actuals PALs, any physical or operational limitation on the capacity of the source to emit a pollutant, including air pollution control equipment, and restrictions on hours of operation or on the type or amount of material combusted, stored, or processed, shall be treated as part of its design only if the limitation or the effect it would have on emissions is federally enforceable or enforceable as a practical matter by the state.

"Regulated NSR pollutant" means:

1. Any pollutant for which an ambient air quality standard has been promulgated and any constituents or precursors for such pollutants identified by the administrator (e.g., volatile organic compounds and NO_X are precursors for ozone);

2. Any pollutant that is subject to any standard promulgated under § 111 of the federal Clean Air Act;

3. Any class I or II substance subject to a standard promulgated under or established by Title VI of the federal Clean Air Act; or

4. Any pollutant that otherwise is subject to regulation under the federal Clean Air Act as defined in the definition of "subject to regulation."

5. Notwithstanding subdivisions 1 through 4 of this definition, the term "regulated NSR pollutant" shall not include any or all hazardous air pollutants either listed in § 112 of the federal Clean Air Act, or added to the list pursuant to § 112(b)(2) of the federal Clean Air Act, and which have not been delisted pursuant to § 112(b)(3) of the federal Clean Air Act, unless the listed hazardous air pollutant is also regulated as a constituent or precursor of a general pollutant listed under § 108 of the federal Clean Air Act.

"Replacement unit" means an emissions unit for which all the following criteria are met. No creditable emission reductions shall be generated from shutting down the existing emissions unit that is replaced.

1. The emissions unit is a reconstructed unit within the meaning of 40 CFR 60.15(b)(1), or the emissions unit completely takes the place of an existing emissions unit.

2. The emissions unit is identical to or functionally equivalent to the replaced emissions unit.

3. The replacement does not change the basic design parameters of the process unit.

4. The replaced emissions unit is permanently removed from the major stationary source, otherwise permanently disabled, or permanently barred from operation by a permit that is enforceable as a practical matter. If the replaced emissions unit is brought back into operation, it shall constitute a new emissions unit.

"Significant emissions unit" means (i) for a GHG PAL issued on a mass basis, an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit a PAL pollutant in an amount that is equal to or greater than the significant level for that PAL pollutant, but less than the amount that would qualify the unit as a major emissions unit or (ii) for a GHG PAL issued on a CO₂e basis, any emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit GHGs on a CO₂e basis in amounts equal to or greater than the amount that would qualify the unit as small emissions unit, but less than the amount that would qualify the unit as a major emissions unit.

"Small emissions unit" means (i) for a GHG PAL issued on a mass basis, an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit the PAL pollutant in an amount less than the significant level for that PAL pollutant, as defined in this section or in the federal Clean Air Act, whichever is lower or (ii) for a GHG PAL issued on a CO₂e basis, an emissions unit that emits or has the potential to emit less than the amount of GHGs on a CO₂e basis defined as "significant" for the purposes of subdivision 3 of the definition of "subject to regulation" at the time the PAL permit is being issued.

"Subject to regulation" means, for any air pollutant, that the pollutant is subject to either a provision in the federal Clean Air Act, or a nationally applicable regulation codified by the administrator in Subchapter C of 40 CFR Chapter I, that requires actual control of the quantity of emissions of that pollutant, and that such a control requirement has taken effect and is operative to control, limit or restrict the quantity of emissions of that pollutant released from the regulated activity. The following exceptions shall apply:

1. GHGs shall not be subject to regulation except as provided in subdivisions 4 and 5 of this definition and shall not be subject to regulation if the stationary source maintains its total source-wide sourcewide emissions below the GHG PAL level, meets the requirements of 9VAC5-95-55 9VAC5-85-55, and complies with the PAL permit containing the GHG PAL. A GHG-only source with a valid CO₂e-based GHG PAL shall be considered to be a minor source for GHG.

2. For purposes of subdivisions 3 through, 4, and 5 of this definition, the term "tpy CO₂ equivalent emissions (CO₂e)" shall represent an amount of GHGs emitted, and shall be computed as follows:

a. Multiplying the mass amount of emissions (tpy), for each of the six greenhouse gases in the pollutant GHGs, by the gas's associated global warming potential published at Table A-1 to Subpart A of 40 CFR Part 98. For purposes of this subdivision, prior to July 21, 2014, the mass of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide shall not include carbon dioxide emissions resulting from the combustion or decomposition of nonfossilized and biodegradable organic material originating from plants, animals, or micro-organisms (including products, byproducts, residues, and waste from agriculture, forestry, and related industries as well as the nonfossilized and biodegradable organic fractions of industrial and municipal wastes, including gases and liquids recovered from the decomposition of nonfossilized and biodegradable organic material).

b. Sum the resultant value from subdivision a of this subdivision for each gas to compute a tpy CO₂e.

3. The term "emissions increase" as used in subdivisions 4 and 5 of this definition shall mean that both a significant emissions increase (as calculated using the procedures in 9VAC5-80-1605 G) and a significant net emissions increase (as defined in 9VAC5-80-1615 C) occur. For the pollutant GHGs, an emissions increase shall be based on tpy CO₂e, and shall be calculated assuming the pollutant GHGs is a regulated NSR pollutant, and "significant" is defined as 75,000 tpy CO₂e instead of applying the value in subdivision b of the definition of "significant" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C.

4. Beginning January 2, 2011, the pollutant GHGs is subject to regulation if:

a. The stationary source is a new major stationary source for a regulated NSR pollutant that is not GHGs, and also will emit or will have the potential to emit 75,000 tpy CO₂e or more; or

b. The stationary source is an existing major stationary source for a regulated NSR pollutant that is not GHGs, and also will have an emissions increase of a regulated NSR pollutant, and an emissions increase of 75,000 tpy CO₂e or more.

5. Beginning July 1, 2011, in addition to the provisions in subdivision 4 of this definition, the pollutant GHGs shall also be subject to regulation:

a. At a new stationary source that will emit or have the potential to emit 100,000 tpy CO₂e; or

b. At an existing stationary source that emits or has the potential to emit 100,000 tpy CO₂e, when such stationary source undertakes a physical change or change in the method of operation that will result in an emissions increase of 75,000 tpy CO₂e or more.

9VAC5-85-55. Actuals plantwide applicability limits (PALs).

A. The following applicability requirements shall apply:

1. The board may approve the use of an actuals PAL for GHGs on either a mass basis or a CO₂e basis for any existing major stationary source or any existing GHG-only source if the PAL meets the requirements of this section. The term "PAL" shall mean "actuals PAL" throughout this section.

2. Any physical change in or change in the method of operation of a major stationary source or a GHG-only source that maintains its total source-wide sourcewide emissions below the PAL level, meets the requirements of this section, and complies with the PAL permit:

a. Is not a major modification for the PAL pollutant;

b. Does not have to be approved through Article 8 (9VAC5-80-1605 et seq.) of Part II of 9VAC5-80 (Permits for Stationary Sources) or this part;

c. Is not subject to the provisions of 9VAC5-80-1605 C (restrictions on relaxing enforceable emission limitations that the major stationary source used to avoid applicability of the major NSR program); and

d. Does not make GHGs subject to regulation.

3. Except as provided under subdivision 2 c of this subsection, a major stationary source or a GHG-only source shall continue to comply with all applicable federal or state requirements, emission limitations, and work practice requirements that were established prior to the effective date of the PAL.

B. As part of a permit application requesting a PAL, the owner of a major stationary source or a GHG-only source shall submit the following information to the board for approval:

1. A list of all emissions units at the source designated as small, significant, or major based on their potential to emit. In addition, the owner of the source shall indicate which, if any, federal or state applicable requirements, emission limitations, or work practices apply to each unit.

2. Calculations of the baseline actual emissions, with supporting documentation. Baseline actual emissions are to include emissions associated not only with operation of the unit, but also emissions associated with startup, shutdown, and malfunction.

3. The calculation procedures that the owner proposes to use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total for each month as required by subdivision M 1 of this section.

4. As part of a permit application requesting a GHG PAL, the owner of a major stationary source or a GHG-only source shall submit a statement by the owner that clarifies whether the source is an existing major source as defined in the definition of "major stationary source" or a GHG-only source.

C. The board may establish a PAL at a major stationary source or a GHG-only source, provided that at a minimum, the following requirements are met. At no time during or after the PAL effective period are emissions reductions of a PAL pollutant that occur during the PAL effective period creditable as decreases for purposes of offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through L unless the level of the PAL is reduced by the amount of such emissions reductions and such reductions would be creditable in the absence of the PAL.

1. The PAL shall impose an annual emission limitation expressed on a mass basis in tons per year, or expressed in tons per year CO₂e, that is enforceable as a practical matter, for the entire major stationary source or GHG-only source. For each month during the PAL effective period after the first 12 months of establishing a PAL, the major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall show that the sum of the monthly emissions from each emissions unit under the PAL for the previous 12 consecutive months is less than the PAL (a 12-month average, rolled monthly). For each month during the first 11 months from the PAL effective date, the major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall show that the sum of the preceding monthly emissions from the PAL effective date for each emissions unit under the PAL is less than the PAL.

2. The PAL shall be established in a PAL permit that meets the public participation requirements in subsection D of this section.

3. The PAL permit shall contain all the requirements of subsection F of this section.

4. The PAL shall include fugitive emissions, to the extent quantifiable, from all emissions units that emit or have the potential to emit the PAL pollutant at the major stationary source or GHG-only source.

5. Each PAL shall regulate emissions of only one pollutant.

6. Each PAL shall have a PAL effective period of five 10 years.

7. The owner of the major stationary source or GHG-only source with a PAL shall comply with the monitoring, recordkeeping, and reporting requirements provided in subsections L through, M, and N of this section for each emissions unit under the PAL through the PAL effective period.

D. PALs for existing major stationary sources or GHG-only sources shall be established, renewed, or increased through the public participation procedures prescribed in the applicable permit programs identified in the definition of "PAL permit." This includes the requirement that the board provide the public with notice of the proposed approval of a PAL permit and at least a 30-day period for submittal of public comment. The board will address all material comments before taking final action on the permit.

E. Setting the five-year 10-year actuals PAL level shall be accomplished as follows:

1. Except as provided in subdivisions 2 and 3 of this subsection, the actuals PAL level on a mass basis for a major stationary source or a GHG-only source shall be established as the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the PAL pollutant for each emissions unit at the source, plus an amount equal to the applicable significant level for the PAL pollutant under the definition of "significant" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C.

2. For newly constructed units, which do not include modifications to existing units, on which actual construction began after the 24-month period, in lieu of adding the baseline actual emissions as specified in subdivision 1 of this subsection, the emissions shall be added to the PAL level in an amount equal to the potential to emit of the units.

3. For a CO₂e based GHG PAL, the actuals PAL level shall be established as the sum of the GHGs baseline actual emissions of GHGs for each emissions unit at the source, plus an amount equal to the amount defined as significant on a CO₂e basis for the purposes of subdivision 3 of the definition of "subject to regulation" at the time the PAL permit is being issued. When establishing the actuals PAL level for a CO₂e-based PAL, only one consecutive 24-month period shall be used to determine the baseline actual emissions for all existing emissions units. Emissions associated with units that were permanently shut down after this 24-month period shall be subtracted from the PAL level. The board will specify a reduced PAL level (in tons per year CO₂e) in the PAL permit to become effective on the future compliance date of any applicable federal or state regulatory requirement that the board is aware of prior to issuance of the PAL permit.

F. The PAL permit shall contain, at a minimum, the following information:

1. The PAL pollutant and the applicable source-wide sourcewide emission limitation in tons per year CO₂e.

2. The PAL permit effective date and the expiration date of the PAL (PAL effective period).

3. Specification in the PAL permit that if a major stationary source or a GHG-only source owner applies to renew a PAL in accordance with subsection J of this section before the end of the PAL effective period, then the PAL shall not expire at the end of the PAL effective period. It shall remain in effect until a revised PAL permit is issued by the board.

4. A requirement that emission calculations for compliance purposes shall include emissions from startups, shutdowns, and malfunctions.

5. A requirement that, once the PAL expires, the major stationary source or GHG-only source is subject to the requirements of subdivision I of this section.

6. The calculation procedures that the major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall use to convert the monitoring system data to monthly emissions and annual emissions based on a 12-month rolling total as required by subdivision M 1 of this section.

7. A requirement that the GHG-only source owner shall monitor all emissions units in accordance with the provisions under subsection L of this section.

8. A requirement to retain the records required under subsection M of this section on site. Such records may be retained in an electronic format.

9. A requirement to submit the reports required under subsection N of this section by the required deadlines.

10. Any other requirements that the board deems necessary to implement and enforce the PAL.

11. A permit for a GHG PAL issued to a GHG-only source shall also include a statement denoting that GHG emissions at the source will not be subject to regulation as long as the source complies with the PAL.

G. The PAL effective period shall be five 10 years.

H. The following requirements for reopening the PAL permit shall apply:

1. During the PAL effective period the board will reopen the PAL permit to:

a. Correct typographical or calculation errors made in setting the PAL or reflect a more accurate determination of emissions used to establish the PAL;

b. Reduce the PAL if the owner creates creditable emissions reductions for use as offsets under 9VAC5-80-2120 F through N; and

c. Revise the PAL to reflect an increase in the PAL as provided under subsection K of this section.

2. The board may reopen the PAL permit for the following reasons:

a. Reduce the PAL to reflect newly applicable federal requirements (for example, NSPS) with compliance dates after the PAL effective date; and

b. Reduce the PAL consistent with any other requirement that is enforceable as a practical matter and that the board may impose on the major stationary source or GHG-only source.

3. Except for the permit reopening in subdivision 1 a of this subsection for the correction of typographical or calculation errors that do not increase the PAL level, all other reopenings shall be carried out in accordance with the public participation requirements of subsection D of this section.

I. Any PAL that is not renewed in accordance with the procedures in subsection J of this section shall expire at the end of the PAL effective period, and the following requirements shall apply:

1. Each emissions unit or each group of emissions units that existed under the PAL shall comply with an allowable emission limitation under a revised permit established according to the following procedures:

a. Within the time frame specified for PAL renewals in subdivision J 2 of this section, the major stationary source or GHG-only source shall submit a proposed allowable emission limitation for each emissions unit (or each group of emissions units, if such a distribution is more appropriate as decided by the board) by distributing the PAL allowable emissions for the major stationary source or GHG-only source among each of the emissions units that existed under the PAL. If the PAL had not yet been adjusted for an applicable requirement that became effective during the PAL effective period, as required under subdivision J 5 of this section, such distribution shall be made as if the PAL had been adjusted.

b. The board will decide whether and how the PAL allowable emissions will be distributed and issue a revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as the board determines is appropriate.

2. Each emissions unit shall comply with the allowable emission limitation on a 12-month rolling basis. The board may approve the use of monitoring systems (source testing, emission factors, etc.) other than CEMS, CERMS, PEMS, or CPMS to demonstrate compliance with the allowable emission limitation.

3. Until the board issues the revised permit incorporating allowable limits for each emissions unit, or each group of emissions units, as required under subdivision 1 b of this subsection, the source shall continue to comply with a source-wide sourcewide, multi-unit multiunit emissions cap equivalent to the level of the PAL emission limitation.

4. Any physical change or change in the method of operation at the major stationary source or GHG-only source shall be subject to major NSR requirements if such change meets the definition of "major modification" in 9VAC5-80-1615 C.

5. The major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall continue to comply with any state or federal applicable requirements (such as BACT, RACT, NSPS) that may have applied either during the PAL effective period or prior to the PAL effective period except for those emission limitations that had been established pursuant to 9VAC5-80-1605 C, but were eliminated by the PAL in accordance with the provisions in subdivision A 2 c of this section.

J. PALs shall be renewed as follows:

1. The board will follow the procedures specified in subsection D of this section in approving any request to renew a PAL for a major stationary source or a GHG-only source and will provide both the proposed PAL level and a written rationale for the proposed PAL level to the public for review and comment. During such public review, any person may propose a PAL level for the source for consideration by the board.

2. A major stationary source or a GHG-only source owner shall submit a timely application to the board to request renewal of a PAL. A timely application is one that is submitted at least six months prior to, but not earlier than 18 months from, the date of permit expiration. This deadline for application submittal is to ensure that the permit will not expire before the permit is renewed. If the owner of a major stationary source or a GHG-only source submits a complete application to renew the PAL within this time period, then the PAL shall continue to be effective until the revised permit with the renewed PAL is issued.

3. The application to renew a PAL permit shall contain the following information:

a. The information required in subdivisions B 1 through, B 2, and B 3 of this section.

b. A proposed PAL level.

c. The sum of the potential to emit of all emissions units under the PAL (with supporting documentation).

d. Any other information the owner wishes the board to consider in determining the appropriate level for renewing the PAL.

4. In determining whether and how to adjust the PAL, the board will consider the following options; however, in no case may any such adjustment fail to comply with subdivision 4 c of this subsection:

a. If the emissions level calculated in accordance with subsection E of this section is equal to or greater than 80% of the PAL level, the board may renew the PAL at the same level without considering the factors set forth in subdivision 4 b of this subsection; or

b. The board may set the PAL at a level that it determines to be more representative of the source's baseline actual emissions, or that it determines to be more appropriate considering air quality needs, advances in control technology, anticipated economic growth in the area, desire to reward or encourage the source's voluntary emissions reductions, or other factors as specifically identified by the board in its written rationale.

c. Notwithstanding subdivisions 4 a and 4 b of this subsection (i) if the potential to emit of the major stationary source or GHG-only source is less than the PAL, the board will adjust the PAL to a level no greater than the potential to emit of the source and (ii) the board will not approve a renewed PAL level higher than the current PAL, unless the major stationary source or GHG-only source has complied with the provisions of subsection J K of this section.

5. If the compliance date for a state or federal requirement that applies to the PAL source occurs during the PAL effective period, and if the board has not already adjusted for such requirement, the PAL shall be adjusted at the time of PAL permit renewal or federal operating permit renewal, whichever occurs first.

K. A PAL may be increased during the PAL effective period as follows:

1. The board may increase a PAL emission limitation only if the major stationary source or GHG-only source complies with the following provisions:

a. The owner of the major stationary source or GHG-only source shall submit a complete application to request an increase in the PAL limit for a PAL major modification. Such application shall identify the emissions units contributing to the increase in emissions so as to cause the GHG-only source's emissions to equal or exceed its PAL.

b. As part of this application, the major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall demonstrate that the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units assuming application of BACT equivalent controls, plus the sum of the allowable emissions of the new or modified emissions units exceeds the PAL. The level of control that would result from BACT equivalent controls on each significant or major emissions unit shall be determined by conducting a new BACT analysis at the time the application is submitted, unless the emissions unit is currently required to comply with a BACT or LAER requirement that was established within the preceding 10 years. In such a case, the assumed control level for that emissions unit shall be equal to the level of BACT or LAER with which that emissions unit shall currently comply.

c. The owner obtains a major NSR permit for all emissions units identified in subdivision 1 a of this subsection, regardless of the magnitude of the emissions increase resulting from them (that is, no significant levels apply). These emissions units shall comply with any emissions requirements resulting from the major NSR process (for example, BACT), even though they have also become subject to the PAL or continue to be subject to the PAL.

2. The PAL permit shall require that the increased PAL level shall be effective on the day any emissions unit that is part of the PAL major modification becomes operational and begins to emit the PAL pollutant.

3. The board will calculate the new PAL as the sum of the allowable emissions for each modified or new emissions unit, plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the significant and major emissions units (assuming application of BACT equivalent controls as determined in accordance with subdivision 1 b of this subsection), plus the sum of the baseline actual emissions of the small emissions units.

4. The PAL permit shall be revised to reflect the increased PAL level pursuant to the public notice requirements of subsection D of this section.

L. Monitoring requirements for PALs shall be as follows:

1. The following general requirements apply:

a. Each PAL permit shall contain enforceable requirements for the monitoring system that accurately determines determine plantwide emissions of the PAL pollutant in terms of CO₂e per unit of time. Any monitoring system authorized for use in the PAL permit shall be based on sound science and meet generally acceptable scientific procedures for data quality and manipulation. Additionally, the information generated by such system shall meet minimum legal requirements for admissibility in a judicial proceeding to enforce the PAL permit.

b. The PAL monitoring system shall employ one or more of the four general monitoring approaches meeting the minimum requirements set forth in subdivision 2 of this subsection and shall be approved by the board.

c. Notwithstanding subdivision 1 b of this subsection, the owner may also employ an alternative monitoring approach that meets subdivision 1 a of this subsection if approved by the board.

d. Failure to use a monitoring system that meets the requirements of this subsection renders the PAL invalid.

2. The following are acceptable general monitoring approaches when conducted in accordance with the following minimum requirements:

a. Mass balance calculations for activities using coatings or solvents;

b. CEMS;

c. CPMS or PEMS; and

d. Emission factors.

3. An owner using mass balance calculations to monitor PAL pollutant emissions from activities using coating or solvents shall meet the following requirements:

a. Provide a demonstrated means of validating the published content of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by all materials used in or at the emissions unit;

b. Assume that the emissions unit emits all of the PAL pollutant that is contained in or created by any raw material or fuel used in or at the emissions unit, if it cannot otherwise be accounted for in the process; and

c. Where the vendor of a material or fuel, which is used in or at the emissions unit, publishes a range of pollutant content from such material, the owner shall use the highest value of the range to calculate the PAL pollutant emissions unless the board determines there is site-specific data or a site-specific monitoring program to support another content within the range.

4. An owner using CEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. CEMS shall comply with applicable Performance Specifications found in Appendix B to 40 CFR Part 60; and

b. CEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes while the emissions unit is operating.

5. An owner using CPMS or PEMS to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. The CPMS or the PEMS shall be based on current site-specific data demonstrating a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions across the range of operation of the emissions unit; and

b. Each CPMS or PEMS shall sample, analyze, and record data at least every 15 minutes, or at another less frequent interval approved by the board, while the emissions unit is operating.

6. An owner using emission factors to monitor PAL pollutant emissions shall meet the following requirements:

a. All emission factors shall be adjusted, if appropriate, to account for the degree of uncertainty or limitations in the factors' development;

b. The emissions unit shall operate within the designated range of use for the emission factor, if applicable; and

c. If technically practicable, the owner of a significant emissions unit that relies on an emission factor to calculate PAL pollutant emissions shall conduct validation testing to determine a site-specific emission factor within six months of PAL permit issuance, unless the board determines that testing is not required.

7. A source owner shall record and report maximum potential emissions without considering enforceable emission limitations or operational restrictions for an emissions unit during any period of time that there is no monitoring data, unless another method for determining emissions during such periods is specified in the PAL permit.

8. Notwithstanding the requirements in subdivisions 3 through 7 of this subsection, where an owner of an emissions unit cannot demonstrate a correlation between the monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions rate at all operating points of the emissions unit, the board will, at the time of permit issuance:

a. Establish default values for determining compliance with the PAL based on the highest potential emissions reasonably estimated at such operating points; or

b. Determine that operation of the emissions unit during operating conditions when there is no correlation between monitored parameters and the PAL pollutant emissions is a violation of the PAL.

9. All data used to establish the PAL pollutant shall be revalidated through performance testing or other scientifically valid means approved by the board. Such testing shall occur at least once every five years after issuance of the PAL.

M. Recordkeeping requirements shall be as follows:

1. The PAL permit shall require the owner to retain a copy of all records necessary to determine compliance with any requirement of this section and of the PAL, including a determination of each emissions unit's 12-month rolling total emissions, for five years from the date of such record.

2. The PAL permit shall require the owner to retain a copy of the following records for the duration of the PAL effective period plus five years:

a. A copy of the PAL permit application and any applications for revisions to the PAL; and

b. Each annual certification of compliance pursuant to the federal operating permit program and the data relied on in certifying the compliance.

N. The owner shall submit semi-annual monitoring reports and prompt deviation reports to the board in accordance with the federal operating permit program. The reports shall meet the following requirements:

1. The semi-annual report shall be submitted to the board within 30 days of the end of each reporting period. This report shall contain the following information:

a. The identification of owner and the permit number.

b. Total annual emissions (expressed on a mass-basis in tons per year, or expressed in tons per year CO₂e) based on a 12-month rolling total for each month in the reporting period recorded pursuant to subdivision M 1 of this section.

c. All data relied upon, including, but not limited to, any quality assurance or quality control data, in calculating the monthly and annual PAL pollutant emissions.

d. A list of any emissions units modified or added to the major stationary source or GHG-only source during the preceding six-month period.

e. The number, duration, and cause of any deviations or monitoring malfunctions (other than the time associated with zero and span calibration checks), and any corrective action taken.

f. A notification of a shutdown of any monitoring system, whether the shutdown was permanent or temporary, the reason for the shutdown, the anticipated date that the monitoring system will be fully operational or replaced with another monitoring system, and whether the emissions unit monitored by the monitoring system continued to operate, and the calculation of the emissions of the pollutant or the number determined by method included in the permit, as provided by subdivision L 7 of this section.

g. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

2. The major stationary source or GHG-only source owner shall promptly submit reports of any deviations or exceedance of the PAL requirements, including periods where no monitoring is available. A report submitted pursuant to 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 b shall satisfy this reporting requirement. The deviation reports shall be submitted within the time limits prescribed by the applicable program implementing 9VAC5-80-110 F 2 b. The reports shall contain the following information:

a. The identification of owner and the permit number;

b. The PAL requirement that experienced the deviation or that was exceeded;

c. Emissions resulting from the deviation or the exceedance; and

d. A signed statement by the responsible official (as defined by the federal operating permit program) certifying the truth, accuracy, and completeness of the information provided in the report.

3. The owner shall submit to the board the results of any revalidation test or method within three months after completion of such test or method.

O. The board will not issue a PAL that does not comply with the requirements of this part after March 13, 2014. The board may supersede any PAL that was established prior to March 13, 2014, with a PAL that complies with the requirements of this section.